测量温度和位移的光纤Fabry-Perot干涉仪

本文描述了两种光纤Fabry-Peort干涉仪的原理、结构和制造方法.采用光频调制方法用以辨别干涉时域条纹的移动方向,实现了对温度和位移的测量.另外还介绍了条纹计数检测的电路原理.     

有损伤连续梁的瞬态响应

出于局部控制和健康安全监测的需要,为检测结构的损伤提供可能性,应用回传射线矩阵法,对方波脉冲作用下的有损伤连续梁进行损伤检测研究。连续梁结构的局部损伤用减小单元的杨氏模量来模拟。结果表明,当方波脉冲斜向作用时,通过结构上接收点处轴向速度波能准确判断损伤存在,确定损伤区域,估测损伤程度。     

光纤位移干涉仪在爆轰加载飞片速度测量中的应用

利用光学多普勒效应和外差方法搭建了一台光纤位移干涉仪。装置采用光通信行业中已经发展成熟的器件,主要由带尾纤的半导体激光器、三端口环形器、光纤探头、宽带探测器以及宽带高采样率示波器等构成。整个装置结构简单,价格便宜,采用了信号光和参考光同轴结构,实现了任意反射面的速度测量,克服了偏振模式色散的影响,能够实现长量程测量,量程达到20 mm。利用该装置进行了爆轰加载下飞片速度测量,测量最高速度达到1 300 m/s,工作距离达到20 mm,同时利用VISAR对飞片速度进行了对比测量,结果表明用两种不同方法所测得的速度曲线吻合很好。     

炸药爆炸驱动下铜板的层裂现

在进行炸药驱动铜板实验中,用激光速度干涉仪(VISAR)记录铜板自由面速度,观察到了铜板层裂现象,并用非线性有限元方法对爆炸载荷下铜板层裂过程进行数值模拟分析,得到了与实验结果吻合的计算结果。     

求解预定位移水平的改进弧长法

为了在使用弧长法进行结构非线性分析时能够收敛到指定的位移,基于广义弧长的概念,对传统弧长法进行改进。改进后的方法不仅能够自动跟踪结构非线性平衡路径,同时能求得位于结构平衡路径的任意区段的任意预定位移时的受力状态。数值算例表明本文计算方法的精确度、效率以及可靠性较好。     

基于特征正交分解的一类瞬态非线性热传导问题的新型快速分析方法

提出了一种基于特征正交分解(POD)和有限元法的瞬态非线性热传导问题的模型降阶快速分析方法,建立了导热系数随温度变化的一类瞬态非线性热传导问题有限元格式的POD降阶模型.在隐式时间推进方法的基础上有效结合单元预转换方法和多级线性化方法发展了一种加速求解瞬态非线性热传导降阶模型的新型计算方法,并通过二维和三维算例验证了该方法的准确性和高效性.研究结果表明:(1)降阶模型解的均方根误差在经过初始时段轻微的脉动后稳定于0.01%以下,而其计算效率比有限元全阶模型提高2～3个数量级,并且自由度数量(DOFs)愈大提高的幅度也愈加显著;(2)新型算法解决了常规算法在计算非线性降阶模型时加速性能差的问题,即使是在DOFs比较小的时候也能够明显提高计算效率;(3)常数边界条件下得到的POD模态可以用来建立相同求解域在各种复杂时变边界条件下的瞬态非线性热传导降阶模型,并对其传热过程和温度场进行快速准确的分析与预测,具有很好的工程应用价值.     

基于特征正交分解的一类瞬态非线性热传导问题的新型快速分析方法

提出了一种基于特征正交分解(POD)和有限元法的瞬态非线性热传导问题的模型降阶快速分析方法,建立了导热系数随温度变化的一类瞬态非线性热传导问题有限元格式的POD降阶模型.在隐式时间推进方法的基础上有效结合单元预转换方法和多级线性化方法发展了一种加速求解瞬态非线性热传导降阶模型的新型计算方法,并通过二维和三维算例验证了该方法的准确性和高效性.研究结果表明:(1)降阶模型解的均方根误差在经过初始时段轻微的脉动后稳定于0.01%以下,而其计算效率比有限元全阶模型提高2～3个数量级,并且自由度数量(DOFs)愈大提高的幅度也愈加显著;(2)新型算法解决了常规算法在计算非线性降阶模型时加速性能差的问题,即使是在DOFs比较小的时候也能够明显提高计算效率;(3)常数边界条件下得到的POD模态可以用来建立相同求解域在各种复杂时变边界条件下的瞬态非线性热传导降阶模型,并对其传热过程和温度场进行快速准确的分析与预测,具有很好的工程应用价值.     

冲击载荷下瞬态温度的实时测量方法

将红外瞬态测温装置引入SHPB冲击实验,确定了不同材料试件的温度标定曲线,并实时测量了冲击下Al合金和伪弹性TiNi合金试样的表面温度。结果表明,2种试样温度变化都经历了加载过程的温度升高,主要不同在于卸载过程,Al合金卸载过程中温度保持最大加载温度不变,而TiNi合金试样卸载过程中温度降低,这反映了2种材料不同的物理变形过程和温度变化机制。直接红外测温的实验结果与根据能量守恒理论计算的温度较好吻合,说明采用的红外测温方法实时测量冲击瞬态温度是可行的。

     

