宽度与角度耦合作用下固体表面火蔓延加速特性

研究了杉木和樟木两种典型的可碳化固体表面在不同试样宽度和不同放置角度的火蔓延加速特性.试样宽度范围为2～12 cm,每间隔2 cm为一组工况;放置角度为-20°～30°,正角度每间隔10°为一组工况,负角度每间隔5°为一组工况。通过分析试样表面火焰蔓延速度、火焰特征参数(火焰形态、火焰面积、火焰温度)及试样质量损失速率等的变化规律,观察火蔓延特性。研究发现,火蔓延速度、质量损失速率及火焰面积均随着试样宽度和放置角度的增大而增大;试样宽度对火蔓延发生加速行为的临界角度有影响,并揭示了试样宽度对火蔓延加速行为的影响机制;得到了火蔓延过程在试样宽度和放置角度耦合作用下的稳态蔓延和加速蔓延之间的临界条件。     

不同宽度和角度下木材表面火蔓延特性的实验研究

选取宽2～11 cm、厚3 mm的樟木、杉木和白木试样进行了一系列实验,测量了火蔓延速度、火焰高度、火焰温度和试样表面温度。结果表明,火焰高度随试样宽度增加而增大,并在宽度增加至某个值后不再增大;同宽度下,密度大的试样火焰高度大。放置角度为负时,不同密度试样的火蔓延速度差较小,角度为正时,火蔓延速度随角度增加而增大,且不同密度试样的火蔓延速度差变大.     

坡度条件下湍流扩散火焰形态的实验研究

本文以湍流扩散火焰为研究对象,在不同坡度及热释放速率条件下开展了火焰形态参数演化的实验研究。结果表明,当坡度在10°~15°范围内上升,火焰附着长度的增加主要是由于火焰两侧空气卷吸差异引起的压差。火焰附着长度和水平火焰长度之间呈现出较好的线性关系,火焰附着范围可通过火焰长度及火焰倾斜角来表征。当坡度为0°和40°时,无量纲火焰长度和无量纲热释放速率之间满足幂律关系;相对于坡度为0°时,40°时火焰长度随热释放速率的增长速率较为缓慢。     

微重力环境中热厚材料着火特性研究

在空间微重力环境中,对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)试样进行点燃实验,研究了不同氧气浓度和环境压力条件下热厚材料的着火特性。结果表明,在研究涉及的实验条件下,材料均可被点燃。外加热源消失后,氧气浓度较高时,点火形成的材料表面火焰可以自维持并稳定传播,而氧气浓度较低时,火焰不能自维持并最终熄灭。材料着火具有爆发性,材料热解形成的可燃气瞬间被点燃形成火焰。重复点火时,材料可以被点燃,但外加热源消失后火焰不能维持传播,材料着火过程中散发出大量的发光颗粒并随气流迁移,存在引燃周围易燃物的风险。材料着火后形成的稳定火焰总是朝着与气流流动相反的方向运动,即火焰逆风传播,没有出现顺风传播的现象。     

H_2/CO/空气贫燃预混火焰的临界熄灭条件研究

通过详细数值计算在较宽H_2/CO比范围内研究了H_2/CO/空气贫燃层流预混对冲火焰的熄灭极限。结果表明:H_2/CO/空气预混火焰的熄灭拉伸率随当量比和燃料H_2含量的增加而增加。分析发现主要分支反应和主要终止反应的平衡和竞争是火焰熄灭的决定性因素,对于组分确定的合成气,引入火焰面上主要分支反应的反应速率ω_B与主要终止反应的反应速率ω_T的对数比值β=ln(ω_T)/ln(ω_B)作为火焰熄灭指数,熄灭时刻所有当量比火焰的β趋近一个常数β_(ext),β_(ext)为临界熄灭指数。β随着拉伸率的增加而增加,当β=β_(ext)时,火焰熄灭。β_(ext)略大于1,随着H_2含量的增加逐渐减小并趋近于1。     

沟渠内杨木三合板架空燃烧的火灾行为的研究

建立了缩尺寸沟渠火灾试验模型,测量了沟渠以及平台入口附近的温度分布,研究了沟渠内杨木三合板架空燃烧的位置和沟渠的倾斜角度对火蔓延行为的影响,分析了火焰传播特征和火蔓延速率.试验结果表明:在沟渠效应和烟囱效应的综合作用下,火焰先从杨木三合板与沟渠底板之间的狭长空间传播到沟渠顶部,在入口处形成喷射状火焰;狭长空间内的温度先...     

