Investigation into ferrofluid magnetoviscous effects under an oscillating shear flow

The use of ferrofluid seals in mechanical systems can lead to viscous damping that affects their dynamic behavior. This paper describes an investigation into local viscous properties in the case of an axial harmonic force. The influence of magnetic field level, shear stress amplitude and frequency are studied. Even for ferrofluid particles in a highly saturated magnetic field, it is shown that viscosity increases with magnetic intensity, decreases with the frequency of harmonic excitation and is not sensitive to shear rate amplitude. Viscosity is lower for oscillatory flows than for steady flows.     

Transient magnetoviscosity of dilute ferrofluids

The magnetic field induced change in the viscosity of a ferrofluid, commonly known as the magnetoviscous effect and parameterized through the magnetoviscosity, is one of the most interesting and practically relevant aspects of ferrofluid phenomena. Although the steady state behavior of ferrofluids under conditions of applied constant magnetic fields has received considerable attention, comparatively little attention has been given to the transient response of the magnetoviscosity to changes in the applied magnetic field or rate of shear deformation. Such transient response can provide further insight into the dynamics of ferrofluids and find practical application in the design of devices that take advantage of the magnetoviscous effect and inevitably must deal with changes in the applied magnetic field and deformation. In this contribution Brownian dynamics simulations and a simple model based on the ferrohydrodynamics equations are applied to explore the dependence of the transient magnetoviscosity for two cases: (I) a ferrofluid in a constant shear flow wherein the magnetic field is suddenly turned on, and (II) a ferrofluid in a constant magnetic field wherein the shear flow is suddenly started. Both simulations and analysis show that the transient approach to a steady state magnetoviscosity can be either monotonic or oscillatory depending on the relative magnitudes of the applied magnetic field and shear rate.     

Effects of oscillatory shear flow on chain-like cluster dynamics in ferrofluids without magnetic fields

Brownian dynamics simulations of interacting magnetic particles in a quasi-two-dimensional ferrofluid system are performed at zero temperature, under the influence of oscillatory shear flow in the absence of external magnetic fields. Starting from chain-like clusters of the particles, we study the time-dependent behavior of both magnetization and microstructures of the ferrofluid by changing values of two parameters, the shear rate strength and frequency of oscillatory shear flow. Simulation results show that there are three different dynamical regimes for the chain clusters dynamics, depending on these two parameters. Scaling behavior of the asymptotic magnetization is also observed for a certain range of parameters.     

Lamellar-like structures in ferrofluids placed in strong magnetic fields

We consider a ferrofluid system consisting of magnetic particles interacting with a magnetic dipole–dipole interaction. We study the strong magnetic field regime where all magnetic dipoles are completely polarized in the direction of the magnetic field. We introduce a lattice gas model that serves to describe space ordering phenomena in such systems. It is found that, within mean field theory, this model predicts a second order phase transition to a phase with inhomogeneous lamellar-like ordering below a certain critical temperature.     

Synthesis and rheological properties of an iron oxide ferrofluid

A ferrofluid (FF) was synthesized in air using a co-precipitation method. Some rheological properties and magnetoviscous effects of this sample were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for characterization of the solid particles, and the rheological properties were investigated with a special rheometer with variable magnetic field. Magnetic particles with mean particle size of 10.6 nm were obtained. Rheological results show that the shear thinning behavior in the absence and presence of magnetic field is different from that based fluid behavior. Moreover, contrary to expectation, the magnetoviscous effect showed an initial increase at low shear rates (near 15 s⁻¹) and decrease at higher shear rates. The rheological properties of FF depend on the rearrangement of nanoparticles. In addition, time is an effective factor in the formation and destruction of magnetically induced structures.     

磁流体流动与传热的格子Boltzmann模拟

考虑外加磁场下磁流体中纳米磁性粒子所受的各种作用力,建立了用于模拟磁流体流动与传热特性的两相格子Boltzmann模型,模拟了外加不同方向梯度磁场下平板间磁流体的流动与传热过程,计算了磁流体与平板间对流换热的Nusselt数,分析了磁场梯度方向、大小对Nusselt数的影响．     

Dynamic roughening and fluctuations of dipolar chains

Nonmagnetic particles in a carrier ferrofluid acquire an effective dipolar moment when placed in an external magnetic field. This fact leads them to form chains that will roughen due to Brownian motion when the magnetic field is decreased. We study this process through experiments, theory and simulations, three methods that agree on the scaling behavior over 5 orders of magnitude. The rms width goes initially as t(1/2), then as t(1/4) before it saturates. We show how these results complement existing results on polymer chains, and how the chain dynamics may be described by a recent non-Markovian formulation of anomalous diffusion.     

