Non-isothermal Kinetic Study of the Heterogeneous Thermal Decomposition of a Mannich Compound

The authors present data concerning the evaluation of kinetic parameters of the decomposition of a Mannich compound by using the classical method of constant heating rate thermal analysis and the new one of controlled rate thermal analysis (CRTA). The data processed using the CRTA method allow to obtain more reliable kinetic parameters according to the proposed reaction mechanism. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

RCTA Techniques Used in Studies of Solid State Reactions in Inorganic Compounds

The Reaction Controlled Thermal Analysis techniques, RCTA, are very useful both in thermogravimetric and dilatometric studies. In the present paper this big family of techniques is divided into three main classes: Quasi-Isothermal techniques (QIA); Controlled Reaction Rate Thermal Analysis (CRTA) and Reaction (Event) Controlled Heating Rate Adaption. After a short presentation of these techniques and the general advantages of RCTA, two examples of kinetic studies on thermal decomposition of Ba- and Ce oxalates by using Stepwise Isothermal Analysis, SIA, introduced by the author is presented and discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

热分析动力学研究方法的新进展

"非等温动力学"作为热分析动力学研究的核心,已经被广泛应用于化学、化工、冶金、地质、药物和环保等重要领域。热分析动力学研究的主要任务是确定机理函数、活化能和指前因子等动力学参数。在众多的热分析动力学研究方法中,"等转化率法"由于其可以在不涉及动力学模式函数的前提下,获得较为可靠的活化能值,因此被国际热分析与量热学协会(ICTAC)推荐使用。本文简要介绍了近十年来提出的热分析动力学研究方法,特别是等转化率方法的研究进展情况,评述了各种方法的特点与局限。同时,展望了热分析动力学研究方法未来的发展趋势。     

Carbothermal synthesis of vanadium nitride: Kinetics and mechanism

Constant rate thermal analysis (CRTA) has been used for the first time to study the kinetics of the carbothermal reduction of V₂O₅ in nitrogen to obtain vanadium nitride. It is noteworthy to point out that CRTA method allows both a good control of pressure in the sample surroundings and the use of reaction rates low enough to keep temperatures gradients at a negligible level to avoid any heat or mass transfer phenomena. This method allows one to control the texture and the structure of many materials through kinetic control of the thermal treatment of the precursors. The precise control of the external parameters of the reaction shows that CRTA is an attractive method for kinetic studies and leads to more reliable kinetic data. It has been shown that the carbothermal synthesis of vanadium nitride is best described by a three‐dimensional diffusion kinetic model (the Jander equation) with an activation energy which falls in the range of 520–540 kJ/mol. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 369–375, 2006     

L'analyse thermique a vitesse de decomposition constante

A general method of thermal analysis is presented, whose aim is to reduce at will pressure and temperature gradients inside the sample submitted to thermolysis. The basic idea is to control the sample temperature so as to keep constant a parameter related to the decomposition rate. Attention is specially called on the case when the controlled parameter is pressure, which allows to monitor at the same time two parameters (pressure and decomposition rate). As an example, one apparatus is described, working in the pressure range between 20 and 10^?3 torr. This method of Constant Rate Thermal Analysis (CRTA) appears to be specially suited for thermal analysis under controlled vacuum, for the preparation of well defined porous samples, and for the study of decomposition mechanisms.     

Kinetic studies in solid state reactions by sample-controlled methods and advanced analysis procedures

A comparative study of both conventional rising temperature and sample-controlled methods, like constant rate thermal analysis (CRTA), is carried out after analyzing a set of solid state reactions using both methods. It is shown that CRTA avoids the influence of heat and mass transfer phenomena for a wide range of sample sizes leading to reliable kinetic parameters. On the other hand, conventional rising temperature methods yield α–T plots dependent on experimental conditions, even when using samples sizes smaller than 2 mg. Moreover, it is shown that the discrimination of overlapping processes is dramatically improved using sample-controlled methods instead of conventional heating procedures. An advanced method for performing the kinetic analysis of complex processes from a single CRTA experiment is proposed.     

Application of CRTA to the study of microporosity by thermodesorption of pre-adsorbed water

Thermodesorption is here considered for its possibility of giving access to the microporosity of adsorbents. The requirements of this application (good separation of successive desorption steps, good control of the desorption pressure and temperature throughout the sample, possibility of a safe kinetic analysis of each step) are here fulfilled by carrying out the thermodesorption in the Controlled transformation Rate Thermal Analysis (CRTA) mode. The method is applied to 4 zeolites (3A, 4A, 5A and 13X) and a well characterized charcoal, from ?25 to 325°C, after pre-adsorption of water.     

