弹簧振子稳态受迫振动中的功能关系

以功能原理为基础,提出了分析弹簧振子稳态受迫振动中的功能关系的一种简洁直观的方法,其要点是先导出策动力所做的功、阻力所做的功以及合外力所做的功的一种表达式,再通过考察在不同的时间间隔内合外力所做的功的性质,来剖析系统的功能转换关系.     

匀变速直线运动非惯性系中的机械能守恒定律

惯性力是保守力．在保守力场中，有一种仅由质点的位置决定的能量，称之为势能．势能的增减与保守力做的功密切相关，保守力做了多少正功，质点的势能就减少多少；保守力做了多少负功，质点的势能就增加多少，并且保守力所做的功等于质点初始位置的势能减去末位置的势能．因此在非惯性参考系中，除重力势能外，     

论力的功与力矩功之间的逻辑关系

讨论了力的功与力矩功之间的逻辑关系,通过讨论分析明确了力矩功是力的功在转动形式中的引申,当物体绕参考点做圆周运动时,力的功就是力矩功,否则,力的功不等于力矩功。     

关于恒速物体间接做功的结论及应用

利用多种方法推导了恒速物体在发射质点过程中对质点间接做功的公式及有关结论, 探究了不同参考 系中某个力做的功、 某个物体做的功, 以及媒介物体对加速物体做的功或提供的能量的计算方法, 并对相关物理问 题从多角度进行解答     

谈作用力与反作用力做功的几种情形

谈作用力与反作用力做功的几种情形李东翔（广西玉林市一中玉林市５３７０００）中学物理关于作用力与反作用力做功问题学生不易掌握，作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反，且具有同时性，有部分学生错误地认为作用力只做正功，反作用力只做负功，且正、负功的代数和为零...     

公式W=Flcosθ的六种内在特性

做功是能量转化的过程,功是能量转化的量度,所以,功在机械能的教学中十分重要.从能量转化的角度看,如果在力的作用下物体的能量发生了变化,那么这个力一定对物体做了功;从运动的角度看,一个物体受到力的作用并在力的方向上发生了一段位移,则这个力一定对物体做了功.     

第四章 功与能

第四章功与能练习一功功率能量一、判断题１．施加于物体的力越大，做功就越多。（）２．浮在静止水面上的小船，浮力做功一定等于零。（）３．只要有力对物体做功，物体的运动状态就一定发生变化。（）４．摩擦力不可能对物体做正功。（）５．保持汽车发动机的输出功率一...     

转动刚体中的动能分布与内力做功

关于加速滚动或转动刚体的动能，有一种意见认为，一部份平动动能转换成绕质心转动动能，是由于静摩擦力等约束反力对前者做“负功”，同时对后者做“正功”的结果．本文认为是由于刚体各质元之间的内力做功．     

用功能原理讨论绳上横波能量问题

推导在一般情况下（不限于小扰动）作用于绳上某一质元两端张力所作功的表达式，导出了绳上某一质元能量与张力所做的功之间的关系，直观地得出行波能量传递是通过张力作功实现的，驻波的能量在波节、波腹之间转移也是张力作功的结果。     

处理变力做功问题的几种方法

做功的一般表达式为W=Fscosθ,F是恒力.如果力是变力,就不能套用这个公式.笔者根据自己的教学实践,针对不同的题设条件,总结出以下几种求变力做功的方法.1 用平均力代替变力求变力的功 当变力与质点位移大小成线性关系时,平均力F=(F1+F2)/2,变力对质点所做的功,在数值上等于平均力做的功.     

Optical parameters and work function of Zn–In–Sn–O films

The work function behavior of Zn–In–Sn–O (ZITO) films with various Zn and Sn contents were studied. The work function increased with addition of Zn content. With further increase of Zn contents, the work function gradually decreased. The work function behavior can be investigated by (1) Fermi level position relative the carrier concentration, (2) ionization potential by the surface dipole change. The Fermi level position related the carrier concentration was calculated by Drude parameters, and ionization potential measured by UPS. As results, we confirmed that the work function of ZITO may be linked to changes in ionization potential, not carrier concentration.     

局域功函数图像及其在Cu(111)-Au/Pd表面的应用

用扫描隧道显微镜（STM）对Cu(111)-Au和Cu(111)-Pd表面的局域功函数进行了研究.通过 测量隧道电流对针尖样品间距的响应，得到了与STM形貌图一一对应的表面局域功函数图像. 实验发现，Au/Pd覆盖层和Cu衬底间的功函数有明显的不同.Pd薄膜的功函数甚至超过了其体 本征值，且功函数在台阶处变小.用偶极子的形成解释了台阶处功函数的降低.这一工作表明 ，用测量局域功函数的方法容易区分表面上不同的元素，并具有纳米尺度的空间分辨率. 关键词： 扫描隧道显微镜 局域功函数 台阶     

Electron work function in alloys from the tin-lead system

The temperature and concentration dependences of the electron work function in Sn-Pb alloys are determined by the Fowler photoelectric method. It is shown that alloying of Sn with Pb decreases the electron work function rather than increasing it, as was reported in the literature. From the published data and experimental data obtained by the authors for the electron work function in the tin-lead system, it follows that the rate of decrease of the electron work function with increasing Pb concentration depends on the vacuum quality in the measuring cell and features in the electron work function isotherms are the more distinct the higher the vacuum.     