Critical properties of the models of small magnetic particles of the antiferromagnet MnF2

The static critical behavior of the models of small magnetic particles of the real two-sublattice antiferromagnet MnF₂ is investigated by the Monte Carlo method taking into account the interaction of the second nearest neighbors. Systems with open boundaries are considered to estimate the influence of the sizes of particles on the pattern of their critical behavior. The behavior of thermodynamic functions in the phase transition region is investigated. The data on the maxima of the temperature dependences of heat capacity and magnetic susceptibility are shown to be insufficient to unambiguously determine the effective temperature of the phase transition in the models of small magnetic particles. This requires an additional investigation of the spatial orientation of the sublattice (sublattices) magnetization vector for the models under study.     

The stability of ferrofluid flow in a vertical layer subject to lateral heating and horizontal magnetic field

We use the Langevin law of magnetization to study the linear stability of a convective flow in a flat vertical layer of ferrofluid subject to a transverse temperature gradient and a uniform magnetic field. The stability of the flow against planar, spiral and three-dimensional perturbations is examined, and the stability boundaries and characteristics of critical disturbances are determined. The competition between the monotonic mode and two types of wave modes is analyzed taking into account the properties of the fluid (magnetic susceptibility and Prandtl number) and the magnetic field strength. The domain of parameters where the oscillatory thermomagnetic wave instability exists is found.     

Structurization of ferrofluids in the absence of an external magnetic field

Structural transformations in a model ferrofluid in the absence of an external magnetic field have been theoretically studied. The results agree with well-known laboratory experiments and computer simulations in showing that, if the concentration of particles and their magnetic interaction energy are below certain critical values, most particles form separate linear chains. If these parameters exceed the critical values, most particles concentrate so as to form branched network structures. The passage from chains to network has a continuous character rather than represents a discontinuous first-order phase transition.     

Study of interparticle interaction in conjugates of magnetic nanoparticles injected into mice

In this work the first fast stage of the biodegradation in vivo of magnetic ferrofluid was investigated. The appearance of a paramagnetic doublet was observed in M?ssbauer spectra of mouse liver within 2?h after intravenous injection of the ferrofluid. It was shown that nanosized superparamagnetic particles were combined into groups in the initial magnetic beads of the ferrofluid and were connected inside each group by magnetic dipole interaction. It was found that the appearance of a paramagnetic doublet in the spectrum of mouse liver is caused by the decrease of the magneto-dipole interaction between the superparamagnetic nanoparticles.     

Reciprocity of Faraday effect in ferrofluid: Comparison with magneto-optical glass

The transmission light intensity method is carried out on a classical platform to study the reciprocity of Faraday effect in water-based Fe₃O₄ ferrofluid and its diluents. Setting the polarization direction of the analyzer at an angle of 45° to that of the polarizer, the switchable DC magnetic field and the alternating magnetic field are imposed to ferrofluid. The ferrofluid film is replaced by magneto-optical glass for contrastive experiments. The results indicate that ferrofluid is different with magneto-optical glass. Even though the direction of magnetic field is reversed, the rotation direction of the polarized light does not change for ferrofluid. The theoretical model of magneto-optical rotation was used to describe the origin of the reciprocity of Faraday effect in ferrofluid and the non-reciprocity in magneto-optical glass. These findings suggest that the magnetic moments of nanoparticles in ferrofluid tend to the same orientation with the magnetic field because of the rotation of particles.     

Relaxation behavior measuring of transmitted light through ferrofluids film

In this paper, relaxation behavior of transmitted light through thin ferrofluid film under an applied magnetic field is measured. The results show that the intensity of transmitted light through a ferrofluid film increases quickly as soon as an external magnetic field is applied then weakens with time. If uniformity of the field is poor, the transmission of light continuously decreases in a measured duration. Otherwise, the transmission of light will tend increasingly towards a stable value after it decreases to a minimum value while the gradient of the field is low. The relaxation time would increase to an order of some hundreds seconds magnitude and is dependent on the strength of magnetic field and viscosity of the ferrofluids. The field-induced relaxation behaviors of transmitted light through ferrofluids correspond to anisotropic microstructure of the ferrofluids under applied magnetic field. PACS 75.50.Mm; 78.20.Ls     

Rosensweig instability of ferrogel thin films or membranes

We derive the dispersion relation of surface waves for magnetic gel membranes or thin films at the interface between two fluids in the presence of an external magnetic field normal to the free surface. Above a critical field strength surface waves become linearly unstable with respect to a stationary pattern of surface protuberances. This linear stability criterion generalizes that of the Rosensweig instability for ferrofluid and ferrogel free surfaces to take into account bending elasticity and intrinsic elastic and magnetic surface properties of the film or membrane, additionally. The latter is of interest for uniaxial ferrogel film or membranes, which show a locked-in permanent magnetization.     

