Effect of a third component on the interactions in a binary mixture determined from the fluctuation theory of solutions

The Kirkwood–Buff (KB) theory of solution is applied to a ternary mixture by deriving explicit expressions for the various Kirkwood–Buff integrals (KBIs) and the corresponding excesses of the number of molecules around central ones. However, the ideal solution should be considered non-aggregated, and the above expressions for the excesses provide non-zero values for such a case. For this reason, in order to obtain information about clustering one must subtract from the traditional excesses those which correspond to a reference state, thus ensuring that for an ideal mixture the excesses are zero. The expressions derived for the latter excesses have been applied to the investigation of the N,N-dimethylformamide–methanol–water mixture, to conclude that: (i) in the vicinity of the water molecules there are excesses of water and N,N-dimethylformamide molecules and a deficit of methanol molecules; (ii) in the vicinity of the methanol molecules there are excesses of methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide molecules and a deficit of water molecules; (iii) in the vicinity of the N,N-dimethylformamide molecules there are excesses of methanol and water molecules and a deficit of N,N-dimethylformamide molecules; (iiii) the excesses of N,N-dimethylformamide around water and methanol molecules and those around N,N-dimethylformamide are weakly dependent on the concentration of the third component in a large range of concentrations of the latter, and these results are compatible with the existence of N,N-dimethylformamide–water and N,N-dimethylformamide–alcohol complexes.     

Metallomicellar catalysis: effects of bridge-connecting ligands on the hydrolysis of PNPP catalyzed by Cu(II) complexes of ethoxyl-diamine ligands in micellar solution

The syntheses of three ligands are reported: N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-propylene-diamine (1), N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,10-decadiamine (2), N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,4-xylyldiamine (3). The catalytic hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl picolinate (PNPP) by the bivalent metal ion Cu(II) complexes of these ligands was studied kinetically in a buffered CTAB or Brij35 micellar solutions at 25 °C and different pH values. The results indicate that 1:2 and 2:1 complexes of these ligands and metal ion are the active species for the catalytic hydrolysis of PNPP in CATB and Brij35 micellar solutions. The ternary complex kinetic model for metallomicellar catalysis was employed to obtain the relative kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. The effects of the structure of the ligands and the microenvironment of reaction on the hydrolytic reaction of PNPP have been discussed in detail.     

Metal complexes of biologically important ligands: Synthesis of amino acidato complexes of Pd containing a C,N-cyclometallated group as an ancillary ligand

New amino acidato complexes of Pd^II of stoichiometry [Pd(C---N)(Aa)] (C---N=C,N-cyclometallated ligand, Aa = N,O-amino acidato ligand) have been obtained by reaction of [Pd(C---N)(acac)] (C---N=N,N-dimethylbenzylamine-C²,N (dmba) (1) or N,N-dimethyl(S--phenylethyl)amine-C²,N (S-dmphea) (2)) with glycine, chiral amino acids (alanine, phenylalanine and valine), and amino acid derivatives (N-acetylglycine and N-acetyl-,β-dehydroalanine) in MeOH. The compounds are characterized by IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR. The geometry of these complexes has been unambiguously determined by NOE difference experiments and NOESY measurements.     

The synthesis of 1-amino-2-hydroxy- and 2-amino-1-hydroxy-substituted ethylene-1,1-bisphosphonic acids and their N-methylated derivatives

A synthesis of 2-amino-1-hydroxyethylene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid 3 has been developed from N-phthaloylglycine via dimethyl 2-(N-phthaloylamino)acetylphosphonate 1. The preparation of the N-methylated and N,N-dimethylated derivatives 4 and 5 has been achieved by the reaction of 3 with formic acid and formaldehyde. The synthesis of 1-amino-2-hydroxyethylene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid 9 (R=R′=H) and its N-methylated and N,N-dimethylated analogues has been achieved by the reaction of phosphorus trichloride and phosphorous acid with the appropriate O-benzyl protected hydroxyacetamide, followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis of the protecting group.     

