Biaxial crushing of honeycombs: —Part 1: Experiments

The in-plane compression and crushing of honeycombs is known to be closely related to the crushing behavior of the broader class of space filling cellular solids. Previously, the authors conducted an extensive study of uniaxial crushing of a polycarbonate honeycomb with circular cells. In this paper the same honeycomb is crushed biaxially. The crushing was performed in a custom testing facility between rigid platens which can be moved independently in two orthogonal directions. The facility allows testing at various biaxiality ratios and volume reductions as high as 95%. The facility was used to conduct several series of biaxial crushing experiments on nearly square honeycomb specimens (18×21 cells) . In each experiment we recorded the true stress–displacement responses in the x- and y-directions as well as full field views of the deformation using a video camera. Biaxial crushing is quite complex and the prevalent mechanisms of collapse depend on the biaxiality ratio (γ) . As is the case in uniaxial crushing, the onset of collapse involves localized instabilities, however, the extent of localized deformation varies with γ. The energy absorption capacity of the material depends on γ. The highest energy is required when the specimen is crushed at the same rates in the two directions.     

In-plane biaxial crushing of honeycombs—: Part II: Analysis

The in-plane biaxial crushing experiments on polycarbonate honeycomb presented in Part I are simulated using large scale finite element models. The models account for nonlinearities in geometry and due to contact while the polycarbonate is modeled as an elastic-powerlaw viscoplastic solid. Full-scale simulations of the uniaxial crushing of this honeycomb were shown in the past to reproduce experiments with accuracy. In biaxial crushing, it was not practical to model specimens the same size as those in the experiments due to computational limitations; instead, a smaller model with 10×11 cells was adopted. Results from simulations of seven of the crushing experiments in Part I with various biaxiality ratios are presented. Through parametric studies it is demonstrated that the size of the specimen and friction between the specimen and the loading surfaces affect the initial elastic parts of the stress–displacement responses and the onset of instability. By contrast, for average crushing strains higher than approximately 10%, their effect was relatively small and the calculated responses were in good agreement with the experimental ones. As a consequence, the energy absorption capacity was predicted to good accuracy for all biaxiality ratios. In addition, many of the modes of cell collapse seen in the experiment are reproduced in the simulations.     

蜘蛛丝Ⅰ:超级力学性能

介绍蜘蛛丝既有优异的强度、也有优异的延伸率、韧性和适中的刚度,这使得蜘蛛网承受静载和昆虫冲击的能力均超过其他人造和天然材料,无愧超级生物材料的称号.蜘蛛丝的力学性能随应变率的增加而增加,进一步提高了蜘蛛网的抗昆虫冲击能力.蜘蛛丝的黏弹性性质和捕捉丝的黏性能有效防止捕获的猎物被弹出.本文第II部分介绍赋予蜘蛛丝的超级力学性能的自组装分级微结构,第III部分介绍蜘蛛网超级抗损伤和超级带缺陷工作能力的力学奥秘.     

工程力学中的互补问题:算法

工程力学里很多问题存在互补关系,文献[1]介绍了有关的数学模型。本文介绍了近年来求解互补问题的几种主要方法,包括投影方法、内点方法、方程组方法、延拓方法以及无约束优化方法。与此同时,也介绍了作者近期在互补问题算法方面的一些研究工作。     

工程力学中的互补问题:模型

对互补问题在非线性力学中的一些应用情况给出了较概括的介绍，重点放在了静态接触问题、弹塑性问题以及结构优化问题的互补模型上。将力学问题写成互补模型的好处主要有两点：一是使力学问题有更自然、更精确的数学描述；二是可以考虑用互补问题的有效和强健的数值算法来求解。     

FD-PINN:频域物理信息神经网络

物理信息神经网络(physics-informed neural network, PINN)是将模型方程编码到神经网络中,使网络在逼近定解条件或观测数据的同时最小化方程残差,实现偏微分方程求解.该方法虽然具有无需网格划分、易于融合观测数据等优势,但目前仍存在训练成本高、求解精度低等局限性.文章提出频域物理信息神经网络(frequency domain physics-informed neural network, FD-PINN),通过从周期性空间维度对偏微分方程进行离散傅里叶变换,偏微分方程被退化为用于约束FD-PINN的频域中维度更低的微分方程组,该方程组内各方程不仅具有更少的自变量,并且求解难度更低.因此,与使用原始偏微分方程作为约束的经典PINN相比, FD-PINN实现了输入样本数目和优化难度的降低,能够在降低训练成本的同时提升求解精度.热传导方程、速度势方程和Burgers方程的求解结果表明, FD-PINN普遍将求解误差降低1～2个数量级,同时也将训练效率提升6～20倍.     