甲烷-煤尘爆炸物火焰传播特性

 在10 m³的爆炸罐中对体积分数为8%的甲烷和75 g/m³煤尘的混合物进行了系统的燃烧爆炸实验。分别利用光测方法和压力方法得到了爆炸物的层流燃烧速度、火焰传播速度、火焰厚度、马克斯坦长度以及爆炸特征值的变化规律。结果表明,在常温常压下,当点火能为40 J时：利用光测法得到的8%甲烷与75 g/m³煤尘混合物的燃烧速度为0.437 m/s,而根据压力-时间关系得到的混合物燃烧速度为0.459 m/s,两者符合较好;用火焰厚度与马克斯坦长度判定的火焰发展趋势相同,即向外传播的火焰趋于稳定;爆炸物的爆炸特征值最大值出现在0.5 m处,壁面的爆炸特征值偏小。     

稀释剂对H2/CH4预混火焰熄灭特性影响

掺氢天然气在稀释气体作用下的熄灭特性研究对实际燃烧设备的设计和优化具有重要的指导意义。本文利用对冲火焰法测量了掺氢天然气层流火焰在N₂和CO₂作用下的熄灭拉伸率,并采用数值模拟耦合详细化学反应机理对N₂,CO₂和He的稀释剂效应展开研究。结果表明,Li、GRI Mech 3.0和FFCM-1机理均能定性反映燃料熄灭拉伸率随当量比的变化规律,且FFCM-1机理综合预测精度最高。实验和模拟发现,不同稀释剂气体对掺氢天然气熄灭拉伸率降低幅度满足:He22。进一步研究发现,CO₂由于热容大,在反应体系中会降低火焰温度,同时增强了链终止反应强度,通过热效应和化学效应两方面对火焰熄灭特性起作用。He则能显著改变燃料混合物的平均摩尔质量,从而改变体系中重要反应物和自由基的扩散特性,从扩散效应方面影响火焰的熄灭特性。     

加载角度和线型缺口对锂离子电池隔膜拉伸性能的影响

锂离子电池隔膜作为防止正负极接触的物理屏障,其结构完整性对于电池安全至关重要。进行了4种商业隔膜单轴拉伸实验,分析加载角度和线型缺口对隔膜材料拉伸强度、弹性模量、断裂模式的影响。结果表明:无缺口试样在0°方向上的拉伸强度最大,90°方向上拉伸强度最小;当两个无缺口试样的加载角度互为补角时,它们的拉伸强度接近。对于缺口试样而言,缺口方向沿着90°的试样有最大破坏载荷;线型缺口试样有更高的弹性模量,但是塑性变形大幅减少。无缺口试样和缺口试样在拉伸过程中的断裂模式相同,即除0°试样沿横向断裂外,其他加载角度的试样均沿着纵向断裂。     

微小圆管中分裂火焰的实验与理论研究

对丙烷/空气在内径2 mm的圆管内的预混燃烧进行了实验研究,借助于高速数码摄像机发现了分裂火焰现象,其中一个为向上游传播的较亮的常规火焰,另一个为向下游传播的较暗的微弱火焰。这些火焰先后熄灭,经过一段时间后又重复发生自着火、分裂、反向传播、灭火过程。这种现象在富燃、化学恰当比以及贫燃火焰中都有存在。一维非稳态计算表明化...     

Thermal Analysis of Vertical Upward Flame Spread and Dripping Behaviors of Polystyrene Foams at Different Altitudes

In order to reveal the effect of altitude on the flame spread and dripping behaviors of PS foams a series of upward flame spread experiments was carried out on the plateau area of Lhasa and the plain area of Hefei. It was found that, during the flame spread process, extinction occurred on the plateau for expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) foams while, on the plain, the flame spread could be well sustained and, at longer times, even acceleration was observed. Due to the increase of smoke generation, resulting in decreases of the flame heat flux and oxygen concentration in air entrainment on the plateau, the burning and heat transfer were not efficient in Lhasa, making extinction occur. A larger angle for the pyrolysis front of EPS and XPS on the plateau was another important factor promoting extinction. The mass of dripping PS in the pool fire zone was also studied for different thicknesses of PS at the two altitudes. The maximum dripping mass of EPS or XPS was much larger for thicknesses of 4 cm and 5 cm than for 2 cm and 3 cm, attributed to the melting PS dripping to the pool fire zone directly making the effect of attaching to the wall weaken.     