The influence of mass transfer phenomena on the kinetic analysis for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate by constant rate thermal analysis (CRTA) under vacuum

The influence of the mass transfer phenomena on the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate powders under vacuum was investigated through a detailed kinetic analysis by the constant transformation rate thermal analysis (CRTA). Reliable kinetic curves, free from the mass transfer problems, can be obtained by CRTA under vacuum, but within a restricted range of small sample sizes, <10 mg. The influence of mass transfer phenomena on the apparent kinetic parameters is discussed in relation to the distribution of fractional reaction α of the individual particles in a sample assemblage. Only when the distribution of α is maintained constant among a series of experimental kinetic curves, can a reliable activation energy, E, be obtained by one of the isoconversion methods. In this respect, a single cyclic CRTA permits the α distribution to be maintained constant between the two adjacent data points with different decomposition rates. In the present study, an apparent E value of about 223 kJ mol⁻¹ was obtained by the Friedman method from a series of CRTA curves with sample sizes less than 10 mg and by the rate jump method from a single cyclic CRTA curve with sample size of about 40 mg. The first-order (F₁) law was determined to be the most appropriate kinetic model function, from a series of CRTA curves, instead of the ideal contracting geometry (R₃) law formalized for the three-dimensional shrinkage of the reaction interface in the respective particles. The particle size distribution of the sample particles is suggested to be one possible reason for the apparent agreement with the F₁ law. A kinetic exponent n of the nth-order law that deviated from unity was obtained from the CRTA curves with sample sizes larger than 10 mg, due to an additional distribution of α produced by mass transfer phenomena. Because the α distribution due to the mass and heat transfer phenomena cannot be expressed practically in an analytical function, a meaningful kinetic model and preexponential factor are difficult to estimate from kinetic data that are influenced by the transfer phenomena. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int. J Chem Kinet: 30: 737–744, 1998     

Thermoanalytical studies of silver and lead jarosites and their solid solutions

Dynamic and controlled rate thermal analysis has been used to characterise synthesised jarosites of formula [M(Fe)₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆] where M is Pb, Ag or Pb–Ag mixtures. Thermal decomposition occurs in a series of steps. (a) dehydration, (b) well defined dehydroxylation and (c) desulphation. CRTA offers a better resolution and a more detailed interpretation of water formation processes via approaching equilibrium conditions of decomposition through the elimination of the slow transfer of heat to the sample as a controlling parameter on the process of decomposition. Constant-rate decomposition processes of water formation reveal the subtle nature of dehydration and dehydroxylation. CRTA offers a better resolution and a more detailed interpretation of the decomposition processes via approaching equilibrium conditions of decomposition through the elimination of the slow transfer of heat to the sample as a controlling parameter on the process of decomposition. Constant-rate decomposition processes of non-isothermal nature reveal separation of the dehydroxylation steps, since in these cases a higher energy (higher temperature) is needed to drive out gaseous decomposition products through a decreasing space at a constant, pre-set rate.     

Thermoanalytical studies of natural potassium, sodium and ammonium alunites

Dynamic and controlled rate thermal analysis (CRTA) has been used to characterise alunites of formula [M(Al)₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆] where M⁺ is the cations K⁺, Na⁺ or NH₄ ⁺. Thermal decomposition occurs in a series of steps: (a) dehydration, (b) well-defined dehydroxylation and (c) desulphation. CRTA offers a better resolution and a more detailed interpretation of water formation processes via approaching equilibrium conditions of decomposition through the elimination of the slow transfer of heat to the sample as a controlling parameter on the process of decomposition. Constant-rate decomposition processes of water formation reveal the subtle nature of dehydration and dehydroxylation.     