Ethylene oligomerization by diimine iron(II) complexes/EAO

The catalytic properties of a series of Fe(II) diimine complexes (diimine=N,N′-o-phenylenebis(salicylideneaminato), N,N′-ethylenebis(salicylideneaminato), N,N′-o-phenylenebisbenzal, N,N′-ethylenebisbenzal) in combination with ethylaluminoxane (EAO) for ethylene oligomerization have been investigated. Treatment of the iron(II) complexes with EAO in toluene generates active catalytic systems in situ that oligomerize ethylene to low-carbon olefins. The effects of reaction temperature, ratios of Al/Fe and reaction periods on catalytic activity and product distribution have been studied. The activity of complex FeCl₂(PhCH=o-NC₆H₄N=CHPh) with EAO at 200°C is 1.35×10⁵ g oligomers/mol Fe·h, and the selectivity of C_4–10 olefins is 84.8%.     

人尿液N-糖蛋白/N-糖肽规模化富集鉴定

蛋白质的N-糖基化是真核细胞中一种重要的翻译后修饰,N-糖基化修饰在调控细胞黏附、迁移、信号转导及细胞凋亡等方面扮演着关键角色。蛋白质糖基化修饰的异常变化与多种重要疾病的发生相关。尿液具有蛋白质组复杂程度低和非入侵性等特点,适合大量及连续多时间点采样研究。但由于个体差异和生理条件的影响,尿蛋白丰度的生理波动较大。目前缺乏对健康人群尿液N-糖蛋白的个体差异和生理波动的专门性研究,以及生理丰度范围的构建,难以将个体差异、正常生理波动和疾病导致的变化进行有效区分,对疾病标志物研究提出很大挑战。本研究以亲水相互作用色谱法(HILIC)为基础,对该富集方法中活化、清洗与洗脱过程进行优化,其中主要对HILIC填料粒径和富集缓冲体系进行优化,并考察了不同实验条件下N-糖肽富集的鉴定数量、选择性与稳定性,发现当HILIC填料粒径为5 μm,在三氟乙酸富集体系下有更高的N-糖蛋白/N-糖肽鉴定水平。在此基础上,对20例健康男性志愿者和20例健康女性志愿者的尿液N-糖蛋白/N-糖肽进行了富集和定性、定量及功能分析。从40例尿液样本中共鉴定到1016个N-糖蛋白、2192条N-糖肽。采用非标定量策略对尿液N-糖肽的生理丰度波动范围进行了考察,尿液N-糖肽的丰度跨度约5个数量级。在此之后探索了健康人群尿蛋白N-糖基化水平的性别差异,筛选出性别相关的差异N-糖蛋白后进行了功能分析。统计学分析显示在尿液样本中性别可能是产生个体差异的重要因素。该工作为基于尿液糖蛋白质组学的功能与机制研究和临床生物标志物筛选提供了有力支撑。     

MP2 study of substituent effects of 2-substituted alkyl ethyl methylcarbamates in homogeneous, unimolecular gas phase elimination reaction

Møller-Plesset MP2/6-31G method was used to examine the gas-phase elimination of 2-substituted alkyl ethyl N,N-dimethylcarbamates. The results of these calculations support a concerted non-synchronous six-membered cyclic transition state mechanism for carbamates containing a C_β–H bond at the alkyl side of the ester. These substrates produce the N,N-dimethylcarbamic acid and the corresponding olefin. The unstable intermediate, N,N-dimethylcarbamic acid, rapidly decomposes through a four-membered cyclic transition state to dimethylamine and CO₂ gas. Correlation of the logarithm of theoretical rate coefficients against original Taft's σ* values gave an approximate straight line (ρ*=−1.39, r=0.9558 at 360 °C). In addition to this fact, when log k_rel is plotted against the theoretical log k_rel for 2-substituted ethyl N,N-dimethylcarbamates a reasonable straight line (r=0.9919 at 360 °C) is obtained, suggesting similar mechanism.     

Coordination geometry of tetradentate Schiff’s base nickel complexes: the effects of donors, backbone length and hydrogenation