An experimental study on flame geometry and radiation flux of line-source fire over inclined surface

An experimental study was performed on line-source fire over an inclined surface (ground) to simulate downhill fire spread behavior. The flame geometry and the thermal radiation to both far-field surroundings and near-field inclined surface were investigated. As a basic configuration for wildland fire over a slope, the buoyancy induced natural convection flow along the inclined surface and the constraint of air entrainment by the inclined surface change the flame geometry as well as its radiation emission. Various surface (ground) inclination angles (from 0°-80°), fire source heat release rates and fuels were considered comprehensively with a total of 126 test conditions. Results showed that the flame perpendicular height decreased, while both the flame parallel length and base drag length along the inclined surface increased, with the increased inclination angle. A dimensional analysis was then performed based on the controlling mechanisms, with the dimensionless heat release rate, the density ratio of fuel vapor to air, along with sinα and cosα involved to represent the components in the parallel and perpendicular directions. The flame geometry parameters were well represented by the proposed dimensional analysis. Both the radiation fluxes to far-field surroundings and to near-field inclined surface decreased with the increased inclination angle. The far-field radiation was found to be well characterized by a model based on the soot volume fraction analysis according to single point source model. Concerning the near-field radiation to inclined surface, an inclined cuboid radiative modeling was developed. The predicting results by the proposed model and the experimental values showed good agreement. The present study has explained the controlling physics and proposed non-dimensional functions for flame geometry and modeling the downslope radiation of the line-source fire over the inclined surface, which facilitates the understanding of the wildland fire spread behavior over a slopping ground in the downhill direction.     

Influence of edge propagation on downward flame spread over three-dimensional PMMA samples

This systematic experimental study measures the effect of flame propagation along vertical edges on the overall downward spread of flames using Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA). Samples with a wide range of regular cross-sections – from triangular through octagonal – as well as irregular ones, have been used to test a large variation of internal angles. A MATLAB-based tool was used to calculate instantaneous spread rate for central and edge flames. The edge flame is shown to significantly enhance the spread rate, as much as five times, in respect to samples with no edges. This amplification is shown to depend primarily on the internal angle at the edge (the smaller the angle, the faster the flame) and fuel thickness, and not on other factors such as aspect ratio or cross-sectional area. Using a phenomenological argument, the edge propagation rate is correlated to the spread rate over an equivalent cylindrical fuel (the limiting shape with infinite edges) with an effective radius obtained from the geometry of the edges and the diffusion length scale of the solid phase. A formula for flame spread over cylindrical fuel from the literature is used to link the new results to existing models. Both thick and thin limits are shown to encompass the wide range of three-dimensional spread rate data within the effective radius (the independent variable), which can be determined from the known parameters. Based on these results, different types of cross-sectional areas can be sorted in the order of their inherent fire safety characteristics.     

3 mm圆锥喇叭聚焦天线的理论与仿真

介绍了基于传统光路法的聚焦透镜的设计方法。利用电磁仿真软件计算了透镜置于圆锥喇叭口的3 mm聚焦透镜天线的性能。根据圆锥喇叭最大方向系数及现有文献公式确定喇叭张角,仿真得到天线聚焦性能不够理想。然后仿真了张角12,20,30三种天线聚焦性能,其焦距随张角增大而增大,逐渐接近所设计焦距。从而验证了光路法需电磁波长相对喇叭口径足够小的结论。给出了喇叭张角12,20,30三种天线焦平面上电场分布。喇叭张角30天线焦斑小于2倍波长。     

Darrieus - Landau instability,growing cycloids and expanding flame acceleration

A premixed flame, propagating away from a point ignition source into an unlimited domain displays an increasing flame speed after the flame size has grown beyond a transition radius. Experiments by Gostintsev et al are described by the relation R = R₁ + At^3/2, where t is the time from ignition and, where S_L is the flame burning velocity and is the thermal diffusivity. The non-dimensional function a() is determined from the experimental results to be equal to 0.002², where is the density ratio across the flame.

