牛血清白蛋白对碳酸钙结晶的作用

The crystal CaCO₃ with specific shapes was prepared by the biomimetic synthesis , using BSA as the matrix. The products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy and TG. The results show that BSA have the effect on the shapes of CaCO₃ in the crystallization process. The probable mechanism of the effect was discussed。     

聚合物控制碳酸钙晶型、形貌的研究

碳酸钙有不同的晶型和形貌,聚合物的加入在改变碳酸钙的晶型和形貌方面起着重要作用。本文综述了不同聚合物对碳酸钙的影响,重点讨论了生物高分子聚合物、双亲水基嵌段共聚物、树枝状聚合物等对碳酸钙晶型、形貌的调控,同时介绍了聚合物与其他添加剂相互协同作用对碳酸钙的影响,并对当前研究中存在的问题和不足进行了评述。通过对碳酸钙的研究,不仅有助于制备不同尺寸、各种形状和不同表面性能的碳酸钙产品,满足不同的工业需求,而且能够更加深入地了解生物矿化的机理,更好地仿生合成和制备各种功能材料。     

水溶性大分子调控碳酸钙结晶的研究进展

结合本课题组的工作综述了水溶性大分子调控碳酸钙合成的研究进展.通过分析生物大分子、合成大分子以及大分子/表面活性剂混合体系对碳酸钙结晶习性的影响,讨论了水溶性大分子对碳酸钙形貌和晶型的调控机理.大分子调控碳酸钙合成的研究不仅为人们制备不同形貌、尺寸和晶型的碳酸钙开拓了思路,也为满足不同的工业需求提供了理论指导.     

柠檬酸钠与碳酸钙晶型和形貌的控制

晶体的晶型和形貌是碳酸钙制备中的关键问题之一。 采用尿素水解均匀沉淀法来控制碳酸钙的晶型和形貌。 利用XRD和SEM等技术手段对CaCO₃晶体的结构和形貌进行了表征。 结果表明,高温条件下(90 ℃)水溶液中得到均匀的针状结构的文石晶体。 添加适量柠檬酸钠后,则得到的是特殊形貌的方解石晶体。 在乙醇/水混合溶剂中,柠檬酸钠对CaCO₃晶体的形貌也有重要影响,通过改变乙醇体积分数,得到了中空绒毛球状的球霰石。     

Entropy Drives Calcium Carbonate Ion Association

The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the early stages of crystallisation is still incomplete. In the case of calcium carbonate, experimental and computational evidence suggests that phase separation relies on so‐called pre‐nucleation clusters (PNCs). A thorough thermodynamic analysis of the enthalpic and entropic contributions to the overall free energy of PNC formation derived from three independent methods demonstrates that solute clustering is driven by entropy. This can be quantitatively rationalised by the release of water molecules from ion hydration layers, explaining why ion association is not limited to simple ion pairing. The key role of water release in this process suggests that PNC formation should be a common phenomenon in aqueous solutions.     

β－环糊精与碳酸钙结晶的相互作用

依据生物矿化的基本原理，以β－环糊精（β－CD）作为有机基质，采用仿生 的方法合成了具有独特形貌的文石型碳酸, 其中含有少量的β－环糊精。用X射线 粉末衍射（XRD）分析、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱（FT－ IR）和电导率测定等手段对所得复合碳酸钙进行了表征，结果发现CaCO3结晶过程 中，β－环糊精与CaCO3之间存在着相互作用，并讨论了这种作用的可能机理。     

Effects of Carboxylic Acids on the Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate

The effects of seven carboxylic acids, i.e., acrylic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, and citric acid, on CaCO(3) crystallization were studied using the unseeded pH-drift method along with a light-scattering technique. Experiments were started by mixing solutions of CaCl(2) and NaHCO(3) in the presence or absence of additives. The crystallization was studied by recording the decrease in pH resulting from the reaction Ca(2+)+HCO(3)(-)-->CaCO(3)+H(+). A given amount of carboxylic acid was added to the solution of CaCl(2) or NaHCO(3) before mixing the reactants. The pH profiles obtained in the case of the CaCl(2) solution containing an additive were similar to those for the NaHCO(3) solution containing one, and when an additive was added after the onset of crystallization, the growth of CaCO(3) immediately stopped. The light-scattering observations, in all cases, indicated that CaCO(3) nucleation occurred at 10-20 s after mixing of the reactants. The results indicated that the nucleation of CaCO(3) was not influenced by the presence of carboxylic acids, but CaCO(3) crystal growth was reduced by their adsorption to the surface of the CaCO(3) crystals. These phenomena were explained by assuming a stronger affinity of the carboxylic acids for CaCO(3) particles than for the free Ca(2+) ions in solution. The crystallization of CaCO(3) in the presence of additives was divided into three stages: nucleation, growth incubation, and growth periods. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

碳酸镨的结晶活性、外观形貌及结晶生长机制

采用原位pH值测定法确定了碳酸镨的结晶活性区域,并用扫描电镜观测了不同结晶区域结晶碳酸镨的外观形貌.结果表明在低配比区域(NH4HCO3/PrCl3的摩尔比小于3)为碳酸镨的易结晶区域,结晶产物为交叉层叠的花瓣形颗粒;在高配比区域(NH4HCO3/PrCl3的摩尔比大于3)为碳酸镨的可结晶区域,延长陈化时间可以得到鱼鳞片状的亮晶产物;所有结晶碳酸镨都具有镧石型结构,其基本构筑单元为片状结晶,这与镧石的层状结构相关.影响结晶的主要因素是加料比,其它因素象温度,加料方式和搅拌强度等对结晶过程也有影响.     

超细碳酸钙的结晶过程及不同形貌超细碳酸钙的合成

在不加添加剂的条件下 ,对超细碳酸钙CaCO3的结晶过程进行了研究。结果表明 :CaCO3的结晶过程是先形成线束状物 ,随着碳化反应的继续 ,线束状物断裂 ,最后得到粒径为 4 0～ 70nm的立方颗粒。通过加入添加剂 ,分别合成了短链状和棒状CaCO3,并且对它们的形成机理进行了分析。     

乙醇/水混合溶剂体系中碳酸钙晶体晶型和取向的控制

采用(NH4)2CO3分解法,制备得到了晶型和形貌可控的CaCO3晶体。研究结果表明,乙醇/水混合溶剂、陈化时间和L-半胱氨酸自组装单层模板对CaCO3晶体的晶型、取向和形貌都具有重要影响。无单层模板情况下,溶液中主要得到了球霰石,球霰石的形貌随陈化时间从花朵外形变为树叶形。同样的醇/水体系中,在自组装单层上却得到了取向为(104)晶面的方解石。这与水溶液中同一自组装单层上主要获得(001)结晶面的方解石有明显不同。方解石的形貌也随陈化时间变化而改变。陈化时间为3h时,得到具有孔洞结构的方解石;陈化时间为12 h时,得到表面光滑的菱面体方解石。     

乙醇/水混合溶剂体系中碳酸钙晶体晶型和取向的控制

采用（NH₄）₂CO₃分解法,制备得到了晶型和形貌可控的CaCO₃晶体。研究结果表明,乙醇/水混合溶剂、陈化时间和L-半胱氨酸自组装单层模板对CaCO₃晶体的晶型、取向和形貌都具有重要影响。无单层模板情况下,溶液中主要得到了球霰石,球霰石的形貌随陈化时间从花朵外形变为树叶形。同样的醇/水体系中,在自组装单层上却得到了取向为（104）晶面的方解石。这与水溶液中同一自组装单层上主要获得（001）结晶面的方解石有明显不同。方解石的形貌也随陈化时间变化而改变。陈化时间为3h时,得到具有孔洞结构的方解石;陈化时间为12h时,得到表面光滑的菱面体方解石。     

