Calculation of Plane Vibration Frequencies of the Porphin Molecule

By the DFT/B3LYP method with a 6-31G^** basis set the frequencies of normal vibrations of porphin and its five derivatives have been calculated. Scaling of the force constants for plane vibrations in independent natural coordinates has been carried out. Symmetry coordinates have been introduced and a force field for plane vibrations of the porphin molecule in independent symmetry coordinates has been obtained. Based on an analysis of special matrices and the potential energy distribution, complete matching of the plane vibration frequencies of porphin and its four isotopomers has been performed.     

Density Functional Theory Calculations of Normal Modes and Infrared Intensities for Tetraazaporphin

By the DFT/B3LYP method with a 6-31G(d) basis set, the structure, normal vibration frequencies, and band intensities in the IR spectra of porphin, tetraazaporphin (TAP), and three of its isotopomers have been calculated. Scaling of the force constants for porphin vibrations in nonredundant natural coordinates has been performed. The obtained scaling factors are used to predict the force field and normal modes of TAP and three of its isotopomers. To carry out a reliable assignment of the TAP frequencies, two alternative methods have been used: a wavenumber-linear scaling method and the frequency-shift method. There is good agreement between the frequencies predicted by the three methods used. The IR absorption spectrum of TAP has been simulated. Assignments of the observed experimental frequencies of TAP of odd symmetry types are suggested.     

Effect of the Central Atom of a Metal on the Structure and Frequencies of the Normal Vibrations of the Porphin Ligand

The structure and frequencies of the normal vibrations of the molecules of porphin, Mg-, Zh-, and Ni-porphin were calculated by the density-functional method in the B3LYP/6-31G(d) approximation, and correlation of their frequencies was made. The force fields have been obtained in dependent natural coordinates. It is shown that the majority of changes in the vibrational frequencies in transition from porphin to its metal complexes correlate with changes in the structure of the pyrrole and pyrrolenine rings of the porphin ligand.     

Quantum-mechanical calculation of the frequencies of the normal vibrations and intensities of the IR and Raman bands of pyridine N-oxide

The frequencies of the normal vibrations and the intensities of the bands in the IR and Raman spectra of pyridine N-oxide and three of its isotopomers are calculated with the density functional theory by using the Becke exchange and Lee-Yang-Parr correlation functionals with the 6?311+G(d, p) basis set. The scaling of the force constants in independent natural coordinates is performed. The force field of pyridine N-oxide in independent symmetry coordinates is obtained. A new assignment of the frequencies of some vibrations in the isotopomers is proposed. On the basis of the calculated frequencies and intensities, the vibrational IR and Raman spectra of pyridine N-oxide are modeled.     

Study of Vibronic Spectra of Tetrabenzoporphin Based on Normal-Coordinate Analysis

The quasi-line fluorescence spectra have been measured and analyzed in detail for the molecules of tetrabenzoporphin and its N-deuterated derivative in n-octane. The calculations of the normal modes of these molecules have been carried out with the use of the valence force fields of porphin and phenanthrene. Sufficiently good agreement of the calculated and experimental frequencies of the modes has been obtained without variation of the force constants. Detailed interpretation of the fluorescence spectra is given.     

Density-Functional Theory Calculations of Normal Modes and Raman Intensities for Tetraazaporphin

The structure, harmonic frequencies, and nonresonance Raman intensities for porphin, tetraazaporphin (TAP), and three of its isotopomers are calculated by the density-functional theory of B3LYP/6-31G(d). Scaling of force constants for porphin in nonredundant natural coordinates is performed. The scaling factors obtained were used to predict the force field and normal modes of TAP and three of its isotopomers. Two alternative methods are used to carry out reliable assignment of the TAP frequencies: wavenumber-linear scaling method and frequency-shift method. There is good agreement between the frequencies predicted within the framework of the three methods used. The conservativeness of the out-of-plane B _2g - and B _3g -modes for porphin and TAP is examined. The Raman spectrum for TAP is simulated. A refinement of the assignment of the experimental frequencies for TAP of even symmetry types on the basis of the calculations performed is made.     

