微重力下溶液法晶体生长模型中晶体生长界面稳定性的研究

研究在微重力条件下溶液法晶体生长的一个二维数学模型中晶体生长界面的稳定性问题.对晶体生长界面为不同倾斜角度的平面的情况作了数值计算,计算结果表明有可能存在一个稳定的晶体生长界面,它应该是一个在Y=λ这一端向后倾的适当形状的曲面 关键词： 微重力 溶液法晶体生长 二维模型 生长界面的稳定性     

分离结晶Bridgman法晶体生长过程的影响因素

本文采用全局数值模拟方法探讨了微重力条件下温度梯度对分离结晶Bridgman法晶体生长系统的作用规律。同时,在常重力条件下研究了坩埚半径对晶体生长系统的影响。结果发现,在微重力条件下随着温度梯度的增加,晶体生长系统内部的流动强度随之增加,且由于晶体生长系统低温区温度不断降低,使得结晶界面位置不断上升;在常重力条件下,重力的作用随着坩埚半径的增加而增强,导致晶体生长系统内部的流动强度增加,最大流函数增大。     

相场晶体法模拟过冷熔体中的晶体生长

利用相场晶体(phase-field crystal)模型,采用有限差分法,模拟了过冷熔体中晶体生长过程,研究了不同相区、不同过冷度对晶体生长过程的影响.结果表明,在共存区中,随着演化的进行,晶体生长被抑制,液-晶边界层逐渐变厚;在单相区中,随着过冷度的增大,晶态区面积显著增加,液-晶边界层逐渐变薄.晶体生长速度和过冷度成近似线性的关系. 关键词： 相场晶体 自由能函数 过冷熔体 晶体生长     

导模法晶体生长技术研究及应用

在人工晶体生长技术中,导模法晶体生长技术具有"近净型"生长、材料利用率高、生长速度快以及易于实现多片晶体同步生长等优点,在晶体生长领域应用广泛,已被用于工业化生产硅、锗晶体和蓝宝石晶体等.介绍了导模法晶体生长技术国内外的研究现状,包括材料特性、生长工艺、应用领域、现存问题以及解决途径等,同时展示了同济大学在导模法生长蓝...     

1980年美国戈登晶体生长研究会议简讯

1980年美国戈登晶体生长研究会议(Gordon Re-Search Conterences;Crystal Growth)于7月14日至18日在美国新罕布什尔州普利茅斯(Plymouth)举行.参加会议的有来自美国及世界各地的晶体生长学者132人.中国科学院上海冶金研究所所长邹元研究员作为邀请代表出席了会议.参加会议的还有我国正在麻省理工学院电子材料室进修的两名学者.美国戈登晶体生长会议每两年举行一次. 本届戈登晶体生长会议侧重半导体晶体生长领域,有8个专题22个报告.(1) 外延生长 荷兰菲利浦研究所的J.Bloem报告了硅的气相外延机理;美国贝尔研究所的G.Berkstresser报告了…     

刃位错可以作为晶体生长的台阶源吗?

在回答刃位错是否可以作为晶体生长的台阶源的问题之前,有必要简单回顾一下关于晶体生长机制的某些论点. 晶体(确切地说是晶面)要生长,要求在晶面上存在有生长台阶.对于粗糙面(按照晶体生长的现代理论[1-9],此时该晶面的粗糙化相变温度Tr低于晶体生长温度T),这是不成问题的,因为在它上面有着大量可供生长单元结合在其上的生长坐位(扭折位置,或称半晶体位置).而在平坦面(或称奇异面,对于这类晶面Tr>T)上则缺少这样的生长位置.因而一般需要靠二维成核或螺位错的露头点来提供晶体生长的台阶.所以,二维核和螺位错可以充当晶体生长的台阶源. 最…     

空间材料科学的前沿学科——微重力晶体生长

 一、微重力晶体生长环境人类为了自身的生存,希望有一天能走出地球,从外层空间索取他们赖以生存的部分或全部资源.作为人类走向外层空间的第一步,当然是利用近地空间资源.而微重力资源则是首先受到重视和研究的近地空间资源之一。人们对空间晶体生长的研究,经历了从零重力到微重力的认识阶段.在60年代末到70年代初期,材料科学家们认为天空实验室内的晶体生长过程应是零重力场下的固-液界面反应过程,但一系列空间晶体生长实验表明:由于实验系统运动状态的不稳定,空间晶体生长环境仍然存在重力(g).     