In the present work, two-dimensional Lagrangian simulations of flame propagation also display a radial growth with a 3/2 power-law behaviour. This is a potential flow model - no vorticity is included. Hence, the Darrieus - Landau hydrodynamic instability by itself can generate flame acceleration. The numerical results are summarized by the relation R = R1+(2/40)L(SLt/L)3/2, where L is a reference length and is the volume production ratio, = - 1. Equating the zone of velocity jump in the numerical scheme with the temperature jump in hydrocarbon flames allows a definition of an effective thermal diffusivity in the numerical work as n = 0.0081SLL. With this relation, the radial growth is given as, in good agreement with the experimental result and the numerical results of Filyand et al.     

Microgravity experiments of flame spreading along a fuel droplet array in fuel vapor-air mixture

Combustion experiments of fuel droplet array in fuel vapor-air mixture were performed at microgravities to investigate growth mechanism of group combustion of fuel droplets. A 10-droplet array was inserted into the test section filled with a saturated fuel vapor-air mixture as a simple model of prevaporized sprays. Gas equivalence ratio of the fuel vapor-air mixture was regulated by the test section temperature. n-Decane droplets of 0.8 mm in the initial diameter were suspended at the crossing points of 10 sets of X-shaped suspenders. The first droplet was ignited by a hot wire to initiate flame spread along a fuel droplet array. Flame spread speed was obtained from the history of the leading edge position of a spreading flame. Effects of droplet spacing and gas equivalence ratio on the flame spreading behavior and the flame spread speed were examined. The droplet spacing and the gas equivalence ratio were varied from 1.6 to 10.2 mm and from 0.2 to 0.7, respectively. The gas equivalence ratio has little effect on the relationship between the flame spreading behavior and the droplet spacing. The flame spread speed increases as the increase in the gas equivalence ratio at all droplet spacings. The influence of the gas equivalence ratio on the flame spread speed becomes strong as the increase in the droplet spacings. The flame spread speed increases as the increase in the droplet spacing, and then decreases. The maximum flame spread speed appears in the range from 2.4 to 3 mm at all gas equivalence ratios.     

Investigation of non-premixed flame combustion characters in GO_2/GH_2 shear coaxial injectors using non-intrusive optical diagnostics

Single-element combustor experiments are conducted for three shear coaxial geometry configuration injectors by using gaseous oxygen and gaseous hydrogen(GO2/GH2) as propellants. During the combustion process, several spatially and time- resolved non-intrusive optical techniques, such as OH planar laser induced fluorescence(PLIF), high speed imaging, and infrared imaging, are simultaneously employed to observe the OH radical concentration distribution, flame fluctuations, and temperature fields. The results demonstrate that the turbulent flow phenomenon of non-premixed flame exhibits a remarkable periodicity, and the mixing ratio becomes a crucial factor to influence the combustion flame length. The high speed and infrared images have a consistent temperature field trend. As for the OH-PLIF images, an intuitionistic local flame structure is revealed by single-shot instantaneous images. Furthermore, the means and standard deviations of OH radical intensity are acquired to provide statistical information regarding the flame, which may be helpful for validation of numerical simulations in future. Parameters of structure configurations, such as impinging angle and oxygen post thickness, play an important role in the reaction zone distribution. Based on a successful flame contour extraction method assembled with non-linear anisotropic diffusive filtering and variational level-set, it is possible to implement a fractal analysis to describe the fractal characteristics of the non-premixed flame contour. As a result, the flame front cannot be regarded as a fractal object. However, this turbulent process presents a self-similarity characteristic.     

Influence des brandons sur la propagation d'un feu de forêt

A two-dimensional weighed-site small-world network is proposed to study the action of firebrands (lofted flaming or glowing debris) on fire spread through homogeneous or heterogeneous systems. The firebrand emission distance obeys an exponentially-decreasing distribution law. For homogeneous systems, the effect of firebrands is strengthened when the fire impact length decreases and the characteristic firebrand emission distance increases. As a result, jumps in the rate of spread appear and time oscillations in the burning area can occur. For heterogeneous systems, this effect becomes weaker as the degree of disorder and the distance of firebrand emission increase. The influence of characteristic lengths of radiation, firebrand emission, and medium heterogeneity on fire spread is discussed. To cite this article: B. Porterie et al., C. R. Physique 6 (2005).