Calculation of Out‐of‐Plane Vibrations of a Porphin Molecule

Using the DFT/B3LYP method with the base set 631G^**, we carried out calculation of the frequencies of the normal vibrations of porphin and of its five isotopic types. Scaling of force constants for outofplane vibrations has been performed in independent natural coordinates. The symmetry coordinates are introduced and a force field for outof plane vibrations of a porphin molecule in independent coordinates of symmetry is obtained. A new correlation of the frequencies of vibrations in the type of the symmetry B _1u for the isotopic type of the d ₂ porphin molecule is suggested on the basis of discrete analysis of the distribution of a potential energy.     

Atypical intensity distribution in the Raman spectrum of 9,10-anthraquinone

The structure, the frequencies of the normal vibrations, and the absolute intensities of the bands in the IR and Raman spectra of 9,10-anthraquinone and its four symmetrical isotopomers are calculated in terms of the DFT/B3LYP method with the 6-31G(d) basis set. The effective harmonic force field of 9,10-anthraquinone is found by the Pulay method. A technique for directly obtaining the effective force fields without using experimental data on the frequencies of fundamental vibrations is proposed. An atypical intensity distribution in the Raman spectrum of 9,10-anthraquinone between two totally symmetric A _g and two nontotally symmetric B _3g vibrations is found. A new interpretation of these four experimentally observed vibrational Raman bands is proposed.     

Effect of temperature on IR-absorption of diphenyl

In this work, the temperature dependence of the intensities of the IR absorption bands corresponding to the fundamental vibrations, overtones and combination frequencies of diphenyl is presented. A thorough discussion of the interpretation of the fundamental modes of vibration has been made on the basis of the temperature dependence of the intensities of these absorption bands.The structure of the diphenyl molecule has been the subject of numerous investigations. Despite a considerable amount of work on the Raman(1), IR(3,4,5) and ultraviolet (2) spectra, the assignment of the fundamental frequencies has not yet been established with certainty, Some assistance can be obtained from the temperature dependence of the IR spectrum of this material.     

Application of a method of linear scaling of frequencies in calculations of the normal vibrations of polyatomic molecules

The frequencies of the harmonic vibrations of 88 compounds consisting of atoms of the first period are calculated in the approximation of the hybrid density functional B3LYP with the 6-31G* basis set. Using 1189 frequencies from experimental IR and Raman spectra of these compounds in the gas phase and the corresponding theoretical frequencies, the coefficients of the function of linear scaling are found by the least squares method. The method of linear scaling of frequencies is applied to the prediction of the 108 vibrational frequencies of a porphin molecule. A conclusion is made that this method is promising for the interpretation of vibrational spectra of complex molecules and, in combination with the Pulay method of scaling of a quantum-mechanical field, for the determination of harmonic force constants.     

Out-of-plane C m H vibrations and electronic structure of Zn complexes of porphyrins and their π anions

Based on the calculation of frequencies of the normal vibrations of Zn complexes of octaalkylporphyrins (Zn-OAPs), Zn porphin (Zn-P), and their meso-deuterated derivatives by the method of density functional theory (B3LYP/6–31G(d, B3LYP/6–311+G(d)), a new interpretation of C _m H(D) out-of-plane deformation vibrations of porphyrins is proposed. It is shown that the vibration patterns of these modes are characterized by high contributions (>90%) of the coordinates of displacement out of the macrocycle plane of the H(D) atoms in meso positions. At the same time, a small change in the vibration pattern of such a mode in the d ₄ isotopomer (～5%) is accompanied by a large change in its intensity. The geometry of free π anionic forms of Zn-OAPs and Zn-P and their complexes with cations Na⁺ and K⁺ is optimized, and the normal vibrations of these compounds are calculated. A comparison with experimental IR spectra of solid samples shows that anion-cation complexes form under these conditions. The interaction with cations lowers the symmetry of the nuclear skeleton of reduced forms of Zn-OAPs, considerably decreases their charge, and markedly affects the structure of this skeleton and its vibrations.     

