综合题新编选登

题 3 5　 三角形ＡＢＣ中 ,三内角为Ａ ,Ｂ ,Ｃ ,复数ｚ =52 ｓｉｎＡ +Ｂ2 +ｉｃｏｓ Ａ -Ｂ2 ,|ｚ| =324 .1)求ｔａｎＡ·ｔａｎＢ的值 ;2 )当Ｃ取最大值时 ,存在动点Ｍ使 |ＭＡ| ,|ＡＢ| ,|ＭＢ|成等差数列 .试通过建立适当的坐标系 ,求|ＭＣ||ＡＢ| 的最大值 .解　 1) |ｚ| 2 =52 ｓｉｎ Ａ +Ｂ22 +ｃｏｓ2 Ａ -Ｂ2 =98,即 10ｓｉｎ2 Ａ +Ｂ2 + 8ｃｏｓ2 Ａ -Ｂ2 =9,10·1-ｃｏｓ(Ａ +Ｂ)2 + 8·1+ｃｏｓ(Ａ -Ｂ)2 =9,∴ 4ｃｏｓ(Ａ -Ｂ) - 5ｃｏｓ(Ａ +Ｂ) =0 ,4ｃｏｓＡｃｏｓＢ + 4ｓｉｎＡｓｉｎＢ -5ｃｏｓＡｃｏｓＢ + 5ｓｉｎＡ…     

一个三角恒等式的发现

前不久 ,遇到了这样一道题目 :例 1　已知Ａ ,Ｂ ,Ｃ为△ＡＢＣ的三个内角 ,ｙ =2 +ｃｏｓＣｃｏｓ(Ａ -Ｂ) -ｃｏｓ2 Ｃ ,问 :随便怎样交换Ａ ,Ｂ ,Ｃ的位置 ,ｙ的值是否变化 ?试证明你的结论 .看到题目中有积的形式 ,我便理所当然地想到了积化和差 .解　ｙ =2 +ｃｏｓＣｃｏｓ(Ａ -Ｂ) -ｃｏｓ2 Ｃ=2 +12 [ｃｏｓ(Ｃ +Ａ -Ｂ) +ｃｏｓ(Ｃ -Ａ +Ｂ) ]-ｃｏｓ2 Ｃ=2 +12 [ｃｏｓ(π - 2Ｂ) +ｃｏｓ(π -2Ａ) ]-ｃｏｓ2 Ｃ=2 +12 (-ｃｏｓ2Ｂ -ｃｏｓ2Ａ) -ｃｏｓ2 Ｃ=2 +12 (- 2 +2ｓｉｎ2 Ｂ +2ｓｉｎ2 Ａ)- 1 +ｓｉｎ2 Ｃ=ｓｉｎ2 Ａ +ｓ…     

解三角形不容忽视的两个推论

解答三角形中的问题 ,除正确运用正弦定理、余弦定理外 ,还应重视它们的两个推论 .利用推论解题 ,方法简捷 ,过程明了 .1　两个推论推论 1　在△ＡＢＣ中 ,有ａ =ｂｃｏｓＣ +ｃｃｏｓＢ ,ｂ =ｃｃｏｓＣ +ａｃｏｓＣ ,ｃ =ａｃｏｓＢ +ｂｃｏｓＡ .推论 2　在△ＡＢＣ中 ,有ｂｃｏｓＢ +ｃｃｏｓＣ=ａｃｏｓ(Ｂ -Ｃ)≤ａ (1 )ｃｃｏｓＣ +ａｃｏｓＡ =ｂｃｏｓ(Ｃ -Ａ)≤ｂ (2 )ａｃｏｓＡ +ｂｃｏｓＢ =ｃｃｏｓ(Ａ -Ｂ)≤ｃ (3 )当且仅当 :Ｂ =Ｃ时 ,(1 )中等号成立 ;Ｃ=Ａ时 ,(2 )中等号成立 ;Ａ =Ｂ时 ,(3 )中等号成立 .证　推论 1 :由…     