四种苯甲酰丙酮合铜和1，1，1-三氟-3-(2-噻吩基)丙酮合铜的偶氮二吡啶长链配合物的热分析研究

用热重法(TG)研究了4种苯甲酰丙酮合铜和1，1，1-三氟-3-(2-噻吩基)丙酮合铜的偶氮二吡啶一维长链聚合配位化合物在动态氮气气氛下的热行为，结合元素分析和能谱技术，确定了各步分解的组分，并讨论了其晶体结构与热性质的关系。应用新的非线性等转化率法，并结合其他方法考察了各步分解反应的属性，进行了动力学分析，并试对传统动力学方法的适用性进行了讨论。     

Simultaneous use of isothermal,nonisothermal, and constant rate thermal analysis (CRTA) for discerning the kinetics of the thermal dissociation of smithsonite

The mechanism of the thermal decomposition of smithsonite has been determined from a comparison of the results obtained from isothermal, linear heating rate (TG), and Constant Rate Thermal Analysis (CRTA) experiments. Two important precautions have been taken in this work. Firstly, the chemical composition of the sample has been checked in order to be sure that pure anhydrous zinc carbonate has been used. Secondly, the experimental conditions have been selected in such a way to avoid the influence of heat and mass transfer phenomena on the forward reaction. It has been shown that the mechanism for the thermal decomposition of smithsonite depends upon temperature. Thus, at temperatures lower than 650 K, approximately, an A_0.5 kinetic model describes the reaction, whereas, at temperatures roughly higher than 690 K the above reaction obeys a F₁ kinetic law. An interpretation of this behavior is given. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet: 30: 647–655, 1998     

Kinetic study of thermal decomposition of dolomite by controlled transformation rate thermal analysis (CRTA) and TG

The mechanism of the thermal decomposition of dolomite was studied. It was shown that a comparison of the kinetic data obtained from the kinetic analysis of a single TG trace and a single curve recorded using the constant rate thermal analysis (CRTA) method allows discrimination of the actual kinetic model obeyed by the reaction and also determination of its corresponding kinetic parameters.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Mechanismus der thermischen Zersetzung von Dolomit untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, daß ein Vergleich der kinetischen Angaben aus einer kinetischen Analyse eines einfachen TG-Durchlaufes und einer mittels CRTA einmal registrierten Kurve die Unterscheidung desjenigen kinetischen Modelles ermöglicht, dem die Reaktion gerade unterliegt und außerdem die Bestimmung der zugehörigen kinetischen Parameter ermöglicht.

     

Development of a universal constant rate thermal analysis system for being used with any thermoanalytical instrument

The SCTA method implies to control the temperature in such a way that the reaction rate changes with the time according to a function previously defined by the user. Constant Rate Thermal Analysis (CRTA) is one of the most commonly used SCTA methods and implies achieving a temperature profile at which the reaction rate remains constant all over the process at a value previously selected by the user. This method permits to minimize the influence of heat and mass transfer phenomena on the forward reaction. The scope of this work is to develop a universal CRTA temperature controller that could be adapted to any thermoanalytical device. The thermoanalytical signal is programmed to follow a preset linear trend by means of a conventional controller that at the time controls a second conventional temperature programmer that forces the temperature to change for achieving the trend programmed for the thermoanalytical signal. Examples of the performance of this control system with a Thermobalance and a Thermomechanical Analyser (TMA) are given.     

Solid—liquid phase diagrams of mixtures containing substituted phenols and amine mixtures

The thermal decomposition of CaCO₃ was studied under high vacuum by means of both TG and the more recently developed constant decomposition rate thermal analysis (CRTA) which allows the monitoring of both reaction rate and the residual pressure over the sample. The reliability of the kinetic results seems to be much higher with the latter technique which actually allows the reduction of the reaction rate and therefore the heat and mass transfer effects over a broad range of sample size. For instance, it was necessary, by conventional TG started under a vacuum of 2 10^?6 torr with a heating rate of 0.5 K min^?1, to lower the amount of sample to 2 mg in order to obtain the same activation energy as that calculated from CRTA with various samples weighing up to 50 mg. The TG experimental conditions quoted above (and which are upper limits of mass and heating rate) are beyond the limit of sensitivity of most available conventional TG equipment.     