利用位移引伸计测定薄板单轴损伤演化曲线的试验方法研究

一套准确而又简便的测试损伤变量的实验方法，对于推动连续介质损伤力学的工程应用是至关重要的。本文系统研究了利用位移引伸计测定薄板材料单轴损伤演化曲线的试验方法。采用引伸计测量大圆弧变截面试样中心部位某一标距段的伸长量，然后计算得到弹性模量的变化，进而确定损伤变量。文中就试样形状尺寸的确定、主损伤区弹塑性大应变的测控和卸载弹性模量的稳定性、与精确测量等关键测试技术问题进行了深入细致的分析和实验研究，并从多角度对该试验方法的正确性进行了实验验证。文中还介绍了该试验方法在确定LY12-CZ铝合金薄板单轴损伤演化曲线的应用，实验表明本文建议的试验方法是简便有效的，初步奠定了发展标准化损伤曲线测试方法的基础。     

泊松白噪声激励下强非线性系统的半解析瞬态解

自然界与工程中都普遍存在着随机扰动,且大多数呈现出固有的非高斯性质,若采用高斯激励建模可能会导致巨大的误差.泊松白噪声作为一种典型且重要的非高斯激励模型,已引起了广泛的关注.目前,泊松白噪声激励下系统的动态特性分析主要集中于稳态响应的研究,而针对瞬态响应的求解难度仍较大,需进一步发展.本文引入径向基神经网络,提出了一种泊松白噪声激励下单自由度强非线性系统瞬态响应预测的高效半解析方法.首先将广义Fokker-Plank-Kolmogorov (FPK)方程的瞬态解表示为一组含时变待定权值系数的高斯径向基神经网络;然后采用有限差分法离散时间导数项,并结合随机取样技术构造含时间递推式的损失函数;最后通过拉格朗日乘子法使得损失函数最小化获得时变最优权值系数.作为算例,探究了两个经典强非线性系统,并采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法对解析结果加以验证.结果表明:本文方法所获得的瞬时概率密度函数与蒙特卡罗模拟数据吻合地较好,并且算法具备较高的计算效率.在系统响应的整个演化过程中,本文所提方法能够非常有效地捕捉到系统响应在各个时刻下的复杂非线性特征.此外,本文方法所获得的高精度半解析瞬态解,不仅可作为基准解检验其...     

Automated topology classification method for instantaneous velocity fields

Topological concepts provide highly comprehensible representations of the main features of a flow with a limited number of elements. This paper presents an automated classification method of instantaneous velocity fields based on the analysis of their critical points distribution and feature flow fields. It uses the fact that topological changes of a velocity field are continuous in time to extract large scale periodic phenomena from insufficiently time-resolved datasets. This method is applied to two test-cases : an analytical flow field and PIV planes acquired downstream a wall-mounted cube.     

An enhanced laser interferometer for precise displacement measurements

A solid-state linear-array version of an existing rotating-mirror laser interferometer has been developed. The new version processes approximately 200 displacement points per second. The LALI system is relatively simple to set up and use, and no calibration is required for each test. A displacement resolution of 0.01 microns was obtained when the system was used to perform automated-fatigue crack-growth tests on compact tension samples.
The ability to accurately measure near-crack tip displacements makes the LALI system ideally suited to fatiguecrack closure, short crack, and threshold fatigue-crack growth testing. Although the LALI system has only been applied to fatigue crack-growth testing thus far, it appears to be well suited to any application requiring accurate small-scale displacement measurements.     

A new moiré interferometer for measuring in-plane displacement

This paper proposes a new moiré interferometer to be used for determining in-plane displacement of a body deformed with small strains and small surface slopes. With this interferometer, the grating not only diffracts the incoming beam but also rediffracts the two first orders, each of which is reflected by a mirror, back into the path of the incoming beam. The two rediffracted beams are then directed to the viewer to generate an interference fringe pattern that depends only on the in-plane displacement. Theoretical analysis of this new interferometer is presented. It was determined that the sensivity of the interferometer is twice that of conventional interferometers, and the slightly warped beam wave front coming from the laser source does not affect the measurement result. An experiment was performed by adopting the proposed and conventional interferometers to determine the displacement of a specimen grating. The results confirm the advantages of using this new interferometer.     

Non-linear analysis of structures using two-point method

Non-linear algebraic equations must be solved by an iterative method, the non-linear equations being linearized by evaluating the non-linear terms with the known solution from the preceding iteration. The Newton-Raphson method, which is based on the Taylor series expansion and uses the tangent stiffness matrix, has been extensively used to solve non-linear problems. In this paper, a new Newton-Raphson algorithm is developed for analyses involving non-linear behavior. Our method, here named as a two-point method, is constructed as a predictor-corrector one, most frequently taking Newton's method in the first iteration. It should be noted that our concern in this research ignores the problem of passing limit points. The presented method incorporates the known information at each stage of the loading process to determine the subsequent unknown variables. Compared with the classic Newton-Raphson algorithm, it offers a strategy that can be deployed to reduce both the number of the iterations and the computing time involved in non-linear analysis of structures.     

A grazing-incidence moire interferometer for displacement and planeness measurement

An interferometer for planeness and deformation measurement of surfaces up to one meter in length is described. The degradation of the interferogram produced by imperfections of the optical elements is eliminated by the use of the moiré technique. The relations between the incidence angle, sensitivity and surface roughness are discussed.     

Analysis and interpretation of instantaneous turbulent velocity fields

Methods of analyzing and interpreting velocity-field data (both two- and three-dimensional) to understand the kinematics, dynamics, and scales of turbulence are discussed. Reynolds decomposition and vorticity are traditionally used; however, several other methods, including Galilean (constant convection velocity) and LES decompositions (low-pass filtering), in conjunction with critical-point analysis of the local velocity gradient tensor, reveal more about the structure of turbulence. Once the small-scale structures have been identified, it is necessary to assess their importance to the overall dynamics of the turbulence by visualizing the motions they induce and the stresses they impose both on other small-scale vortices and on the larger-scale field.