The X-ray crystal structures of (N,N′-bis-(o-amidobenzilidene)-1,3-diaminopropane)nickel (Niambpr), (N,N′-bis-(o-amidobenzilidene)-1,4-diaminobutane)nickel (Niambut), (N,N′-bis-(o-thiobenzilidene)-1,4-diaminobutane)nickel(II) (Nitsalbut), bis-acetonitrile-(N,N′-bis-(o-aminobenzyl)-1,2-diaminoethane) nickel(II) tetrafluoroborate [Ni(H₄amben)(MeCN)₂] [BF₄]₂, bis-O-acetato-(N,N′-bis-(o-aminobenzyl)-1,2-diaminoethane) nickel(II) [Ni(H₄amben)(OAc)₂ · H₂O] and bis-O-acetato-(N,N′-bis-(o-aminobenzyl)-1,3-diaminopropane) nickel(II) [Ni(H₄ambpr)(OAc)₂] are presented. These structures complete the structural characterisation of the simple unsubstituted Schiff’s base complexes with N₄ and N₂S₂ donor sets and allow us to assess the effects of donor groups and polymethylene chain length on the coordination geometries of nickel(II). The hydrogenated N₄ complexes offer an insight into the effects of increased flexibility and character of the internal nitrogen donors. Unlike the parent N₄ imine species the hydrogenated amine species do not deprotonate at the peripheral nitrogen donors and do not seem to be restricted to the meridial plane of the nickel.     

Diels-Alder reactions of 2-azadienes derived from cysteine and serine methyl esters and aldehydes

The Diels-Alder reactions of N-benzylidenedehydroalanine methyl ester 1a with but-3-en-2-one and with other electron deficient dienophiles have been found to give new dihydro- and tetrahydropyridines. The cycloaddition reactions are regioselective but not stereoselective. Cycloaddition reactions between 1a and enamines have also been observed. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of other N-arylidenedehydroalanine methyl esters are also reported. Two new types of azadiene were prepared, namely N-(benzoylmethylene)dehydroalanine methyl ester 1e and N-(ethoxycarbonylmethylene)dehydroalanine methyl ester 1f. Their reactions with N-cyclohexen-1-ylpyrrolidine and with N-cyclopenten-1-ylpyrrolidine have led to the isolation of the dihydropyridine and pyridine esters.     

New synthetic method to 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one- 1,1-dioxides and 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one-1-oxides from N-alkyl(o-methyl) arenesulfonamides

Various N-alkylsaccharins were easily prepared in moderate to good yields by the reaction of N-alkyl(o-methyl)arenesulfonamides with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene in the presence of iodine under irradiation with a tungsten lamp (W-hν). On the other hand, irradiation of N-alkyl(o- methyl)arenesulfonamide derivatives bearing various subslituents on the aromatic ring with a high- pressure mercury lamp (Hg-hν), in the presence of (diacetoxyiodo)benzene and iodine gave the corresponding N-alkyl-1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one-1-oxide derivatives in moderate yields, together with N-alkyl-1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one-1,1-dioxide (saccharin) derivatives.     

Cyano-bridged bimetallic complexes of copper(II) with tetracyanonickelate(II). Crystal structure of [Cu(dpt)Ni(CN)4]

Five new complexes of composition [Cu(dpt)Ni(CN)₄] (1) (dpt=dipropylenetriamine), [Cu(dien)Ni(CN)₄]·2H₂O (2) (dien=diethylenetriamine), [Cu(N,N′-dimeen)Ni(CN)₄]·H₂O (3) (N,N′-dimeen=N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine), [Cu(N,N-dimeen)Ni(CN)₄]·H₂O (4) (N,N-dimeen=N,N-dimethylethylenediamine) and [Cu(trimeen)Ni(CN)₄] (5) (trimeen=N,N,N′-trimethylethylenediamine) have been obtained by the reactions of the mixture of Cu(ClO₄)₂·6H₂O, appropriate amine and K₂[Ni(CN)₄] in water and have been characterized by IR and UV–Vis spectroscopies and magnetic measurements. The crystal structure of [Cu(dpt)Ni(CN)₄] (1) has been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The structure of 1 consists of a one-dimensional polymeric chain ---Cu(dpt)---NC---Ni(CN)₂---CN---Cu(dpt)--- in which the Cu(II) and Ni(II) atoms are linked by CN groups. The nickel atom is four coordinate with four cyanide-carbon atoms (two cyano groups are terminal and two cyano groups (in cis fashion) are bridged) in a square-planar arrangement and the copper atom is five coordinate with two cyanide-nitrogen and three dpt-nitrogen atoms, in a distorted square-pyramidal arrangement. The temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility (2–300 K) was measured for compound 1. The magnetic investigation showed the presence of a very weak antiferromagnetic interaction (J=−0.16 cm⁻¹) between the copper atoms within each chain through the diamagnetic Ni(CN)₄ ²⁻ ions.     