Vibrational properties of crystals with TlSe type structure

The lattice vibration spectra of TlS and TllnSe₂ crystals were investigated by infrared reflectivity in the wavenumber range from 20 to 5000 cm^?1. The frequencies of K = 0 phonons were determined by Kramers-Kronig analysis of the spectra. All five infrared active lattice vibrations predicted by the group theoretical analysis were identified. The normal coordinates of vibrations for five infrared active phonons were determined. In the approximation which does not take into consideration long range Coulomb interaction values of the force constant and effective changes are obtained for TlSe, TlS and TllnSe₂ crystals.     

Analysis of electronic vibration spectra of tetrabenzoporphin molecules on the basis of calculations of their normal vibrations

Quasi-line fluorescence and fluorescence-excitation spectra of tetrabenzoporphin (H₂TBP) and its deuterated derivative (D₂TBP) in n-octane at 77 K were measured and analyzed. A calculation of normal vibrations of the H₂TBP and D₂TBP molecules has been performed. The normal vibrations of these molecules were calculated with the use of the valence force fields of porphin and phenanthrene (the direct spectral problem was solved). Good agreement between the calculated and measured frequencies of the investigated normal vibrations has been obtained without correction of the transfered force constants. A detailed interpretation of the fluorescence spectra obtained is presented. It is shown that on deuteration of H₂TBP, the behavior of the quasi-lines in the fluorescence-excitation spectra in the region of resonance with the S₂←S₀ transition becomes more complex. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 375–382, May–June, 1999.     

Effect of the Pyranose Ring Conformation on the Vibrational Spectra of Sugar Epoxides

Normal vibrations of two sugar epoxides — methyl 2,3-anhydro-4-deoxy--D-ribohexopyranoside and methyl 3,4-anhydro--D-talohexopyranoside — have been carried out by the molecular mechanics method. Parametrization of the force field used has been performed and the parameters of the oxirane ring for sugar epoxides have been determined. A good agreement between the experimentally observed and calculated frequencies has been obtained. The IR spectral absorption bands of the molecules under investigation in the 1500–400-cm^–1 range have been assigned on the basis of the potential energy distribution function of normal vibrations. The investigation of the potential energy surface of these molecules has shown that their pyranose ring can take conformations close to half-chair, boat, skew boat, and twist forms. Comparative analysis of the normal vibrations of various conformers has revealed that the form of the pyranose ring influences the vibrational spectra of sugar epoxides.     

IR absorption band contours of methyltrifluorosilane: Calculation and comparison with experiment

The IR spectrum of methyltrifluorosilane is measured in the range 220–3500 cm^?1. Both the equilibrium configuration of the molecule and its vibrational frequencies are calculated quantum chemically. Using the rotational and Coriolis constants obtained in these calculations, the contours of the rotational bands in the IR spectrum are numerically modeled. A comparison between the calculated and the experimental spectra made it possible to refine the frequencies of the fundamental vibrations of the molecule and determine the isotope shifts of the fundamental Si-F vibration with respect to the stable isotopes of silicon.     

Theoretical prediction of vibrational spectra: The out-of-plane force field and vibrational spectra of pyridine

The harmonic force field for the out-of-plane vibrations of pyridine has been calculated from ab initio Hartree-Fock wavefunctions obtained with a 4–21 basis set of contracted Gaussians. To account for systematic errors, the calculated force constants were scaled, using only two independent sclae factors which were transferred unchanged from benzene. The resulting scaled quantum mechanical force field, which is strictly a priori in that it is not based on any experimental data on pyridine, predicts the 64 out-of-plane fundamental frequencies of pyridine and its deuterated isotopomers of C_2v symmetry with a mean deviation from experiment of only 8.5 cm^?1. Addition of polarization functions to the basis set for the nitrogen atom and refinement of the two scale factors by fitting them to the observed pyridine spectra produce no significant improvement in the fit. Assignments of the vibrational spectra are discussed.     