评《晶体生长的物理基础》一书

《晶体生长的物理基础》一书,闵乃本著,上海科学技术出版社1982年出版,全书共485页,定价1.95元. 晶体生长原是一门技艺性较强的学科,国内外不乏出版过较好的这方面的书.但晶体生长究其实是一种物理过程,这方面的科学论文有不少散见于国内外的学术刊物,或就某一过程,如成核、凝固、相平衡、晶面成长等论述,而缺乏一本从全面物理学观点出发有系统地写成一本首尾俱备的晶体生长的书.据笔者目前所知,迄今只有F.Rosenberger所著的“Fundame-ntals of Crystal“一书(Springer 1979年). 闵乃本的《晶体生长的物理基础》是国内第一本全面论述晶体…     

晶体生长的缺陷机制

晶体生长是一个复杂的相变过程。自80年代以来,闵乃本及其研究组系统地研究了晶体生长的缺陷机制。在理论分析和实验观察的基础上,他们发展了晶体生长的位错机制（包括刃位错和混合位错机制）,层错机制,孪晶机制、重入角机制以及重入角生长和粗糙界面生长的协同机制。根据这些机制可以得出结论：任何可以在晶体生长表面提供台阶源的缺陷都能为晶体生长作出贡献,这些台阶源包括完全台阶和不完全台阶（亚台阶）,近年来,P.Bennema及其合作者系统地研究了在照相工业中广泛应用的卤化银和金属银的晶体生长机理,在大量实验事实和理论分析的基础上,他们认为亚台阶理论（称作闵氏理论）不仅可适用于溶液生长,也适用于气相生长的机理研究;不仅适于作理论分析,而且可用于寻求最佳生产条件的指导,亚台阶理论是晶体生长的一个普适理论,文章介绍了闵乃本及其研究组提出理论及P.Bennema研究组近年来在这方面的工作进展。     

晶体生长理论研究中的计算机模拟方法

在研究晶体生长过程时,计算机模拟方法(又称Monte-Carlo方法)有许多优点.它不必列出繁难的数理方程,可以直接对大量分子的运动进行模拟,并得出可以和实验进行比较的结果;它还可以给出晶体生长微观运动过程的比较直观的图象. 例如,用计算机可以直接给出晶体生长固液界面的平衡形     

Power ultrasound in the meat industry (freezing,cooking and fermentation): Mechanisms,advances and challenges

High intensity ultrasound (HIUS) has a wide range of applications in different sectors of food processing. It is a promising and emerging technology demonstrating the potential to promote food processes without or at least damage to the quality of products. Among the processes of the meat industry, freezing, thawing, cooking and fermentation are very sensitive and important, because they have significant effects on product quality and are also very energy and time consuming. This review paper provides an interpretation of high intensity ultrasound (HIUS) applications, a summary of recent outstanding published research and an overview of the freezing/thawing, cooking/frying and fermentation processes in meat and its products assisted by HIUS. The effects, benefits and drawbacks as well as the challenges ahead in the commercialization of this technology in the meat industry are studied. The research results confirmed that the use of HIUS in the meat freezing/thawing, cooking/frying and fermentation in combination with the corresponding processing methods demonstrates a great potential to promote the process, improve the general quality of the final product and reduce the time and energy required. However, many issues remain that require further research to address these challenges. These challenges and subsequent research that is useful for developing and increasing the efficiency of this technology have been reviewed. After the literature review, it is concluded that HIUS may be a useful technology for meat processing because of its significant effects on the quality factors and related process variables that leads to the preservation of the initial nutritional and sensory properties of meat and its products. Of course, research must be continued to eliminate the disadvantages or minimize the undesirable effects of this technology on the final product and to remove barriers to commercialization and optimization of this method.     

Time domain finite volume method for the transient response and natural characteristics of structural-acoustic coupling in an enclosed cavity

A time domain finite volume method（TDFVM）based on wave theory is developed to analyze the transient response and natural characteristics of structural-acoustic coupling problems in an enclosed cavity.In the present method,the elastic dynamic equations and acoustic equation in heterogeneous medium are solved in solid domains and fluid domains respectively.The structural-acoustic coupling is implemented according to the continuity condition of the particle velocity along the normal direction and the normal traction equilibrium condition on the interface.Several numerical examples are presented to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the present TDFVM.Then the effects of water depth on the acoustic and vibration characteristics and the natural characteristics of a structural-acoustic coupling system are analyzed.The numerical results show that the increase of water depth leads to a stronger coupling between the water and structure and the decrease of natural frequencies of coupling system,The computational cost and memory of this method are small and it can be applicable to structural-acoustic coupling problems in the heterogeneous fluid.     