美国纽约州立大学招生会考试卷数学B

(考试时间 :2 0 0 2年 8月 1 3日上午 8:3 0 - 1 1 :3 0 )注意 :考试中需要下列工具 :计算器、圆规、直尺 .参考公式 :三角形的面积ｋ =12 ａｂｓｉｎＣ两角和与差的三角函数ｓｉｎ(Ａ +Ｂ) =ｓｉｎＡｃｏｓＢ +ｃｏｓＡｓｉｎＢｃｏｓ(Ａ +Ｂ) =ｃｏｓＡｃｏｓＢ -ｓｉｎＡｓｉｎＢｓｉｎ(Ａ -Ｂ) =ｓｉｎＡｃｏｓＢ -ｃｏｓＡｓｉｎＢｃｏｓ(Ａ -Ｂ) =ｃｏｓＡｃｏｓＢ +ｓｉｎＡｓｉｎＢ正弦定理ａｓｉｎＡ=ｂｓｉｎＢ=ｃｓｉｎＣ余弦定理ａ2 =ｂ2 +ｃ2 - 2ｂｃｃｏｓＡ二倍角公式ｓｉｎ2Ａ =2ｓｉｎＡｃｏｓＡｃｏｓ2Ａ =ｃｏｓ2 Ａ -ｓ…     

三角形广义正弦定理的统一形式的拓展

文 [1 ]中的“定理”还可进一步拓展为定理　在△ＡＢＣ中 ,设Ａ′、Ｂ′、Ｃ′分别为边ＢＣ、ＣＡ、ＡＢ所在直线上的点 ,△ＡＢＣ的外接圆半径为Ｒ ,λ1 、λ2 、λ3∈ (-∞ ,+∞ ) ,则有ＡＡ′ｓｉｎＢｓｉｎＣｃｓｃ(λ1 Ａ+Ｂ) =ＢＢ′ｓｉｎＣｓｉｎＡｃｓｃ(λ2 Ｂ+Ｃ)= ＣＣ′ｓｉｎＡｓｉｎＢｃｓｃ(λ3Ｃ +Ａ) =2Ｒ (1 )或等价形式ＡＡ′ｓｉｎＢｓｉｎＣｓｅｃλ1 - 12 Ａ +Ｂ-Ｃ2= ＢＢ′ｓｉｎＣｓｉｎＡｓｅｃλ2 - 12 Ｂ+Ｃ-Ａ2= ＣＣ′ｓｉｎＡｓｉｎＢｓｅｃλ3- 12 Ｃ+Ａ-Ｂ2=2Ｒ (2 )其中λ1 Ａ、λ2 Ｂ、λ3Ｃ为ＡＢ、…     

上期课外练习解答

高一年级1 .在ＡＢ上取一点Ｄ ,使ＤＢ =ＣＢ ,设Ｅ为Ｄ关于ＡＣ的对称点 .连ＥＡ ,ＥＢ ,ＥＤ ,ＣＤ .易证△ＤＣＥ为正三角形 .ＢＥ为ＤＣ的中垂线 ,ＡＣ为ＤＥ的中垂线 ,有 :∠ＥＢＡ =4 0° =∠ＥＡＢ ,ＥＢ =ＥＡ =ＡＤ =ｂ -ａ .在△ＡＢＥ中 ,ｃｏｓ∠ＡＥＢ =2 (ｂ-ａ) 2 -ｂ22 (ｂ -ａ) 2 ;在△ＡＢＣ中 ,ｃｏｓ∠ＡＢＣ =ａ2 +ｂ2 -ｂ22ａｂ ;由ｃｏｓ∠ＡＥＢ =-ｃｏｓ∠ＡＢＣ ,得2 (ｂ-ａ) 2 -ｂ22 (ｂ-ａ) 2 =- ａ2ｂ.整理 ,得　ａ3+ｂ3=3ａｂ2 .2 .ｙ=1 -ｓｉｎｘｃｏｓｘ1 +ｓｉｎｘｃｏｓｘ=212 ｓｉｎ2ｘ + 1- 1 .∵　 π…     

LEVERRIER-LAGUERRE ALGORITHM FOR THE MATRIX POLYNOMIAL OF DEGREE TWO

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＬｅｔＡｂｅａｎ×ｎｍａｔｒｉｘ ,Ｉｎｄｅｎｏｔｅｓｔｈｅｕｎｉｔｍａｔｒｉｘｏｆｏｒｄｅｒｎ .Ａｎｄｌｅｔ ａ(λ) =ｄｅｔ(λＩｎ-Ａ) =λｎ+ ａ1λｎ- 1+… + ａｎ- 1λ+ ａｎ (1 .1 )ｂｅｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｐｏｌｙｎｏｍｉａｌｏｆＡ ,ｔｈｅａｄｊｏｉｎｔｍａｔｒｉｘｏｆλＩｎ-Ａｂｅ Ｂ(λ) =ａｄｊ(λＩｎ-Ａ) =λｎ- 1Ｉｎ+λｎ- 2 Ｂ1+… +λ Ｂｎ- 2 + Ｂｎ- 1. (1 .2 )Ｔｈｅｎ(λΙｎ-Ａ) - 1= Ｂ(λ) / ａ(λ) . (1 .3)　　Ａｗｅｌｌ ｋｎｏｗＬｅｖｅｒｒｉ…     