4-巯基苯硼酸修饰二维二硫化钼纳米复合材料的制备及其用于N-糖肽特异性富集

蛋白质的N-糖基化修饰在多种生物过程中发挥着至关重要的作用，近年来的许多研究证实异常的蛋白质糖基化与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关，表明糖基化蛋白质具有较大的潜力成为新的生物标志物或者药物靶标。在样本的处理过程中，对N-糖基化肽段进行富集分离后再进行质谱分析已经成为糖蛋白质组学分析前的必要步骤。但是，由于复杂生物样本中N-糖基化肽段的丰度低和离子化效率差等问题，通过质谱鉴定N-糖肽仍然是一项艰巨的任务。研究通过将纳米金线（Au）、4-巯基苯硼酸（4-MPB）与超薄二维二硫化钼（2D-MoS₂）进行反应，成功制备了一种用于富集蛋白质N-糖基化肽段的新型功能纳米复合材料（MoS₂/Au/4-MPB）。二硫化钼纳米材料的层状结构可以为反应提供大量的可修饰位点，便于修饰纳米金线；功能基团4-巯基苯基硼酸对N-糖肽具有高度的选择性，可以对生物样品中N-糖基化肽段进行特异性富集。使用标准蛋白人免疫球蛋白G（IgG）和牛血清白蛋白（BSA）胰蛋白酶酶切产物对新型功能纳米材料的N-糖基化肽段的富集性能进行评估，其灵敏度达到5 fmol，选择性达到1：1000。将其用于生物样品中N-糖基化肽段的富集，从50 μg尿液外泌体蛋白胰蛋白酶酶切产物中共富集鉴定出768个N-糖肽，归属于377个蛋白质。这些结果表明该新型功能纳米复合材料对复杂生物样品中N-糖肽的选择富集有着巨大的应用潜力，为糖蛋白质组的研究提供了一种新方法。     

Effect of “topotactic” reduction product of molybdenum disulfide on catalytic activity of metallocene catalyst for olefin polymerization

N,N-Dimethylanilinium salt of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) was developed as a novel cocatalyst for metallocene catalysts. The cocatalyst is composed of N,N-dimethylanilinium ion as a cationic part and “topotactic” reduction product of MoS₂, obtained by acquisition of an electron by neutral host lattice of MoS₂ without structural alteration, as an anionic part. In ethylene polymerization, addition of the N,N-dimethylanilinium salt of MoS₂ to the bis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride (Ind₂ZrCl₂)/triethylaluminum (Et₃Al) catalyst improved the catalytic activity per mmol of Ind₂ZrCl₂. The catalytic activity of this system activated by addition of the cocatalyst depended significantly on the amount of the cocatalyst and the N,N-dimethylanilinium ion content in the cocatalyst. Poly(ethylene) and poly(ethylene-co-1-hexene) obtained with the metallocene catalyst activated by addition of the cocatalyst have typical features such as narrow molecular weight distribution and narrow composition distribution like polymers obtained with conventional metallocene catalysts.     

Measurement and prediction of solid–liquid phase equilibria for diamine + n-heptane, or cyclohexane

Solid–liquid equilibria (SLE) of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, 1,4-dimethylpiperazine and N,N-dimethylaniline+n-heptane or cyclohexane mixtures were measured by a static method. It was found that all systems are simple eutectic systems. Group contribution models have proved fairly successful in predicting SLE, however, the presence of intramolecular effects (ring effect, proximity effect) renders the widely used empirical methods quite inaccurate. However, in this work, the experimental phase diagrams compared satisfactorily with group contribution models (DISQUAC) and also modified UNIFAC (Dortmund version) predictions.     

Theoretical study of the elimination kinetics of several 2-substituted ethyl N,N-dimethylcarbamates in the gas phase, [(CH3)2NCOOCH2CH2Z, Z=CH2Cl, C≡CH, C≡N]

The theoretical studies of the gas-phase elimination of 2-substituted ethyl N,N-dimethylcarbamates (Z=CH₂Cl, C≡CH, C≡N) were performed using ab initio MP2/6-31G and MP2/6-31G(d) levels of theory. The gas phase elimination reaction of these carbamates yields N,N-dimethylcarbamic acid and the corresponding substituted olefin in a rate-determining step. The intermediate N,N-dimethylcarbamic acid is unstable and rapidly decomposes through a four-membered cyclic transition state to dimethylamine and CO₂ gas. The results of these calculations suggest a mechanism to be concerted, asynchronous, and a six-membered cyclic transition state structure. Plotting the relative theoretical rate coefficients against Taft's σ* values gave an approximate straight line (ρ*=0.4057, r=0.9894 at 360 °C). The correlation between experimental log k_rel vs. theoretical log k_rel. for these 2-substituted ethyl N,N-dimethylcarbamates gave an approximate straight line (r=0.9715 at 360 °C), suggesting the same type of mechanism.     

