跳-扩散结构下内含巴黎期权特征的可转债定价研究

考虑了跳-扩散结构下的可转换债券定价问题.首先分析了回售、赎回等条款,发现可转换债券具有巴黎期权特征.然后,根据期权定价理论,运用近似对冲跳跃风险的方法,建立了可转换债券的定价模型,得到了可转换债券价格所满足的偏微分方程.基于半离散化方法,给出了偏微分方程求解的数值方法,并且对数值方法的稳定性和误差进行了分析.最后,以重工转债和南山转债为例,对可转债市场进行了实证研究.     

基于二叉树模型的可转债价值分析——以国君转债为例

针对提高投资收益率的问题,采用二叉树模型对可转债价值进行分析.以国君转债为例,运用二叉树模型计算2019年4月30日—2019年6月11日共30个交易日的可转债理论价格,并与市场实际收市价进行对比.由于可转债有可以提前行权的美式期权特点,可转债价值在多数时间段是处于被高估的状态,并且还受到模型的偏差等因素影响.     

American options under uncertain volatility

The uncertain volatility approach to financial derivatives is extended to American options (which allow early exercise before expiry). The requirement to model at the portfolio level made necessary by the non-linearity of the approach is found to lead to a recursive structure to the exercise possibilities across options. Other novel features include: the optimality sometimes of partial exercise; an interesting resolution to the issues surrounding short options whose exercise is controlled by a buyer counterparty; and the occurrence of a simple game structure for portfolios containing both long and short options. It is demonstrated that the exercise strategies resulting can significantly alter measured uncertain volatility risk. Contrary to the set of attributes for sensible risk measures put forward by Artzner, Delbaen, Eber and Heath, this risk need not be homogenous in portfolio size- forming a convincing argument for weakening this particular requirement.     

基于实物期权的物流企业能力外购策略

探讨物流企业面临客户需求以及市场物流能力价格的双重不确定环境,物流企业的能力外购策略。通过引入实物期权的思想,构建物流企业能力外购模型,寻找使物流企业期望收益最大的能力预定量。分析表明,最优预定量随着期权价格和期权执行价格的增加而减小。最后,通过算例分析进一步探讨不同期权执行价格对物流企业最优外购策略选择的影响。     

A systematic approach to pricing and hedging international derivatives with interest rate risk: analysis of international derivatives under stochastic interest rates

This paper deals with the valuation and the hedging of non-path-dependent European options on one or several underlying assets in a model of an international economy allowing for both, interest rate risk and exchange rate risk. Using martingale theory and, in particular, the change of numeraire technique we provide a unified and easily applicable approach to pricing and hedging exchange options on stocks, bonds, futures, interest rates and exchange rates. We also cover the pricing and hedging of compound exchange options.     

带有重置条款的可转换债券定价

可转换债券是中国证券市场的热点之一.本文主要研究如何给带有重置条款的可转换债券进行定价.文中采用了等价鞅测度的思想将标的物从风险世界转换到风险中性世界中,然后在风险中性世界中应用鞅评价方法对带有重置条款的可转换债券进行定价.     

使用双币种期权的风险管理

以VaR作为风险度量的工具,研究固定汇率制度下使用双币种期权对冲进行的风险管理.研究表明,可以通过确定最优敲定价格减小VaR,并对获得的结论做了比较静态分析.     

具有动态信用风险的可转债的定价研究

本文基于鞅方法的定价理论,在全面考虑赎回条款、回售条款、公司不具稳定性的信用风险以及转股时股市受到稀释作用对可转债价值的影响后,给出可转换债券一个比较精确的定价公式。应用这些公式对南京水运公司可转换债券做实证分析,结果表明:定价公式的数值与实际市场可转债的价格波动情况吻合相当好,能反映出良好的预测效果.因此该可转债定价结果将有助于发行公司、投资者、监管机构和中介机构更准确的了解可转债的定价机制,而发行公司、投资者、监管机构和中介机构对可转债定价机制的熟悉将有助于在我国证券市场建立起一种成熟稳健的避险工具,从而推动证券市场的发展。     

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??This paper studies the price of convertible bonds with counterparty credit risk in a reduced-form model. We suppose that the default intensity process and the interest rate process follow the Vasicek model, and derive the price expression of convertible bonds using the method of measure changes. Moreover, we make some numerical analysis on the explicit formulae to demonstrate the sensitivity of a convertible bond price to changes in the parameters of the model.     