构造解析几何模型巧解三角问题

有些三角问题 ,若能根据已知式的结构 ,挖掘出它的几何背景 ,通过构造解析几何模型 ,化数为形 ,利用数学模型的直观性 ,则能简捷地求得问题的解 .　　一、构造“直线模型”例 1　已知ｃｏｓα -ｃｏｓβ=-23,ｓｉｎα -ｓｉｎβ=12 ,求ｃｏｓ(α + β)与ｃｏｓα +ｃｏｓβｓｉｎα +ｓｉｎβ的值 .解　Ａ(ｃｏｓα ,ｓｉｎα)、Ｂ(ｃｏｓβ ,ｓｉｎβ)是单位圆ｘ2 + ｙ2 =1上的点 .由已知可得直线ＡＢ的斜率ｋＡＢ =ｓｉｎα -ｓｉｎβｃｏｓα -ｃｏｓβ=-34.设直线ＡＢ的方程为 ｙ =-34ｘ +ｂ ,代入ｘ2 + ｙ2 =1得2 5ｘ2 -2 4ｂｘ + (16…     

值得注意的一点

题　已知△ＡＢＣ的外接圆半径为 6 ,ａ ,ｂ ,ｃ分别是角Ａ ,Ｂ ,Ｃ所对应的边 ,角Ｂ ,Ｃ和面积Ｓ满足条件Ｓ =ａ2 - (ｂ -ｃ) 2 且ｓｉｎＢ+ｓｉｎＣ =43,求△ＡＢＣ的面积Ｓ的最大值 .乍一看 ,这是一道易解的与不等式知识结合的三角题 ,可以很快给出解答如下 .解　由余弦定理 ,得ａ2 =ｂ2 +ｃ2 -2ｂｃｃｏｓＡ ,即ａ2 =(ｂ -ｃ) 2 + 2ｂｃ( 1 -ｃｏｓＡ) ( 1 )又∵Ｓ =12 ｂｃｓｉｎＡ =ａ2 - (ｂ -ｃ) 2 ( 2 )由 ( 1 ) ,( 2 )可得　ｓｉｎＡ =4 ( 1 -ｃｏｓＡ) ,∴1 -ｃｏｓＡｓｉｎＡ =14 ,∴ｔａｎ Ａ2 =14 ,∴ｓｉｎＡ =81 7.又∵ｓｉ…     

再谈“广义三角形角的关系及应用”

文 [1]从三角形中的正、余弦定理的角度出发 ,将余弦定理ａ2 =ｂ2 +ｃ2 - 2ｂｃｃｏｓＡ和正弦定理 ａｓｉｎＡ= ｂｓｉｎＢ=ｃｓｉｎＣ=2Ｒ结合得 :定理 1　在△ＡＢＣ中 ,ｓｉｎ2 Ａ =ｓｉｎ2 Ｂ +ｓｉｎ2 Ｃ -2ｓｉｎＢｓｉｎＣｃｏｓＡ .并将其推广到广义三角形中 ,即得 :定理 1′　若∠Ａ +∠Ｂ +∠Ｃ =π ,则ｓｉｎ2 Ｂ +ｓｉｎ2 Ｃ - 2ｓｉｎＢｓｉｎＣｃｏｓＡ =ｓｉｎ2 Ａ .定理 1称为三角函数形式余弦定理 ,它揭示了三角形内角的关系 .定理 1′称为广义三角函数形式余弦定理 ,它揭示了广义三角形内角的关系 .在教学中 ,笔者曾对课…     

On Spectral Method for Volterra Functional Integro-Differential Equations of Neutral Type

The main purpose of this work is to provide a numerical method for the solution of Volterra functional integro-differential equations of neutral type based on a spectral approach. We analyze the convergence properties of the spectral method to approximate smooth solutions of Volterra functional integro-differential equations of neutral type. It is shown that for the neutral integro-differential equations, the spectral methods yield an exponential order of convergence.     

The Large Time Convergence of Spectral Method for Generalized Kuramoto-Sivashinsky Equations

In this paper we use the spectral method to analyse the generalized Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equations. We prove the existence and uniqueness of global smooth solution of the equations. Finally, we obtain the error estimation between spectral approximate solution and exact solution on large time.     