D-荧光素的结构和振动光谱的理论研究

采用密度泛函的B3LYP和B3PW91方法在6-311++G**基组水平上全优化了D-荧光素分子的平衡构型和振动光谱。采用标度量子力学力场(SQM)方法研究了D-荧光素分子的振动光谱。为了详细分析振动模式的贡献,定义了分子的局域内坐标,用改编的分子振动计算程序组将计算的笛卡尔坐标力常数转换成了局域内坐标力常数。用GF矩阵方法进行了简正坐标分析,获得了振动频率和势能分布(PEDs)。根据PEDs对所有的振动模式进行了指认。结果表明,在红外光谱中,所有振动模式均有红外活性,其中吸收强度最强的峰的振动频率为1 780 cm-1,吸收强度为507 KM·mol-1,根据计算所得的PEDs矩阵,可以清楚的看出该振动吸收峰主要由羧基C₂₁O₂₂双键伸缩振动所贡献,其PEDs为93%。在拉曼光谱中,D-荧光素分子的所有振动模式也表现出了拉曼活性,振动频率在1 200～1 700 cm-1范围的吸收峰具有较强的拉曼活性。其中吸收强度最强的吸收峰的频率为1 573 cm-1,吸收强度为297 KM·mol-1,是五元环CN键的伸缩振动所贡献。结果可为进一步研究荧光素衍生物的结构、发光活性提供一定的理论依据。     

Vibrational spectra of glyoxylic acid monomers

Infrared spectra of glyoxylic acid monomers, including the hydroxyl deuterated and general O-18 isotopomers, are reported for argon and nitrogen matrix-isolated samples in the range 400–4000 cm^?1. Values for all 15 fundamental vibrations of the intramolecular H-bonded monomer are listed. Bands attributed to the trans-carbonyl conformer with a free car?yl group are also observed and about half of its fundamental frequencies are listed. Some modes of the intramolecular H-bonded glyoxylic acid monomer are strongly matrix dependent, and differences between Ar and N₂ matrix spectra are exploited in sorting out the spectral information.     

Calculation of the IR Spectrum of Ethyl Chlorophyllide a by the Method of Density Functional

The structure, frequencies of normal vibrations, and the absolute IR intensities of ethyl chlorophyllide a have been calculated by the DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d) density functional method. The force constants have been scaled by the Pulay method. The force field of ethyl chlorophyllide a has been obtained in independent and dependent natural coordinates. The vibrational IR spectrum of ethyl chlorophyllide a has been modeled. The experimental IR spectrum of chlorophyll a has been interpreted on the basis of the calculation performed.     

Fine-structure spectra of metal complexes of porphin in tetrahydrofuran at low temperatures: Manifestation of nonplanarity effects

The fine-structure fluorescence spectra of Mg and Zn porphins in solid tetrahydrofuran matrices at the liquid helium temperature are recorded for the first time. The fluorescence spectra of Mg porphin molecules deposited from the gas phase on a sapphire substrate simultaneously with tetrahydrofuran molecules are measured. Based on the data obtained from the fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectra, it is ascertained that there are two noninteracting spectrally different long-and short-wavelength forms of metal complexes of porphins in the ground state. In the case of Mg porphin, the spectral gap for these two forms at 4.2 K amounts to 330 cm^?1. The short-wavelength form is attributed to the nonplanar saddle conformation of a porphin molecule, while the long-wavelength form is associated with the nonplanar domed conformation, in which the central metal ion is displaced out of the plane of the porphyrin ligand. The fine-structure fluorescence spectra of both forms of Mg and Zn porphins are measured in tetrahydrofuran at 4.2 K upon selective laser excitation. The frequencies of the normal vibrations in the ground electronic state are determined and the reasons for the differences in the vibrational frequencies of the forms are discussed.