On subgroups of finite <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-groups

In §2, we prove that if a 2-group G and all its nonabelian maximal sub-groups are two-generator, then G is either metacyclic or minimal non-abelian. In §3, we consider a similar question for p > 2. In §4 the 2-groups all of whose minimal nonabelian subgroups have order 16 and a cyclic subgroup of index 2, are classified. It is proved, in §5, that if G is a nonmetacyclic two-generator 2-group and A, B, C are all its maximal subgroups with d(A) ≤ d(B) ≤ d(C), then d(C) = 3 and either d(A) = d(B) = 3 (this occurs if and only if G/G′ has no cyclic subgroup of index 2) or else d(A) = d(B) = 2. Some information on the last case is obtained in Theorem 5.3.     

On maximal abelian subgroups in finite 2-groups

We determine here up to isomorphism the structure of any finite nonabelian 2-group G in which every two distinct maximal abelian subgroups have cyclic intersection. We obtain five infinite classes of such 2-groups (Theorem 1.1). This solves for p = 2 the problem Nr. 521 stated by Berkovich (in preparation). The more general problem Nr. 258 stated by Berkovich (in preparation) about the structure of finite nonabelian p-groups G such that A ∩ B = Z(G) for every two distinct maximal abelian subgroups A and B is treated in Theorems 3.1 and 3.2. In Corollary 3.3 we get a new result for an arbitrary finite 2-group. As an application of Theorems 3.1 and 3.2, we solve for p = 2 a problem of Heineken-Mann (Problem Nr. 169 stated in Berkovich, in preparation), classifying finite 2-groups G such that A/Z(G) is cyclic for each maximal abelian subgroup A (Theorem 4.1).      

On maximal cyclic subgroups in finite p-groups

In this note we consider finite noncyclic p-groups G all of whose maximal cyclic subgroups X satisfy one of the following two properties. (a) If each subgroup H of G containing X properly is nonabelian, then p = 2 and G is generalized quaternion. (b) If X is contained in exactly one maximal subgroup of G, then G is metacyclic. This solves the problems Nr.1541 and Nr. 1594 from [1].     

Nonnormal and minimal nonabelian subgroups of a finite group

Let G be a finite p-group. If p = 2, then a nonabelian group G = Ω₁(G) is generated by dihedral subgroups of order 8. If p > 2 and a nonabelian group G = Ω₁(G) has no subgroup isomorphic to S_p²{\Sigma _{{p^2}}}, a Sylow p-subgroup of the symmetric group of degree p ², then it is generated by nonabelian subgroups of order p ³ and exponent p. If p > 2 and the irregular p-group G has < p nonabelian subgroups of order p ^p and exponent p, then G is of maximal class and order p ^p+1. We also study in some detail the p-groups, containing exactly p nonabelian subgroups of order p ^p and exponent p. In conclusion, we prove three new counting theorems on the number of subgroups of maximal class of certain type in a p-group. In particular, we prove that if p > 2, and G is a p-group of order > p ^p+1, then the number of subgroups ≅ ΣS_p²{\Sigma _{{p^2}}} in G is a multiple of p.     

Finite 2-groups with exactly one nonmetacyclic maximal subgroup

We determine here the structure of the title groups. All such groups G will be given in terms of generators and relations, and many important subgroups of these groups will be described. Let d(G) be the minimal number of generators of G. We have here d(G) ≤ 3 and if d(G) = 3, then G′ is elementary abelian of order at most 4. Suppose d(G) = 2. Then G′ is abelian of rank ≤ 2 and G/G′ is abelian of type (2, 2^m), m ≥ 2. If G′ has no cyclic subgroup of index 2, then m = 2. If G′ is noncyclic and G/Φ(G ₀) has no normal elementary abelian subgroup of order 8, then G′ has a cyclic subgroup of index 2 and m = 2. But the most important result is that for all such groups (with d(G) = 2) we have G = AB, for suitable cyclic subgroups A and B. Conversely, if G = AB is a finite nonmetacyclic 2-group, where A and B are cyclic, then G has exactly one nonmetacyclic maximal subgroup. Hence, in this paper the nonmetacyclic 2-groups which are products of two cyclic subgroups are completely determined. This solves a long-standing problem studied from 1953 to 1956 by B. Huppert, N. Itô and A. Ohara. Note that if G = AB is a finite p-group, p > 2, where A and B are cyclic, then G is necessarily metacyclic (Huppert [4]). Hence, we have solved here problem Nr. 776 from Berkovich [1].     