Experimental study on SC RF cavities by using China large grain niobium for ILC

Large grain niobium has the potential of simplifying the production sequence and consequently reducing the cost of the superconducting RF cavities for ILC.To investigate the feasibility of fabrication and the possibility to achieve high gradient by large grain cavities,two 1.3 GHz cavities were made of China large grain niobium and a series of vertical tests were carried out following several different surfaces treatment procedures.Two cavities have both reached the high gradient of more than 43 MV/m repeatedly and the maximum accelerating field of 47.9 MV/m has been achieved by China large grain niobium.This paper introduces the features of the fabrication and surface treatments on the large grain cavities and presents the preliminary results of the research.     

Ultrasonic evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of granites

Masonry is the oldest building material that survived until today, being used all over the world and being present in the most impressive historical structures as an evidence of spirit of enterprise of ancient cultures. Conservation, rehabilitation and strengthening of the built heritage and protection of human lives are clear demands of modern societies. In this process, the use of nondestructive methods has become much common in the diagnosis of structural integrity of masonry elements.With respect to the evaluation of the stone condition, the ultrasonic pulse velocity is a simple and economical tool. Thus, the central issue of the present paper concerns the evaluation of the suitability of the ultrasonic pulse velocity method for describing the mechanical and physical properties of granites (range size between 0.1-4.0 mm and 0.3-16.5 mm) and for the assessment of its weathering state. The mechanical properties encompass the compressive and tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, and the physical properties include the density and porosity. For this purpose, measurements of the longitudinal ultrasonic pulse velocity with distinct natural frequency of the transducers were carried out on specimens with different size and shape. A discussion of the factors that induce variations on the ultrasonic velocity is also provided.Additionally, statistical correlations between ultrasonic pulse velocity and mechanical and physical properties of granites are presented and discussed. The major output of the work is the confirmation that ultrasonic pulse velocity can be effectively used as a simple and economical nondestructive method for a preliminary prediction of mechanical and physical properties, as well as a tool for the assessment of the weathering changes of granites that occur during the serviceable life. This is of much interest due to the usual difficulties in removing specimens for mechanical characterization.     

高光谱成像技术在果蔬品质与安全无损检测中的原理及应用

水果和蔬菜的品质与安全是消费者最为关心的问题。传统的化学检测方法是一种费时费力的破坏性检测技术。随着成像和光谱技术的快速发展,高光谱成像技术已经广泛应用于农产品品质与安全的快速无损检测中。高光谱成像技术融合了传统的成像和光谱技术的优点,可以同时获取被检测物体的空间信息和光谱信息,因此该技术既可以像检测物体的外部品质,又可以像光谱技术一样检测物体的内部品质和品质安全。目前,已经有大量的基于高光谱成像技术检测水果和蔬菜品质与安全的研究性论文发表,为了深入了解高光谱成像技术的检测原理并跟踪国内外最新的研究进展,综述了高光谱成像技术在水果和蔬菜外部品质、内部品质和品质安全检测中的原理、发展和应用。另外,还简要介绍和讨论了高光谱成像系统的构成、常用的数据分析方法、发展趋势及面临的挑战。     

橄榄油的聚集荧光猝灭及吸收光谱特性的研究

素有“液体黄金”之称的橄榄油已成为健康食用油的代名词,不仅身价陡增,而且在非产地市场也已成为一种畅销油。在橄榄油检测技术中光谱法与其他技术相比具有快速、无损、无样品处理等优势而备受关注,而不同的光谱检测方法在检测的物质成分上各有侧重,例如红外光谱法侧重于脂肪酸含量的检测、拉曼光谱法侧重于分子的检测、荧光光谱法侧重于光敏物质的检测以及吸收光谱法侧重于光敏物质和不饱和脂肪酸的检测等。荧光及吸收光谱对光敏物质反应极其灵敏,而橄榄油富含叶绿素等光敏物质,因此荧光及吸收光谱成为一种鉴别橄榄油的有效技术手段。叶绿素是一种含有环卟啉结构的有机分子,该类分子结构具有吸光特性,且不同的叶绿素吸收光谱各异,其中绿色植物的叶绿素a含量最多。为深入研究叶绿素的吸收光谱及荧光特性在橄榄油鉴别中的应用,将特级初榨橄榄油中掺入不同比例的玉米油,已达到间接调控橄榄油中叶绿素含量的目的,测量不同掺伪比例橄榄油的荧光及吸收光谱并研究与叶绿素浓度的相关性,以此来研究叶绿素浓度与掺伪量对橄榄油吸收光谱及荧光特性的影响。取10份同批次的特级初榨橄榄油,将其中9份按照等比例稀释,并对10份样品按照掺伪量依次排序;依次采集这10份样品的荧光及吸收光谱,比较叶绿素浓度与掺伪量的相关性及对这两种光谱技术在橄榄油鉴别中的影响。随着叶绿素浓度的上升,荧光强度由弱变强,并在某一时刻后会出现荧光强度急剧减弱的现象,即聚集荧光猝灭。这种现象主要是由于叶绿素的环卟啉分子结构引起的分子间π-π作用,使未被激发的低能分子与高能分子堆叠在一起,能量的辐射跃迁（荧光）也转变为分子间的能量转移（热能交换）。对于吸收光谱,随着叶绿素浓度的上升,吸收光谱的强度也逐渐增强。橄榄油中叶绿素吸收的能量主要去向包括镁电子辐射跃迁产生荧光以及分子间热能交换两部分,而橄榄油的吸收光谱并未出现类似于聚集荧光猝灭的现象,且吸收光谱强度与掺伪浓度间存在近似线性相关的关系。结果表明：当聚集荧光猝灭出现时,叶绿素吸收的能量仍然与浓度呈线性相关,此时高、低能分子堆叠引起的热能交换效率提高。     