Rigid and differential plasma crystal rotation induced by magnetic fields

Observations show that plasma crystals, suspended in the sheath of a radio-frequency discharge, rotate under the influence of a vertical magnetic field. Depending on the discharge conditions, two different cases are observed: a rigid-body rotation (all the particles move with a constant angular velocity) and sheared rotation (the angular velocity of particles has a radial distribution). When the discharge voltage is increased sufficiently, the particles may even reverse their direction of motion. A simple analytical model is used to explain qualitatively the mechanism of the observed particle motion and its dependence on the confining potential and discharge conditions. The model takes into account electrostatic, ion drag, neutral drag, and effective interparticle interaction forces. For the special case of rigid-body rotation, the confining potential is reconstructed. Using data for the radial dependence of particle rotation velocity, the shear stresses are estimated. The critical shear stress at which shear-induced melting occurs is used to roughly estimate the shear elastic modulus of the plasma crystal. The latter is also used to estimate the viscosity contribution due to elasticity in the plasma liquid. Further development is suggested in order to quantitatively implement these ideas.     

The measurements of anisotropy of ultrasound propagation and magnetic susceptibility in viscous ferrofluid

Results of experimental study of anisotropy of ultrasound propagation and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in a ferrofluid of considerable viscosity are reported. The dependence of the propagation velocity and absorption coefficient of ultrasonic wave on the angle between the direction of measurement and that of the magnetic field provides important information on the ferrofluid structure in a magnetic field. The results show that the ultrasonic absorption coefficient of a wave propagating in a viscous ferrofluid in a DC magnetic field depends mainly on the rotational degree of freedom. Measurements of the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility of a ferrofluid bring the information on the magnetic moment of the magnetic particles and their mean radius.     

Preparation and rheological studies of uncoated and PVA-coated magnetite nanofluid

Experimental studies of rheological behavior of uncoated magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs)U and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coated magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs)C were performed. A Co-precipitation technique under N₂ gas was used to prevent undesirable critical oxidation of Fe²⁺. The results showed that smaller particles can be synthesized in both cases by decreasing the NaOH concentration which in our case this corresponded to 35 nm and 7 nm using 0.9 M NaOH at 750 rpm for (MNPs)U and (MNPs)C. The stable magnetic fluid contained well-dispersed Fe₃O₄/PVA nanocomposites which indicated fast magnetic response. The rheological measurement of magnetic fluid indicated an apparent viscosity range (0.1–1.2) pa s at constant shear rate of 20 s⁻¹ with a minimum value in the case of (MNPs)U at 0 T and a maximum value for (MNPs)C at 0.5 T. Also, as the shear rate increased from 20 s⁻¹ to 150 s⁻¹ at constant magnetic field, the apparent viscosity also decreased correspondingly. The water-based ferrofluid exhibited the non-Newtonian behavior of shear thinning under magnetic field.     

Couette flow in ferrofluids with magnetic field

Instability of a viscous, incompressible ferrofluid flow in an annular space between two coaxially rotating cylinders in the presence of axial magnetic field has been investigated numerically. The magnetic field perturbations in fluid in the gap between the cylinders have been taken into consideration and these have been observed to stabilize the Couette flow.     

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Based on the superparamagnetism of the ferrofluid which can receive the magnetic force after magnetization by the magnetic field, and there is no magnetic hysteresis after demagnetization, this paper presents a dynamic control method of the ferrofluid. The electromagnetic field is directly added to ferroliquid-column in the air domain to achieve the dynamic deflection. The surface tension, gravity force and magnetic force are added to the modified N-S control equation, and the magnetic induction equation is combined. The ferrohydrodynamics (FHD) model is established. The model of volume of fluid (VOF) is presented to describe ferrofluid jetting in the air domain with the secondary development of fluent. The liquid phase distribution and dispersion of ferrofluid are simulated under different magnetic field intensity. The effect of magnetism on its dynamical behavior is analyzed. The results show that with the increase of magnetic field intensity and jet distance, the ferrofluid velocity along the magnetic field direction and the offset increase, and its dispersion is gradually obvious.     

空气域中铁磁流体动态控制研究

根据铁磁流体磁化后会受到磁力,退磁后不存在任何磁滞的超顺磁性质,提出了铁磁流体的动态控制方法,对喷射在空气域中的铁磁流体液柱直接添加电磁场实现其动态偏转驱动。在修正后的纳维-斯托克斯(N-S) 控制方程中加入表面张力、重力及磁力,并结合磁感应方程,建立了铁磁流体动力学(FHD)模型。利用二次开发的Fluent流体仿真软件建立了铁磁流体在空气域中喷射的流体体积函数(VOF)多相流模型,仿真了在不同磁场强度下铁磁流体的液相分布及分散状况,分析了磁性对其动力学行为的影响。结果表明,随着磁场强度和喷射距离的增大,铁磁流体沿磁场方向速度及偏移量增大,其发散情况逐渐明显。