Finite groups with some pronormal subgroups

A subgroup H of finite group G is called pronormal in G if for every element x of G, H is conjugate to H ^x in 〈H, H ^x 〉. A finite group G is called PRN-group if every cyclic subgroup of G of prime order or order 4 is pronormal in G. In this paper, we find all PRN-groups and classify minimal non-PRN-groups (non-PRN-group all of whose proper subgroups are PRN-groups). At the end of the paper, we also classify the finite group G, all of whose second maximal subgroups are PRN-groups.     

On the strongly closed subgroups or H-subgroups of finite groups

Let G be a finite group. Goldschmidt, Flores, and Foote investigated the concept: Let K ≤ G. A subgroup H of K is called strongly closed in K with respect to G if H ^g ∩ K ≤ H for all g ∈ G. In particular, when H is a subgroup of prime-power order and K is a Sylow subgroup containing it, H is simply said to be a strongly closed subgroup. Bianchi and the others called a subgroup H of G an H-subgroup if N _G (H) ∩ H ^g ≤ H for all g ∈ G. In fact, an H-subgroup of prime power order is the same as a strongly closed subgroup. We give the characterizations of finite non-T-groups whose maximal subgroups of even order are solvable T-groups by H-subgroups or strongly closed subgroups. Moreover, the structure of finite non-T-groups whose maximal subgroups of even order are solvable T-groups may be difficult to give if we do not use normality.     

Two-generator Frattini subgroups of finitep-groups

This paper deals with nonabelianp-groupsT (p a prime andp>2) which are either metacyclic or Redei. These groups are classified into those which are Frattini subgroups of a finitep-groupG and those which are not. Finally, it is shown that a nonabelian two-generator group of orderp ⁿ (n>4) which is the Frattini subgroup of ap-group must be metacyclic. This work is contained in the author’s dissertation.     

A Characterization of the smallest Suzuki 2-group

Let G be a finite nonabelian group which has no abelian maximal subgroups and satisfies that any two non-commutative elements generate a maximal subgroup. Then G is isomorphic to the smallest Suzuki 2-group of order 64.     

Multiplicative Jordan Decomposition in Group Rings of 3-Groups,II

In this paper, we complete the classification of those finite 3-groups G whose integral group rings have the multiplicative Jordan decomposition property. If G is abelian, then it is clear that ?[G] satisfies the multiplicative Jordan decomposition (MJD). In the nonabelian case, we show that ?[G] satisfies MJD if and only if G is one of the two nonabelian groups of order 3³ = 27.     

Finite nonabelian <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-groups having exactly one maximal subgroup with a noncyclic center

We prove here that a nonabelian finite p-group G has exactly one maximal subgroup with a noncyclic center if and only if Z(G) is cyclic and G has exactly one normal abelian subgroup of type (p, p).     

Finite <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-groups all of whose maximal abelian subgroups are soft

A subgroup A of a p-group G is said to be soft in G if C _G (A) = A and |N _G (A/A| = p. In this paper we determined finite p-groups all of whose maximal abelian subgroups are soft; see Theorem A and Proposition 2.4.     

Classification of finite groups satisfying a minimal condition

If H is a subgroup of a finite group G then we denote the normal closure of H in G by H ^G . We call G a PE-group if every minimal subgroup X of G satisfies N ^G (X) ∩ X ^G = X. The authors classify the finite non-PE-groups whose maximal subgroups of even order are PE-groups.     