Monte Carlo analysis of convertible bonds with reset clauses

This paper analyzes some features of non-callable convertible bonds with reset clauses via both analytic and Monte Carlo simulation approaches. Assume that the underlying stock receives no dividends and that it has credit risk of the issuer. We mean by reset that the conversion price is adjusted downwards if the underlying stock price does not exceed pre-specified prices. Reset convertibles are usually issued when the outlook for the issuer is unfavorable. The price of any convertible bonds can be approximately viewed as a sum of values of an otherwise identical non-convertible bond plus an embedded option to convert the bond into the underlying stock. In this paper, we first develop an exact formula for the conversion option value of the European riskless convertible in the classical Black–Scholes–Merton framework. It is shown by Monte Carlo simulation that conversion option value estimates of the American risky convertible are located in a certain region defined by this formula. From estimates of the conversion probability, it is also shown that there exists an optimal reset time in the latter half of the trading interval.     

有跳-扩散违约风险的可转换债券的定价

本文研究在跳-扩散违约风险模型下可转换债券的定价问题,假定股票价格服从对数正态分布,利用Martingale Pricing方法推导出其定价公式.     

随机利率模型下基于Tsallis熵分布的可转债定价

本文主要研究基于Tsallis熵分布且存在瞬时违约风险的情况下,随机利率服从Vasicek利率模型的可转换债券的定价问题。标的股票价格过程服从Tsallis熵分布的前提下,构建投资组合,利用无套利原理得到可转债价格所满足的偏微分方程,进一步采用有限元法得到可转债价格的数值解。根据长江证券、利欧股份以及吉林敖东股票的市场真实数据,利用Tsallis熵分布模拟收益率序列,并得到基于Tsallis熵分布的股价模型优于几何布朗运动模型下的最优参数,在此基础上,绘制股价基于Tsallis熵分布下三种标的股票所对应可转债的理论价格的三维图及与市场实际价格的对比图。研究结果发现,对应标的股票价格基于Tsallis熵分布下的可转债理论价格与市场真实价格更为接近。     

不确定需求下的企业最优外汇持有量模型研究

把外汇作为存货看待,考虑了外汇的持有成本、转换成本、汇率风险,外汇存款利率以及利息税率等因素,通过建立数学模型来研究不确定需求下的企业最优外汇持有量问题.     

The role of index bonds in universal currency hedging

This study examines the demand for index bonds and their role in hedging risky asset returns against currency risks in a complete market where equity is not hedged against inflation risk. Avellaneda's uncertain volatility model with non-constant coefficients to describe equity price variation, forward price variation, index bond price variation and rate of inflation, together with Merton's intertemporal portfolio choice model, are utilized to enable an investor to choose an optimal portfolio consisting of equity, nominal bonds and index bonds when the rate of inflation is uncertain. A hedge ratio is universal if investors in different countries hedge against currency risk to the same extent. Three universal hedge ratios (UHRs) are defined with respect to the investor's total demand for index bonds, hedging risky asset returns (i.e. equity and nominal bonds) against currency risk, which are not held for hedging purposes. These UHRs are hedge positions in foreign index bond portfolios, stated as a fraction of the national market portfolio. At equilibrium all the three UHRs are comparable to Black's corrected equilibrium hedging ratio. The Cameron-Martin-Girsanov theorem is applied to show that the Radon-Nikodym derivative given under a P -martingale, the investor's exchange rate (product of the two currencies) is a martingale. Therefore the investors can agree on a common hedging strategy to trade exchange rate risk irrespective of investor nationality. This makes the choice of the measurement currency irrelevant and the hedge ratio universal without affecting their values.     

