冷压缩机温度场仿真及其冷却参数优化分析

为明确冷压缩机整机温度场分布,寻求最优冷却设计参数,本文以理化所自主研制的冷压缩机为背景,对冷压缩机进行传热与温度场分布分析。基于流体力学与传热学基本理论建立了涵盖整个冷压缩机的物理模型进行仿真计算。在此基础上,通过CCD(中心组合设计)采样,结合最小二乘法构建系统温度场等各变量的二阶响应面近似模型。随后以向叶轮传热最小与转子焊缝处平均温度最高为优化目标,采用多目标遗传算法对整机冷却参数进行优化,探求最优Pareto解组合方案。研究结果表明:冷压缩机内部负压氦气流场复杂,转子散热能力较差,冷却参数对冷压机温度场分布影响较大。优化得到冷压缩机最优冷却参数,并发现铜热锚结构有较大优化空间,为以后冷压缩机设计加工提供必要依据。     

平面叶栅优化设计计算

基于文[1]本文以叶栅损失系数ξ作为目标函数,采用两级递阶控制计算模型,寻找在最优控制变量作用下的最优流速分布及最优动量损失厚度θ。结合变分有限元计算方法和最优化方法,对叶型几何参数进行协调寻优。论证了利用大系统理论建立适合平面叶栅气动设计计算优化方法的可行性,旨在为气动设计提供一种新的优化方法。     

基于伴随方法的多级叶轮机三维叶片优化设计

伴随方法单次优化循环计算量与设计变量数目基本无关,多设计变量时计算成本低。本文采用伴随方法发展了多级叶轮机三维黏性气动形状优化方法,包括伴随方程及其边界条件、目标函数与设计变量的敏感性关系。结合基于Hicks-Henne函数的三维叶片参数化方法和最速下降法建立了气动形状优化设计系统。针对1.5级压气机第二排叶片的反设计验证了该优化系统的有效性;以进、出口熵增为目标函数改型设计某1.5级超音压气机,改型后气动性能明显提升。     

四角切圆炉膛三维温度分布优化控制建模研究

炉膛燃烧三维温度分布可视化技术为实现炉内燃烧三维温度分布优化控制奠定了基础。本文采用数值计算的方法建立了炉内不同高度特征截面平均温度及相应的温度中心坐标作为中间被控变量,以各层各角燃烧器燃料量及一次风、二次风量等参数为输入变量的线性模型。检验结果表明该模型能正确反映输入变量的变化对炉内温度分布的影响,为采用自适应遗传算法实施燃烧优化控制创造了条件。     

基于粒子群算法的多通道光纤布拉格光栅滤波器优化设计

在多通道光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)滤波器的设计中,通道数目的增加会导致最大折射率调制深度的成倍增长,从而造成物理上的不可实现。为此,提出一种基于粒子群算法(PSO)与直接设计方法相结合的多通道FBG滤波器设计方法。该方法以最小化最大折射率调制深度为优化目标,在目标反射谱中引入一组群时延参数,为每个通道分配合适的群时延参数,建立群时延参数的优化模型。通过粒子群算法计算得到各通道群时延参数的优化分配值,提升折射率调制深度的均匀化分布程度,促使最大折射率调制深度降低到物理可实现的范围内。仿真实验结果表明设计的40通道数、106通道数的两种FBG滤波器的反射谱均匀性好,最大折射率调制深度均降到0.001以下。     

引发持续裂变链意义上中子源有效系数计算程序开发

为研究不同分布形状的中子源对引发持续裂变链概率贡献的等效性问题，自主开发了有效系数的确定性二维计算程序（ECP程序）。完成了ECP程序的物理设计，对伴随中子角通量进行了归一化处理，使得有效系数的计算表达式大为化简：程序对空间变量的离散采取有限差分近似，对能量变量采取多群处理，对角度变量采取离散纵标方法；对于实际经常用到的自发裂变中子源有效系数的计算，程序设定同一能群内自发裂变中子源所包含的各相空间网格中子源强度均为1，而不同能群间的中子源强度比例则等于自发裂变谱，     

基于高温超导电缆终端的应力锥结构设计

对35kV高温超导电缆终端应力锥进行优化设计。以各层极板长度,半径,绝缘材料介电常数等作为优化变量,以各层极板之间的电压降相等作为优化目标,采用动态惯性权重因子的改进粒子群算法对高温超导电缆终端应力锥电气参数优化设计。应用matlab软件实现应力锥优化设计算法,通过循环迭代得到应力锥最优极值。     

基于正交设计法的直喷式柴油机燃烧系统参数优化匹配研究

通过多维仿真,应用正交设计法对直喷式柴油机燃烧系统参数进行了优化匹配,通过极差分析得出了各因素对有效功率、NOx和soot三种不同优化目标的影响效应及权重大小,通过交互作用分析获得了耦合参数对优化目标的具体影响,两种分析方法均能得出不同优化目标对应的优化参数组合,且优化结果差别不大.对不同优化目标影响权重最大的因素有所不同,但主要集中在涡流比、喷孔数(喷孔直径)和喷油压力三个参数.     