On finite 2-groups all of whose subgroups are mutually isomorphic

In this paper we investigate the title groups which we call isomaximal. We give the list of all isomaximal 2-groups with abelian maximal subgroups. Further, we prove some properties of isomaximal 2-groups with nonabelian maximal subgroups. After that, we investigate the structure of isomaximal groups of order less than 64. Finally, in Theorem 14. we show that the minimal nonmetacyclic group of order 32 possesses a unique isomaximal extension of order 64. This work was supported by Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of Republic of Croatia (Grant No. 036-0000000-3223)     

Finite 2-groups all of whose nonabelian subgroups are generated with involutions

In this note we determine finite nonabelian 2-groups G all of whose nonabelian subgroups are generated by involutions and show that such groups must be quasi-dihedral. This solves the problem Nr. 1595 for p = 2 in [1].     

Finite non-elementary abelian p-groups whose number of subgroups is maximal

Assume G is a direct product of M _p (1, 1, 1) and an elementary abelian p-group, where M _p (1, 1, 1) = 〈a, b | a ^p = b ^p = c ^p =1, [a,b]=c,[c,a] = [c,b]=1〉. When p is odd, we prove that G is the group whose number of subgroups is maximal except for elementary abelian p-groups. Moreover, the counting formula for the groups is given.     

Ghosts in modular representation theory

A ghost over a finite p-group G is a map between modular representations of G which is invisible in Tate cohomology. Motivated by the failure of the generating hypothesis—the statement that ghosts between finite-dimensional G-representations factor through a projective—we define the ghost number of kG to be the smallest integer l such that the composite of any l ghosts between finite-dimensional G-representations factors through a projective. In this paper we study ghosts and the ghost numbers of p-groups. We begin by showing that a weaker version of the generating hypothesis, where the target of the ghost is fixed to be the trivial representation k, holds for all p-groups. We then compute the ghost numbers of all cyclic p-groups and all abelian 2-groups with C₂ as a summand. We obtain bounds on the ghost numbers for abelian p-groups and for all 2-groups which have a cyclic subgroup of index 2. Using these bounds we determine the finite abelian groups which have ghost number at most 2. Our methods involve techniques from group theory, representation theory, triangulated category theory, and constructions motivated from homotopy theory.     

On the finite prime spectrum minimal groups

Let G be a finite group. The set of all prime divisors of the order of G is called the prime spectrum of G and is denoted by π(G). A group G is called prime spectrum minimal if π(G) ≠ π(H) for any proper subgroup H of G. We prove that every prime spectrum minimal group all of whose nonabelian composition factors are isomorphic to the groups from the set {PSL ₂(7), PSL ₂(11), PSL ₅(2)} is generated by two conjugate elements. Thus, we extend the corresponding result for finite groups with Hall maximal subgroups. Moreover, we study the normal structure of a finite prime spectrum minimal group with a nonabelian composition factor whose order is divisible by exactly three different primes.     

On equality of central and class preserving automorphisms of finite p-groups

Let G be a finite non-abelian p-group, where p is a prime. Let Aut_c(G) and Aut_z(G) respectively denote the group of all class preserving and central automorphisms of G. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for G such that Aut_c(G) = Aut_z(G) and classify all finite non-abelian p-groups G with elementary abelian or cyclic center such that Aut_c(G) = Aut_z(G). We also characterize all finite p-groups G of order ≤ p ⁷ such that Aut_z(G) = Aut_z(G) and complete the classification of all finite p-groups of order ≤ p ⁵ for which there exist non-inner class preserving automorphisms.     

On a filtered multiplicative basis of group algebras

Let K be a field of characteristic p and G a nonabelian metacyclic finite p-group. We give an explicit list of all metacyclic p-groups G, such that the group algebra KG over a field of characteristic p has a filtered multiplicative K-basis. We also present an example of a non-metacyclic 2-group G, such that the group algebra KG over any field of characteristic 2 has a filtered multiplicative K-basis.