Evolution Mechanism of Calcium Carbonate in Solution

Calcium carbonate was synthesized in a CaCl₂/NaCO₃ mixed solution by using ethylenedi-aminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an additive. The thermodynamics and kinetics analyses indicate that although the driving force of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) precipi-tation is always less than that of calcite and vaterite precipitation, the nucleation rate of ACC is greater than that of calcite and vaterite at the initial stage of the precipitation reaction. With the increasing incubation time, vaterite and calcite particles nucleate het-erogeneously by using the as-formed particles as active sites. Scanning electron microscopyimages indicate that the transformation mechanism of ACC and vaterite to calcite is the dissolution-recrystallisation reaction. The presence of EDTA not only improves the stabil-ities of ACC and vaterite, but also leads to forming enlongated, connected rhombohedralcalcite crystals after incubation 7 days in solutions. The ACC and vaterite are stabler in air than in solutions at room temperature, although the dissolution-recrystallisation reaction occurs on the surface.     

Influnence of Sodium Polyacrylate on Crystallization and Aggregation of Butterfly-like Calcium Carbonate

Butterfly-like calcium carbonate(CaCO₃) particles were successfully prepared via a facile precipitation reaction of Na₂CO₃ with CaCl₂ in the presence of sodium polyacrylate(PAAS). The as-prepared samples were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). Butterfly-like CaCO₃ particles composed of three segment rods were obtained. Rod aggregates would act as the template for butterfly-like CaCO₃ crystals consisted of regular shaped crystallites with 150―200 nm in diameter. The influences of reaction temperature, the amount of PAAS and reaction time on the nucleation and growth of CaCO₃ crystals were investigated. The possible growth mechanism of CaCO₃ crystals was discussed. This research can not only make us further understand the general principles of the reaction, but also open up a new avenue of industrial production of CaCO₃ particles with exquisite and unique morphologies.     

Calcium Carbonate Dissolution from the Laboratory to the Ocean: Kinetics and Mechanism

The ultimate fate, over the course of millennia, of nearly all of the carbon dioxide formed by humankind is for it to react with calcium carbonate in the world's oceans. Although, this reaction is of global relevance, aspects of the calcite dissolution reaction remain poorly described with apparent contradictions present throughout the expansive literature. In this perspective we aim to evidence how a lack of appreciation of the role of mass-transport may have hampered developments in this area. These insights have important implications for both idealised experiments performed under laboratory conditions and for the measurement and modelling of oceanic calcite sediment dissolution.     

膦系阻垢剂阻碳酸钙垢机理的研究

在模拟循环水中, 通过静态阻垢实验研究了HEDP, PBTCA, ATMP和EDTMP对碳酸钙的阻垢性能, 在相同的加药浓度下(按物质的量浓度计)阻垢性能的强弱顺序为HEDP＞PBTCA＞ATMP＞EDTMP; 同时采用分子动力学方法, 模拟计算了阻垢剂负二价离子与方解石(104), (102), (202)和(113)面的相互作用. 结果表明: 阻垢剂分子中的膦酸基团和羧酸基团与碳酸钙中的Ca^2＋形成的离子键对吸附起到了主要作用, 同时阻垢剂与晶面间存在较弱的范德华力相互作用. 阻垢剂与各晶面的结合能强弱顺序为(113)≥(102)≥(202)＞(104); 分子中的羟基易与垢晶面形成氢键而加强阻垢效果; 羧基的位置不同对阻垢作用的影响不同. 将静态阻垢的实验结果与分子动力学模拟结果进行了相关性分析, 发现阻垢剂在(104)面和(102)面上的吸附对阻垢作用的贡献较大.     