Statistics of the work done on a quantum critical system by quenching a control parameter

We study the statistics of the work done on a quantum critical system by quenching a control parameter in the Hamiltonian. We elucidate the relation between the probability distribution of the work and the Loschmidt echo, a quantity emerging usually in the context of dephasing. Using this connection we characterize the statistics of the work done on a quantum Ising chain by quenching locally or globally the transverse field. We show that for local quenches starting at criticality the probability distribution of the work displays an interesting edge singularity.     

Effect of dielectric coating on the electron work function and the surface stress of a metal

The electron work function, contact potential difference, and surface stress of the elastically deformed faces of the metal covered by a dielectric are calculated by using the Kohn–Sham method and stabilized jellium model. Our calculations demonstrate the opposite deformation dependencies of the work function and contact potential difference. Dielectric coating leads to a negative change in the work function and a positive change in the contact potential difference. It is shown that the measurements of the contact potential difference of a deformed face by the Kelvin method give only the change in the value of the one-electron effective potential in the plane of a virtual image behind the surface, rather than the value of the electron work function. The obtained values of the electron work function and surface stress for Al, Au, Cu, and Zn are in agreement with the results of experiments for polycrystals.     

等电位辉光放电电子温度的光谱测量与计算

用SII- IV 型全息凹面光栅单色仪对各种工艺参数条件下双层辉光等电位放电的发射光谱的相对强度进行了测量, 获得一系列光谱谱线。通过对玻尔兹曼方程式的计算, 得到了不同工艺条件下等离子放电时的电子温度。分析了工件电压、工作气压对电子温度的影响。结果表明: 在本工艺条件下, 电子温度随着工件电压的升高, 先减小后增大, 然后又减小, 并随着工作气压的增大而单调增大。工作气压的变化较工件电压的变化对电子温度的影响大。     

The effect of catalyst-electrode potential and work function on the chemisorptive bond of oxygen on Pt interfaced with YSZ

Controlled variation in catalyst-electrode potential of metals interfaced with solid electrolytes leads to the effect of Non-faradaic Modification of Catalytic Activity (NEMCA) which causes dramatic changes in the catalytic activity and selectivity. Its origin was shown to lie in the controlled variation of the work function upon polarization of the catalyst-solid electrolyte interface which is due to ion spillover over the entire gas exposed catalyst surface. In the present work the effect of induced work function changes on the kinetics and energetics of the interaction of oxygen with polycrystalline Pt, interfaced with an yttria stabilized zirconia solid electrolyte, were studied, by means of the temperature programmed desorption technique. It was found that by increasing catalyst potential and work function the O₂ desorption peak shifts towards lower temperatures, showing that the binding strength of chemisorbed oxygen species weakens by increasing catalyst work function. The activation energy of desorption of adsorbed O species was measured by the “temperature rate variation technique” and was found to decrease linearly with slope -1 with increasing catalyst work function. This straightforward experimental correlation between catalyst work function and the binding energy of chemisorbed O species is in absolute agreement with previous NEMCA studies which show that the apparent activation energy of all reactions studied, depends linearly on catalyst potential and work function. Paper presented at the 1st Euroconference on Solid State Ionics, Zakynthos, Greece, 11 – 18 Spt. 1994     

A note on non-equilibrium work fluctuations and equilibrium free energies

We consider in this paper, a few important issues in non-equilibrium work fluctuations and their relations to equilibrium free energies. First we show that the Jarzynski identity can be viewed as a cumulant expansion of work. For a switching process which is nearly quasistatic the work distribution is sharply peaked and Gaussian. We show analytically that dissipation given by average work minus reversible work W_R, decreases when the process becomes more and more quasistatic. Eventually, in the quasistatic reversible limit, the dissipation vanishes. However the estimate of p, the probability of violation of the second law given by the integral of the tail of the work distribution from −∞ to W_R, increases and takes a value of 0.5 in the quasistatic limit. We show this analytically employing Gaussian integrals given by error functions and the Callen-Welton theorem that relates fluctuations to dissipation in process that is nearly quasistatic. Then we carry out Monte Carlo simulation of non-equilibrium processes in a liquid crystal system in the presence of an electric field and present results on reversible work, dissipation, probability of violation of the second law and distribution of work.     

The work function reduction of the Pt field emitter

We have carried out the field emission experiments to measure the temperature dependence of the work function of Pt field emitter and found that the work function steeply decreases more than 2 eV by annealing at relatively low temperature above about 500 K in ultra high vacuum. The maximum reduction of the work function was 2.59 eV. The reduced work function was restored the original value of Pt clean surface by applying high voltage of only 20% of Pt evaporation field. The experimental results are tentatively interpreted in terms of the formation of complex cyanides on the emitter shank during the electrochemical etching in KCN solution and the surface diffusion of potassium atoms formed by the thermal decomposition of the complex cyanides to the emitter cap.