Newsvendor with multiple options of expediting

We consider a manufacturer facing single period inventory planning problem with uncertain demand and multiple options of expediting. The demand comes at a certain time in the future. The manufacturer may order the product in advance with a relatively low cost. She can order additional amount by expediting after the demand is realized. There are a number of expediting options, each of which corresponds to a certain delivery lead time and a unit procurement price. The unit procurement price is decreasing over delivery lead time. The selling price is also decreasing over time. In this paper, we assume that the manufacturer must deliver all products to the customer in a single shipment. The problem can be formulated as a profit maximization problem. We develop structural properties and show how the optimal solution can be identified efficiently. In addition, we compare our model with the classical newsvendor model and obtain a number of managerial insights.     

基于加权可能性均值的亚式期权模糊定价

主要探讨不确定环境下用模糊集理论处理亚式期权的定价问题.运用梯形模糊数来表示标的资产价格、无风险利率、红利率和波动率,建立了亚式期权的加权可能性均值模糊定价模型,得到连续几何和算术亚式期权的模糊价格公式.最后通过数值例子表明:亚式期权的加权可能性均值模糊定价模型具有很大的灵活性,更符合现实的不确定情况,具有较强的实用价值.     

The valuation of options on capacity with cost and demand uncertainty

Options contracts can provide trading partners with enhanced flexibility to respond to uncertain market conditions and allow for superior capacity planning thanks to early information on future demand. We develop an analytical framework to value options on capacity for production of non-storable goods or dated services. The market consists of a sequence of contract and spot market. Reservations are made during the contract market session in period 0, where the buyer’s future demand, the seller’s future marginal costs as well as the future spot price are uncertain, the latter being impacted neither by the buyer nor the seller. During the spot market session in period 1, the buyer may execute his options or satisfy his entire or additional demand from a competing seller in the spot market. The seller allocates reserved capacity now being called and attempts to sell remaining capacity into the spot market. Analytical expressions for the buyer’s optimal reservation quantity and the seller’s tariff are derived, making explicit the risk-sharing benefits of options contracts. The combination of an options contract and a spot market is demonstrated to be Pareto improving as compared to alternative market schemes. An analysis of the determinants of the efficiency gain characterizes industries particularly suitable to the options approach.     

A note on “Monte Carlo analysis of convertible bonds with reset clause”

Kimura and Shinohara [T. Kimura, T. Shinohara, Monte Carlo analysis of convertible bonds with reset clauses, European Journal of Operational Research 168 (2006) 301–310] analyze the value of a non-callable convertible bond with a reset clause. For a reset convertible bond, the conversion ratio is not fixed but depends on the underlying stock price. However, their model does not consider a dilution effect which can result due to changes in the number of shares into which the bond is converted. In this paper, we have developed a new pricing formula for reset convertible bonds that adjusts for dilution.     

A non random walk theory of exchange rate dynamics with applications to option pricing

A two dimensional stochastic process is developed to model exchange rate dynamics. We incorporate the non random walk influence of pur–chasing power parity, to synthesise the theories of international trade and foreign currency options. Our results, which include a closed form expression for the transition density function of the exchange rate and an exact formula to price currency options, offer a theoretical framework for further study of foreign exchange markets     

Robust numerical methods for contingent claims under jump diffusion processes

An implicit method is developed for the numerical solution ofoption pricing models where it is assumed that the underlyingprocess is a jump diffusion. This method can be applied to avariety of contingent claim valuations, including American options,various kinds of exotic options, and models with uncertain volatilityor transaction costs. Proofs of timestepping stability and convergenceof a fixed-point iteration scheme are presented. For typicalmodel parameters, it is shown the error is reduced by two ordersof magnitude at each iteration. The correlation integral iscomputed using a fast Fourier transform method. Numerical testsof convergence for a variety of options are presented.