Dynamic and controlled rate thermal analysis of hydrozincite and smithsonite

The understanding of the thermal stability of zinc carbonates and the relative stability of hydrous carbonates including hydrozincite and hydromagnesite is extremely important to the sequestration process for the removal of atmospheric CO₂. The hydration-carbonation or hydration-and-carbonation reaction path in the ZnO-CO₂-H₂O system at ambient temperature and atmospheric CO₂ is of environmental significance from the standpoint of carbon balance and the removal of green house gases from the atmosphere. The dynamic thermal analysis of hydrozincite shows a 22.1% mass loss at 247°C. The controlled rate thermal analysis (CRTA) pattern of hydrozincite shows dehydration at 38°C, some dehydroxylation at 170°C and dehydroxylation and decarbonation in a long isothermal step at 190°C. The CRTA pattern of smithsonite shows a long isothermal decomposition with loss of CO₂ at 226°C. CRTA technology offers better resolution and a more detailed interpretation of the decomposition processes of zinc carbonate minerals via approaching equilibrium conditions of decomposition through the elimination of the slow transfer of heat to the sample as a controlling parameter on the process of decomposition. The CRTA technology offers a mechanism for the study of the thermal decomposition and relative stability of minerals such as hydrozincite and smithsonite.     

The effect of experimental methods and measurement conditions on values of the kinetic parameters of [Co(NH3)6]2(C2O4)3·4H2O

Using the thermal decomposition of [Co(NH₃)₆]₂(C₂O₄)₃·4H₂O as a basis, the paper presents results which show how computed values of kinetic parameters are influenced by experimental conditions (ambient atmosphere, sample mass, linear heating rate) when using the non-isothermal methods and the Coats-Redfern (CR) modified equation. It also illustrates the influence of the experimental methods i.e. non-isothermal and isothermal (conventional) methods and also a quasiisothermal-isobaric one which can be recognised as equivalent to Constant Rate Thermal Analysis (CRTA). The results obtained have confirmed the significant influence of the experimental parameters as well as that of the experimental method used on the estimated values of kinetic parameters. The correlation between activation energy (E) and sample mass (m) or heating rate (β) is generally of a linear nature:E=a+bx     

Development of master curves for discriminating the mechanism of solid state reactions from experimental data obtained by using the cyclic and controlled rate thermal analysis

The cyclic and Controlled Rate Thermal Analysis method (CRTA) has been used. The two rates automatically selected in the cyclic curve are small enough to allow the two states of the sample to be compared have nearly the same reacted fraction. Thus, the activation energy can be calculated without previous knowledge of the actual reaction mechanism. Provided that the activation energy,E, is known, a procedure has been developed for determining the kinetic law obeyed by the reaction by means of master curves that represent the values of the reacted fraction, α, as a function of?E/R(1/T-1/T _0.5),T _0.5 being the temperature at which α=0.5. This procedure has been tested by studying the thermal decomposition reaction of BaCO₃.     

Conventional and controlled rate thermal analysis of nesquehonite Mg(HCO<Subscript>3</Subscript>)(OH)·2(H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O)

The understanding of the thermal stability of magnesium carbonates and the relative metastability of hydrous carbonates including hydromagnesite, artinite, nesquehonite, barringtonite and lansfordite is extremely important to the sequestration process for the removal of atmospheric CO₂. The conventional thermal analysis of synthetic nesquehonite proves that dehydration takes place in two steps at 157, 179°C and decarbonation at 416 and 487°C. Controlled rate thermal analysis shows the first dehydration step is isothermal and the second quasi-isothermal at 108 and 145°C. In the CRTA experiment carbon dioxide is evolved at 376°C. CRTA technology offers better resolution and a more detailed interpretation of the decomposition processes of magnesium carbonates such as nesquehonite via approaching equilibrium conditions of decomposition through the elimination of the slow transfer of heat to the sample as a controlling parameter on the process of decomposition. Constant-rate decomposition processes of non-isothermal nature reveal partial collapse of the nesquehonite structure.     

Carbothermal synthesis of titanium nitride (TiN): Kinetics and mechanism

Constant rate thermal analysis (CRTA) has been used for studying the kinetics of the carbothermal reduction of anatase in nitrogen. It is noteworthy to point out the ability of CRTA method for discriminating the kinetic law of solid-state reactions with considerably higher precision than conventional (TG, DTA, isothermal etc.) methods. The precise control of the reaction rate implies either direct or indirect control of both the partial pressure of CO generated in the reaction and the heat evolution rate, which allows to minimize the influence of heat and mass transfer phenomena. It has been shown that this synthesis is best described by a Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (with n = 2) kinetic model with an activation energy that fall in the range 162–165 kJ mol⁻¹. Finally the results reported here constitute the first attempt to use the new CRTA method to study the kinetics of the carbothermal synthesis of TiN. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 566–571, 2005