Hydrogen for novel materials and devices

We start by recalling some of the properties of hydrogen and present a summary of the phenomena caused by the reversible hydrogen sorption by metals and various forms of condensed carbon, at the surface and into the bulk, using molecular hydrogen gas, hydrogen plasma and electrochemically sorbed hydrogen. We then describe the use of hydrogen to modify the surface and bulk properties of various materials with a focus on applications and devices: electronic and optic phase transitions of thin films and related energy devices, surface polishing and cleaning, decrepitation and amorphization of intermetallics, growth of carbon nanostructures and electron emission from diamond-like and graphitic carbon, longrange perturbation of the electron distribution of graphitic structures by hydrogen defects, and the consequences for potential nanoelectronics. Received: 8 November 2000 / Accepted: 20 November 2000 / Published online: 9 February 2001     

不同微波条件对蛋清蛋白糖基化产物不均匀性的影响

实验研究微波对蛋清蛋白粉与葡萄糖干样混合体系的影响,构建微波条件下蛋清蛋白-葡萄糖圆柱体反应模型。通过改变微波的功率,时间和位置,采用红外热像仪、荧光、紫外,高效液相色谱等方法研究微波场中蛋清蛋白糖基化产物不均匀性。将蛋清蛋白粉末与葡萄糖等质量混合,手工震荡和研钵充分研磨后在平皿表面铺一薄层粉末,放置于微波炉中心反应。将反应后的样品按左、中、右分成三个规则区域均匀采样。热像图表明微波功率越高,样品表面温度越高。凝胶电泳图表明240 W微波加热30 min样品边缘已经发生了反应,而且样品中间部分几乎还未反应;自由氨基含量测定表明高功率长时间微波作用才会观测到明显糖基化反应而低功率短时间条件下反应不明显,且边缘部分的样品反应总是比中间部分的样品剧烈;通过荧光光谱可知,蛋清蛋白和葡萄糖发生了反应,而样品边缘部分荧光强度降低得比样品中间部分多说明样品边缘反应更加剧烈;紫外光谱测定表明越剧烈的微波条件样品紫外吸收越多,边缘部分紫外吸收最高。液相结果也证实了这一点,糖基化样品边缘部分5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)含量明显高于样品中间部分,且随时间和功率逐渐增加。     

某机载惯导设备原位测试仪设计

针对某机载惯导设备在外场的测试需求,设计了以PC-104为显示、控制和数据处理核心,并扩展程控数字表、多通道矩阵板,构建了原位测试仪的硬件电路。根据系统的功能要求和硬件电路特性,利用LabWindows/CVI虚拟仪器平台编制了人机接口界面和测试程序,控制硬件电路对某惯导设备的静态电阻和在线电压进行测试,并接收、分析、处理惯导原位工作时输出的实时串行数据,完成对惯导设备的静态测试和动态性能监测,实现对某机载惯导设备原位测试过程的自动化和测试结果管理的智能化,提高了测试效率和测试精度。该仪器通过改变或控制测试仪器的类别,可实现对多路信号多种性能指标的测试。应用结果表明,该测试仪具有性能稳定、操作简便、应用领域广、通用性强等特点。     

Temperature Sensitivity Control and Mechanical Stress Effect of Boron-Doped Long-Period Fiber Gratings

We will present in this work the quantitative analysis of the relationship between the doping concentrations of GeO 2 and B 2 O 3 in the core and cladding regions and the temperature sensitivity of the resonance wavelength shift in long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs). Based on this analysis, the temperature sensitivity was suppressed and enhanced to 0.002 nm/°C and 0.28 nm/°C, respectively. We will also discuss the effect of the residual mechanical stress on the optical and mechanical properties of LPFGs. In particular, we will present the measurement results of the dependence of the refractive index change and mechanical strength on the residual mechanical stress in the boron-doped fibers with depressed clad and matched clad.