大口径反射镜结构的两种参数优化方法

大口径反射镜在自重作用下发生变形,变形过大会引起镜片通光表面的峰谷值较大,难以满足光机装置打靶精度的要求。建立了典型反射镜结构的有限元仿真模型,以计算镜片表面峰谷值;优化了安装柱的位置、尺寸及镜片厚度等参数,使镜片通光表面形变峰谷值最小。分别采用了基于有限元模型的直接优化和基于代理模型的优化,均获得了结构最优参数,使形变峰谷值比初始值降低了74%。相比而言,基于代理模型的优化还可提供目标量随设计变量的变化情况以及变量灵敏度分析,更有利于设计决策。当设计变量个数多、范围宽时,可先根据先验知识或低精度代理模型缩小设计范围,然后建立紧缩范围的高精度代理模型并进行优化,可有效避免大量计算。根据“三圆柱”支撑结构的参数优化结果,建议采用“四圆柱”支撑设计,以获得更高的面形精度。     

矩形肋片热沉(火积)耗散率最小与最大热阻最小构形优化的比较研究

针对矩形肋片热沉, 分别以最大热阻最小化和基于(火积)耗散定义的当量热阻最小化为优化目标, 采用二维传热模型并结合有限元数值仿真对其进行构形优化, 比较了两种目标下的热沉最优构形, 并分析了全局参数(综合了对流换热系数、肋片占据的总面积及其热导率的函数)和材料占比对两种目标(最大热阻、当量热阻)及其对应最优构形的影响. 结果表明: 热沉外形固定时, 两种目标下均不存在最优的肋片厚度; 热沉外形自由变化时, 两种目标下的最优构形存在一定的差异. 此外, 全局参数对两种目标下的最优构形均没有影响, 而材料占比对两种目标下的最优构形均有较大影响. 提高全局参数和材料占比均可以减小最大热阻最小值和当量热阻最小值, 但对两种目标的减小程度不同. 总体上, 调节热沉结构参数使当量热阻最小, 可以同时获得很好的局部极限性能; 而调节热沉结构参数使最大热阻最小, 获得的整体平均散热性能却较差. 因此, 对本文热沉模型进行优化时, 以当量热阻最小化为优化目标更合理.     

Laser surface texturing of gray cast iron for improving tribological behavior

Laser surface texturing process involves creation of microfeatures, e.g., tiny dimples, usually distributed in a certain pattern, covering only a fraction of the surface of the material that is being treated. The process offers several advantages for tribological applications, including improved load capacity, wear resistance, lubrication lifetime, and reduced friction coefficient. In the present study, the surface modification of gray cast iron, using millisecond (λ = 1,064 nm), nanosecond (λ = 1,064 nm) and femtosecond (λ = 800 nm) pulse duration laser irradiation, is adopted to establish a particular geometrical pattern with dimple features and dimensions, to improve wear and friction behavior. The effect of various laser processing parameters, including laser pulse energy, pulse duration and processing speed, on the performance characteristics of the laser-treated samples is investigated. The microtextured surfaces were produced on gray cast iron using different millisecond (0.5 ms), nanosecond (40 ns) and femtosecond (120 fs) laser source with the dimple depth between 3 and 15 μm. The coefficient of friction for the untextured surface was ~0.55, millisecond laser textured ~0.31, nanosecond laser textured ~0.02 and femtosecond laser ~0.01, under normal force of 50 N and sliding speed of 63 mm/s. Surface texturing of the gray cast iron surface using femtosecond pulse duration resulted in significant improvement in wear resistance in comparison to the untextured as well as millisecond and nanosecond laser-textured surface.     

What does friction really depend on? Robust governing parameters in contact mechanics and friction

It is known that the coefficient of friction generally depends on a large number of system and loading parameters. Already Coulomb presented experimental evidence that the static coefficient of friction may depend on time, on normal force, on the contact size, on the nature of contacting materials, and on the presence of intermediate lubricant layers. For the sliding coefficient of friction, he observed the dependence on the sliding velocity as well as the force and size dependencies. Later research has shown that the friction coefficient is very sensitive to the presence of oscillations (including self-excited vibrations). In spite of the practical importance of the problem, no generalized laws of friction or empirical procedures for measuring and representing the law of friction have been developed so far, which included at least the following four parameters: contacting body velocity, normal force, shape (and thus implicitly size), and time. In the present paper, we discuss the question of how the dimension of space of governing parameters can be reduced and if a small set of “robust governing parameters” of friction can be identified. We argue that one of such robust governing parameters is the indentation depth (or relative approach) of contacting bodies and discuss further candidates for the role of robust governing parameters.     