资金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目

采用能计及非线性结构刚度的颤振方程为控制方程,和非定常N-S方程耦合求解,运用龙格-库塔方法在时域内求解结构响应的时间历程,从而确定颤振临界条件.计算了带结构刚度非线性的跨音速颤振特性.计算结果表明,结构刚度非线性对颤振特性有明显的影响.由于同时具有结构和气动力非线性,导致了具有复杂振荡极限环的特性.     

充液挠性航天器俯仰运动 1:1:1 内共振动力学分析

采用已推导的俯仰运动矩形贮箱受控刚-液-弹耦合系统在外力矩作用下的耦合动力 学模型，在刚体上加入控制项，详细分析了系统固有频率的精确解与近似解. 应用多尺 度法对耦合系统1:1:1内共振进行解析分析，与数值解比较验证解析解的正确性. 通过近 似解析分析得到刚-液-弹之间的耦合作用机理：1) 液深影响整个系统的软硬特性，当液体发 生软硬特性转化时，处于液体原多值频率区域的刚体和弹性体幅频曲线分支峰值会减弱，且 具有相同的特性转化趋势；处于液体新多值频率区域的刚体和弹性体幅频曲线分支峰值会增 强，且具有相反的特性转化趋势. 2) 刚体和弹性体幅频曲线的峰值均在以受控刚体和弹性体 为主的耦合系统固有频率处，以液体为主固有频率激励，刚体和弹性体振幅较小.     

Tsallis entropy: how unique?

It is shown how, among a class of generalized entropies, the Tsallis entropy can uniquely be identified by the principles of thermodynamics, the concept of stability, and the axiomatic foundations.Received: 6 May 2003, Accepted: 7 July 2003, Published online: 9 December 2003PACS: 05.20.-y, 05.70.-a, 05.90. + m, 65.40.Gr     

贝壳Ⅳ:冰模仿生

从古战场的用"冰"如神,到文学艺术中的冰花雪韵,再到科学家手中的冰棱魔模,冰雪赋予各行各业的人以创造灵感.科学家利用水结冰时的杂质偏析现象,让冰棱在三氧化二铝陶瓷悬浮液中定向生长,形成复杂奇妙的冰棱模,析出层状多孔陶瓷,蒸发去水并注入聚合物,再压实,烧结,获得具有矿物桥的层合仿生陶瓷,韧性比组分材料高300多倍,模拟了贝壳珍珠母层的增韧机制.     

Periodic Klein–Gordon Chains with Three Particles in 1:2:2 Resonance

Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations - In this paper, we deal with the three degrees of freedom Hamiltonian systems describing the Klein–Gordon chains with three particles of equal...     

Genetic counselling: evolution or involution?

The need for genetic counselling derives from the peculiarities of genetic information, as compared to other biomedical tests, with particular reference to (a) its predictive character; (b) the existing gap between the ability to diagnose and to treat an inherited disorder, and (c) the psychological, social and ethical problems that genetic testing can raise. Counselling is traditionally performed by healthcare professionals, specifically trained to help individuals to develop ways of dealing with genetic information and gain a better understanding of the problems related with it. The growing number of genetic tests (for rare Mendelian as well as for common disorders), the development of easier and cheaper molecular techniques, the increasing tendency of physicians to have recourse to genetic tests, by-passing alternative diagnostic procedures, are all factors that contribute to the vast increase in the demand for genetic tests, a demand which is significantly out of step with the available numbers of trained counsellors. This paper discusses possible solutions, including the institution of committees with regulatory powers on genetic testing, the promotion of studies on models of genetic services, on programmes to monitor the services currently offered by test providers, and the expansion of training programmes and of employment opportunities for genetic counsellors.     

Q-consciousness: where is the flow?

What can recent research on quantum-consciousness (Q-consciousness) tell us about the connection between quantum level phenomena and human consciousness? Q-consciousness theorists propose and experimenters purport to show evidence linking quantum mechanisms of one kind or another to changes in biologically important atomic and molecular processes that produce and shape 'consciousness.' Several mechanisms are identified. In the studies reviewed, consciousness is not operationally defined. How Q-level events influence or are responsible for the complex performance of consciousness in its environment is not specified. Several problems with specifying causality within and between different temporalities at the biological and quantum level are not addressed. The morphogenic rules that govern the origin, continuous or discontinuous, and spontaneous presenting of an organized consciousness are missing. The literature reviewed shows that there are causal links between quantum events and molecular changes that affect biological processes such as photosynthesis and bird migration. Even so, the connections between the quantum level of reality, biological processes, mind and the diverse flow of consciousness are not well and consistently defined, or characterized and understood in ways useful for conducting research of the morphogenesis of consciousness. No overall experimental direction is Q-consciousness research is discernable. Finally, the preponderance of limited experimental evidence does not point toward a particular Q-consciousness theory. Suggestions are made about how recasting cell doctrine, thinking of consciousness as 'performance,' and nonlinear and complexity theory may provide some guidance relevant to the possible flow of Q-consciousness.     