Reconstructing parameters of a medium from incomplete spectral information

The problem of the synthesis of a stratified medium with specified amplitude and phase properties is investigated. The wave propagation in the medium is described by a system of differential equations. The synthesis problem considered in the paper relates to inverse problems of spectral analysis with incomplete spectral information. Using the contour integral method we study properties of spectral characteristics and obtain algorithms for the solution of the synthesis problem for differential equations with singularities.     

Initial-boundary value problem for a parabolic-hyperbolic equation with power-law degeneration on the type change line

We consider the first boundary value problem for equations of mixed type in a rectangular domain. A criterion for the solution uniqueness is proved by the spectral expansion method. The solution is constructed in the form of a series in the eigenfunctions of the corresponding one-dimensional spectral problem. The stability of the solution with respect to the initial function is proved.     

The Convergence of the Spectral Scheme for Solving Two-Dimensional Vorticity Equations

Much work has been done for the spectral scheme of the P.D.E. The author proposed a technique to prove the strict error estimation of the spectral scheme for the K.D.V.-Burgers equation. In this paper, the technique is generalized to two-dimensional vorticity equations. Under some conditions, the error estimation implies the convergence. The more smooth the solution of the vorticity equations, the more accurate the approximate solution.     

Spectral collocation and radial basis function methods for one-dimensional interface problems

Differential equations with singular sources or discontinuous coefficients yield non-smooth or even discontinuous solutions. This problem is known as the interface problem. High-order numerical solutions suffer from the Gibbs phenomenon in that the accuracy deteriorates if the discontinuity is not properly treated. In this work, we use the spectral and radial basis function methods and present a least squares collocation method to solve the interface problem for one-dimensional elliptic equations. The domain is decomposed into multiple sub-domains; in each sub-domain, the collocation solution is sought. The solution should satisfy more conditions than the given conditions associated with the differential equations, which makes the problem over-determined. To solve the over-determined system, the least squares method is adopted. For the spectral method, the weighted norm method with different scaling factors and the mixed formulation are used. For the radial basis function method, the weighted shape parameter method is presented. Numerical results show that the least squares collocation method provides an accurate solution with high efficacy and that better accuracy is obtained with the spectral method.     

一类弱奇性Volterra积分微分方程的级数展开数值解法

本文考察了一类弱奇性积分微分方程的级数展开数值解法,并给出了相应的收敛性分析.理论分析结果表明,若用已知函数的谱配置多项式逼近已知函数,那么方程的数值解以谱精度逼近方程的真解.数值实验数据也验证了这一理论分析结果.     

Solving the 2D Maxwell equations by a Laguerre spectral method

A spectral method for solving the 2D Maxwell equations with relaxation of electromagnetic parameters is presented. The method is based on an expansion of the solution in terms of Laguerre functions in time. The operation of convolution of functions, which is part of the formulas describing the relaxation processes, is reduced to a sum of products of the harmonics. The Maxwell equations transform to a system of linear algebraic equations for the solution harmonics. In the algorithm, an inner parameter of the Laguerre transformis used. With large values of this parameter, the solution is shifted to high harmonics. This is done to simplify the numerical algorithm and to increase the efficiency of the problem solution. Results of a comparison of the Laguerre method and a finite-difference method in accuracy both for a 2D medium structure and a layered medium are given. Results of a comparison of the spectral and finite-difference methods in efficiency for axial and plane geometries of the problem are presented.     

Inverse problems for differential operators of any order on trees

Inverse spectral problems for ordinary differential operators of any order on compact trees are studied. As the main spectral characteristics, Weyl matrices, which generalize the Weyl m-function for the classical Sturm-Liouville operator are introduced and studied. A constructive solution procedure for the inverse problem based on Weyl matrices is suggested, and the uniqueness of the solution is proved. The reconstruction of differential equations from discrete spectral characteristics is also considered.     

Numerical algorithm for solving multi-pantograph delay equations on the half-line using Jacobi rational functions with convergence analysis

A new spectral Jacobi rational-Gauss collocation (JRC) method is proposed for solving the multi-pantograph delay differential equations on the half-line. The method is based on Jacobi rational functions and Gauss quadrature integration formula. The main idea for obtaining a semi-analytical solution for these equations is essentially developed by reducing the pantograph equations with their initial conditions to systems of algebraic equations in the unknown expansion coefficients. The convergence analysis of the method is analyzed. The method possesses the spectral accuracy. Numerical results indicating the high accuracy and effectiveness of this algorithm are presented. Indeed, the present method is compared favorably with other methods.