Intramolecular and intermolecular diels-alder reactions of acylhydrazones derived from methacrolein and ethylacrolein

The intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of hydrazones derived from methacrolein or ethylacrolein and terminally unsaturated N-acyl-N-methylhydrazines have been investigated. The hydrazones 7b and 7c derived from N-methyl-N-pent-4-enoylhydrazine 3b were found to undergo intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition above 140 °C and the pyridopyridazines 12 were isolated. The corresponding hydrazones 8b and 8c from N-methyl N-pent-4-ynoylhydrazone 4a reacted similarly and gave as the final products the pyridines 13. The scope of the reaction is limited, as was shown by the failure of several other terminally unsaturated hydrazones of β-unsaturated aldehydes to undergo intramolecular cycloaddition. These hydrazones did, however, undergo intermolecular [4 + 2] cyctoaddition to N-phenylmaleimide. Other hydraiones 15 of methacrolein. including the benzoylhydrazone and the phenylhydrazone, also reacted with N-phenylmaleimide to give the pyridine 14b by way of an isolable dihydropyridine 16.     

Self-assembled four-membered networks of trimesic acid forming organic channel structures

By the co-crystallization of trimesic acid, TMA, with molecules such as dimethylamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine and methanol, it has been possible to generate hydrogen-bonded four-membered networks of TMA. The three-dimensional arrangement of the four-membered networks gives rise to channels occupied by the guest molecules. It has also been possible to generate a four-membered network by co-ordination of TMA with Co(II).     

Studies directed toward synthesis of guanosine 8,5''-imino cyclonucleosides and derivatives—I

8,5'-Aminimino bridging in the guanosine series using 5'-O-tosyl (1) and 5'-O-mesyl derivatives (2) of 2',3'-O-isopropylidene-8-bromoguanosine (5) and hydrazine gave N³,5'-cyclized product 3 and the N⁵,5'-cyclonucleoside of 4-carboxyhydrazido-5-amino-2-bromoimidazole 4. To exclude the N³,5'-cyclization through ionization in the base moiety, a N²-dimethylaminomethylidene-N¹-methoxymethylene derivative 7 was synthesized from 5 through the N²-protected compound 6. 7 was converted into the N²-dimethylaminomethy analogue 8, which with hydrazine yielded first the N²-deprotected form of 8 (9). 8 or 9 with hydrazine under forcing conditions gave an 8,5'-aminimino-N¹-methox derivative 10. Oxidation of 10 with sodium metaperiodate or sodium nitrite yielded 8,5'-imino-N¹-methoxymethyleneguanosine (11a) and 8,5'-imino-N¹-methoxymethylenexanthosine derivative 11b, respectively. 11a was deprotected to 8,5'-imino-N¹-methoxymethyleneguanosine 12.     

Tartradiamide formation by thermolysis of tartaric acid with alkylamines

The formation of N,N′-dialkyltartramides by microwave-assisted reactions and by conventional thermolysis was investigated. Thus, the thermolysis of l-tartaric acid with n-hexylamine at 200 °C showed that all the possible stereoisomers of N,N′-dihexyltartramide were formed albeit with partial racemization only. The same was observed for the microwave-assisted reaction.     

Photochemistry of N-acetyl and N-benzoyl carbazoles: photo-Fries rearrangement and photoinduced single electron transfer

The photochemistry of two N-acyl carbazoles, N-acetyl and N-benzoyl carbazole, in different pure and mixed organic solvents is studied. Depending on the properties of the medium, photo-Fries rearrangement and photoinduced single electron transfer (PSET) processes are observed yielding the former 1-acyl and 3-acyl carbazoles and the latter 3-chloro-N-acyl carbazole. k_SV, k_Q and φ for fluorescence emission, conversion of N-acyl carbazole and product formation yields have been measured as well as the properties of the N-acyl carbazole radical cations formed during the PSET process (laser flash photolysis experiments). The Rehm-Weller equation is used in order to evaluate the ΔG°_ET of the PSET processes.