生物力学:生机论最后的据点

大多数人——尤其是大多数生物学家——都与弹性学有特殊的联系。可是他们却对弹性学丝毫不感必趣。因为,他们认为弹性学太平凡,太困难,无足轻重,尤其是令人生厌。其实有关植物和动物的许多力学问题并不是那么平凡的;这些问题是超乎寻常地困难和复杂的,而且力学强度对肌体的存在有绝对的重要性。但是,情况几乎总是这样:各种生物在解决其自身结构的问题方面是如此地成功,以致我们没有去注意它们是如何解决这些问题的。世上没有什么事情比圆满的成功更能吸引人们的好奇心。      

Plastic spin: necessity or redundancy?

The plastic spin concept in large deformation anisotropic elastoplasticity theories with tensorial internal variables, is proved to be a necessary constitutive ingredient. Different inaccurate notions about the plastic spin are dispelled, and its presence in the theory is demystified as something very simple and straightforward. To this extent it is necessary to disassociate the plastic spin concept and the conjugate notion of constitutive spin from the foundation of kinematics, which caused confusion in the past, and define it only in relation to the constitutive equations of evolution of the tensorial internal variables. There, the plastic spin is related to the orientation aspect of such constitutive equations, and the multiplicity of the different internal variables suggests the necessity to have a different spin for each variable. In the process, a straightforward constitutive framework is developed which is based on classical hyperelasticity, yield criteria and invariance requirements of the constitutive functions under superposed rigid body rotation. Ad-hoc assumptions about stress corotational or convected rates and other fuzzy suggestions for different spins are not part of this development. Other topics such as the concept and simplifying effect of the spinless unstressed configuration and its comparison with the isoclinic configuration, some computational aspects, and the effect of small elastic strains are discussed, and all along the significance of plastic spin in the different equations is evaluated.     

热等离子体技术:现状及发展方向

试图从以下４个方面对热等离子体材料加工现在以及将来的研究与发展进行评价：（１）热等离子体涂镀技术;（２）热等离子体微细粉末合成;（３）热等离子体处理废物;（４）热等离子体球化及致密化．一般来讲,由于热等离子体加工由大量参数决定,实行控制非常必要．在某些情况下,缺乏足够的控制以及经济方面的一些不利因素是热等离子体技术成长的主要障碍．但是,目前的研究与开发工作正在致力于解决这些问题     

力学十年:现状与展望

结合国家自然科学基金数理科学"十三五"规划战略研究报告以及学科发展态势评估系列研究报告《力学十年:中国与世界》,本文简要介绍了国家自然科学基金力学学科的资助情况,通过重点介绍2006—2015年中国力学学科论文数、被引频次和排名前1%论文数、论文引用率、被引频次、论文相对引文影响、排名前1%高被引论文产出率、国际合作与自主研究等情况,对力学学科的发展态势进行了分析,并对力学学科今后发展提出了意见和建议.     

力学十年:现状与展望

结合国家自然科学基金数理科学``十三五'规划战略研究报告以及学科发展态势评估系列研究报告《力学十年:中国与世界》, 本文简要介绍了国家自然科学基金力学学科的资助情况,通过重点介绍2006---2015年中国力学学科论文数、被引频次和排名前1%论文数、论文引用率、被引频次、论文相对引文影响、排名前1%高被引论文产出率、国际合作与自主研究等情况,对力学学科的发展态势进行了分析,并对力学学科今后发展提出了意见和建议.      

桩基的稳定性:理论和最新进展

本文对桩基的稳定性分析的数学模型、分析计算方法以及离心机模拟试验的近期文献进行了一定的回顾.主要侧重于桩基的失稳模式和机理分析,包括基于Euler屈曲理论的桩基不稳定性、桩基的定向不稳定性、地震液化中桩基的不稳定性、桩基的动力不稳定性、桩基的后屈曲分析等.最后简单地提出了进一步需要开展的工作.