Optimization of the surface texture for silicon carbide sliding in water

Surface texturing has been recognized as an effective means to improve the tribological performances of sliding surfaces. Usually, generation additional hydrodynamic pressure to increase the load carrying capacity is regarded as the most significant effect of surface texture. In the case of silicon carbide sliding against identical material in water, the experimental results indicate that surface texture is also helpful to improve the running-in progress to smooth the contact surfaces, showing another reason to result in low friction. Based on the consideration of enhancing the generation of hydrodynamic pressure and improving running-in progress, a surface texture pattern, which was combined with large (circle, 350 μm in diameter) and small (rectangular, 40 μm in length) dimples, was designed to maximize the texture effect on the load carrying capacity of SiC surfaces sliding in water. The friction coefficient of such textured surface was evaluated and compared with that of untextured and those only with large or small dimples only. The friction reduction mechanisms of the patterns with different dimples in size are discussed.     

Investigation on friction and wear behaviors of FeS films on L6 steel surface

Low temperature ion sulfuration technique was utilized to prepare the solid lubrication iron sulfide (FeS) film on the surface of die-steel AISI L6. The friction and wear behaviors of sulfurized L6 steel were investigated on the ring-on-block tester of MM-200 under dry sliding condition. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were adopted to analyze the morphologies and compositions of surfaces and wear scars of the FeS film. X-ray diffractometer was used to study the film phase structure. Scanning Auger microprobe was employed to detect the elements distribution with depth. The results showed that the tribological properties of sulfurized L6 steel were superior to that of the unsulfurized one.     

Prediction of dynamic friction forces in spur gears using alternate sliding friction formulations

In this communication, several sliding friction formulations used in spur gear dynamics are examined and compared in terms of the predictions of interfacial friction forces and off-line-of-action motions. Competing friction formulations include Coulomb models with time-varying friction coefficients and empirical expressions based on elasto-hydrodynamic and/or boundary lubrication regime principles. Predicted results compare well with friction force measurements.     

The effect of texture on the shaft surface on the sealing performance of radial lip seals

On the basis of elastohydrodynamic model,the present study numerically analyzes the effect of various microdimple texture shapes,namely,circular,square,oriented isosceles triangular,on the pumping rate and the friction torque of radial lip seals,and determines the microdimple texture shape that can produce positive pumping rate.The area ratio,depth and shape dimension of a single texture are the most important geometric parameters which influence the tribological performance.According to the selected texture shape,parameter analysis is conducted to determine the optimal combination for the above three parameters.Simultaneously,the simulated performances of radial lip seal with texture on the shaft surface are compared with those of the conventional lip seal without any texture on the shaft surface.     

Transverse thermal depinning and nonlinear sliding friction of an adsorbed monolayer

We study the response of an adsorbed monolayer under a driving force as a model of sliding friction phenomena between two crystalline surfaces with a boundary lubrication layer. Using Langevin-dynamics simulation, we determine the nonlinear response in the direction transverse to a high symmetry direction along which the layer is already sliding. We find that below a finite transition temperature there exist a critical depinning force and hysteresis effects in the transverse response in the dynamical state when the adlayer is sliding smoothly along the longitudinal direction.     

Departures from Amonton's law of friction

The method of transition from light friction (rolling) to heavy friction (sliding) is used for analyzing the principal departure from Amonton's law (force of sliding friction T proportional to the normal pressure force N) for several metal — nonmetal pairs when the sliding time t approaches zero. It appears that the departure mode is, under these conditions, the same for all pairs which have been tested here. Experimental and theoretical evidence is given to prove that all other modes of departure from Amonton's law represent consequences of changes in the rubbing surfaces which occur during sliding and that, therefore, such departures will appear only after a long enough period of sliding.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 94–98, November, 1974.     

Study on effect of dimples on friction of parallel surfaces under different sliding conditions

The influence of rectangle dimples with flat bottom on the friction of parallel surfaces at different sliding conditions is investigated based on lubrication equations. The elastic deformation of rough surfaces is evaluated using continuous convolution fast Fourier transform (CC-FFT). The friction coefficients for dimpled and non-dimpled parallel surfaces by simulation are compared with experimental results. Results show that this kind of dimples can reduce the friction coefficient for cases with the smaller ratio of film thickness to roughness (h/R_q), small roughness or large applied load. The friction force for the parallel surfaces can decrease due to the dimple effect over the range of the larger sliding speed, larger load or smoother surfaces.     

掺硅类金刚石薄膜摩擦过程的分子动力学模拟

掺硅类金刚石(Si-DLC) 薄膜表现出优异的摩擦学性能, 在潮湿空气和高温中显示出极低的摩擦系数和很好的耐磨性, 但是许多实验表明Si-DLC膜的摩擦性能受其硅含量的影响很大. 因此, 本文采用分子动力学模拟的方法分别研究干摩擦和油润滑两种情况下不同硅含量的Si-DLC膜的摩擦过程. 滑移结果表明干摩擦时DLC膜和掺硅DLC膜之间生成了一层转移膜, 而油润滑时则为边界膜. 因此干摩擦时的摩擦力明显大于油润滑时的摩擦力. 少量添加硅确实能降低DLC膜的摩擦力, 但是硅含量大于20%后对DLC膜的摩擦行为几乎无影响. 干摩擦时硅含量对转移膜内键的数量影响很大, 转移膜内CC键和CSi键都先增加后减少, 滑移结束时几乎不含CSi键.