Effect of Fe2O3 Content on the Local Structure and Crystallization Mechanism of Calcium Gallate Glasses

⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer and FT-IR of 60CaO·(40-x)Ga₂O₃·xFe₂O₃ glasses revealed that Fe(III)O₄ tetrahedra occupy substitutional sites of Ga(III)O₄ tetrahedra. The activation energy for crystallizaation (E _a) obtained from DTA study decreases distinctly from 8.9 to 4.8 eV with an increase in the Fe₂O₃ content. In the case of 40CaO·(60-x)Ga₂O₃·xFe₂O₃ glasses, a week doublet due to Fe(II)O₄ tetrahedra or Fe(III)O₆ octahedra was observed in addition to Fe(III)O₄ tetrahedra. The E _avalue decreases gradually from 7.1 to 5.6 eV with an increasing Fe₂O₃ content. These results indicate that a large amount of Fe₂O₃ in the network structure is favorable for the crystallization of calcium gallate glass, since it reduces the chemical bond strength.     

Application of a Statistical Technique to Investigate Calcium,Sodium, and Magnesium Ion Effect in Yeast Fermentation

In this work, the dependence of the ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 251TP(3-2) on calcium, sodium, and magnesium ion concentration and interaction effects were studied with the use of a statistical experimental design. The parameters of the ethanol concentration model proposed on the basis of Box–Wilson experimental design method were evaluated with the use of the experimental data. Comparison of the predicted values from the model with the experimentally observed values showed that the model is a good fit. From the analysis of model equation, it was seen that sodium ion concentration has significant main effects on ethanol production, and there is interactive effect only between calcium and magnesium. With the use of developed model, maximum ethanol concentration of 3.73% (v/v) was obtained when calcium, sodium, and magnesium concentration were 1,515, 930, and 128 mg/L, respectively, for the 10% sugar concentration in synthetic molasses.     

碳酸岩矿化菌诱导碳酸钙晶体形成机理研究

选用碳酸盐矿化菌(芽孢杆菌系), 分别研究了不同浓度细菌液、细菌体及其分泌物对碳酸钙晶体形成的影响. 研究表明, 细菌液浓度越高, 控制碳酸钙晶体形貌作用越显著; 细菌体为碳酸钙结晶提供异相成核点而对形貌并没有实质影响; 细菌分泌物可诱导出球形、纺锤形等多种形态亚稳态球霰石; 在微生物环境的长期作用下可形成有机-无机复合碳酸钙硬质膜. 通过对电导率测定结果和碳酸钙红外图谱分析得出, 生物有机质分子链的极性基团(COOH, C＝O等)与Ca^2＋产生静电、配位等一系列作用, 调控晶体的生长. 本研究对于微生物诱导碳酸钙的工程性应用, 如混凝土微裂缝修复、古建筑表面防护处理、微纳米碳酸钙颗粒制备等具有一定指导意义.     

气相扩散法制备的碳酸钙的形貌控制和机理

采用不同质量比的柠檬酸作为晶型控制剂制备碳酸钙,研究了在气相扩散体系中柠檬酸对所制备的碳酸钙微晶的粒度、形貌的影响.结果表明,随着柠檬酸浓度的增大,碳酸钙在溶液中结晶成为纳米小单晶体的二次聚集体,其晶粒度逐步变小,其形态呈现从疏松结构的球体、密实球体、花生状颗粒、大长径比针状到密集针状球体有规律的转变,晶型从0.24%和0.72%的球霰石到更大浓度的方解石.通过对柠檬酸在溶液中的聚集状态和柠檬酸分子与碳酸钙微晶的相互作用初步解释了柠檬酸对碳酸钙微晶形貌控制作用的机理.     

锂对EDTA滴定镁和钙的影响

卤水和盐中常量镁和钙的测定，通常采用EDTA络合滴定法，作者在锂镁分离试验工作中发现，锂对镁和钙的测定有较大影响，锂对镁的干扰已有报道，但其消除方法适用范围较窄；锂对钙的干扰尚未见报道。因此，作者进行了一系列探讨，在更宽的锂镁质量比范围内消除锂对镁的干扰，找到