Cosmological surrealism: More than “eternal reality” is needed

Inflationary cosmology makes the universe eternal and provides for recurrent universe creation, ad infinitum — making it also plausible to assume that our Big Bang was also preceeded by others, etc.. However, GR tells us that in the parent universe's reference frame, the newborn universe's expansion will never start. Our picture of reality in spacetime has to be enlarged.Wolfson Distinguished Chair in Theoretical Physics.Also on leave from the University of Texas, Center for Particle Physics, Austin, Texas.     

Quantum Mixtures in the Early Universe

In Relativistic Schrödinger Theory for spinning matter, there exist mixtures which have vanishing spin density (S 0). Such a fermionic, but spinless quantum fluid is studied in detail. Its energy-momentum density can develop negative pressure which is able to accelerate the expansion of the universe and to create matter energy through continuous bouncing at minimal radius (cosmic pumping).     

“Special” states in quantum measurement apparatus: Structural requirements for the recovery of standard probabilities

In a recently proposed quantum measurement theory the definiteness of quantum measurements is achieved by means of special states. The recovery of the usual quantum probabilities is related to the relative abundance of particular classes of special states. In the present article we consider two-state discrimination, and model the apparatus modes that could provide the special states. We find that there are structural features which, if generally present in apparatus, will provide universal recovery of standard probabilities. These structural features relate to the distribution of certain Hamiltonian matrix elements or interaction times. In particular, those quantities must be asymptotically (x ) distributed according to the Cauchy law, C_a(x)=a/(x ² +a ² ).     

ИЗМЕРЕНИЕ УПРУГОСТИ ПАРОВ НЕКОТОРЫХ ВЫСОКОМОЛ ЕКУЛЯРНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ РАДИОМЕТРИЧЕСКИМ МА НОМЕТРОМ С БОЛБШОЙ ЧУВСТВИТЕЛ ЬНОСТЬЮ

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ЗАТУХАНИЕ КОЛЕБАНИЙ ЧАСТИЦ В ОБЩЕМ ПОЛЕ С ПЕРИОДИЧЕСКОЙ СТРУКТУРОЙ I

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The damping of particle oscillations in a general field with periodic structure I

A liner theory is derived, discussing the dynamics of particles in the region of an equilibrium orbit in a general electromagnetic field, which forms a periodic system. The total particle damping is determined from the Hamiltonian found and from dissipative forces brought out by a classical reaction radiation. Relations for the damping of the synchrotron oscillations are derived from the study of the appropriate phase space.

     

Accelerated expansion from braneworld models with variable vacuum energy

We study the acceleration of the universe as a consequence of the time evolution of the vacuum energy in cosmological models based in braneworld theories in 5D. A variable vacuum energy may appear if the size of the extra dimension changes during the evolution of the universe. In this scenario the acceleration of the universe is related not only to the variation of the cosmological term, but also to the time evolution of G and, possibly, to the variation of other fundamental constants as well. This is because the expansion rate of the extra dimensionappears in different contexts, notably in expressions concerning the variation of rest mass and electric charge. We concentrate our attention on spatially-flat, homogeneous and isotropic, brane-universes where the matter density decreases as an inverse power of the scale factor, similar (but at different rate) to the power law in FRW-universes of general relativity. We show that these braneworld cosmologies are consistent with the observed accelerating universe and other observational requirements. In particular, G becomes constant and asymptotically in time. Another important feature is that the models contain no adjustable parameters. All the quantities, even the five-dimensional ones, can be evaluated by means of measurements in 4D. We provide precise constrains on the cosmological parameters and demonstrate that the effective equation of state of the universe can, in principle, be determined by measurements of the deceleration parameter alone. We give an explicit expression relating the density parameters , and the deceleration parameter q. These results constitute concrete predictions that may help in observations for an experimental/observational test of the model.     

Anticommutative Electric and Magnetic Charges, and the Monopole Question

The monopole question is treated anew in the light of a recent, strictly covariant,extended formulation of fermion quantum field theory naturally including alsoa pseudoscalar variety of conserved charges. The essential novelty lies in theresulting quantum property of anticommutivity between scalar and pseudoscalarcharge varieties, which should in particular apply to electric and magnetic charges.As an immediate outcome, there should no longer be any (Dirac-like) quantizationcondition relating these charges and binding the magnetic elementary charge tohave a very great strength. A generalized Lagrangian approach to the monopoleproblem is made truly viable, leading to two independent local gauge couplingswhich are separately generated by the electric and magnetic elementary chargesand are not allowed to interfere. This would prevent electric and magneticmonopoles from mutually interacting and would particularly account for theabsence of magnetic sources in ordinary electromagnetism. Within such aframework, an electric charge eigenstate with a nonzero eigenvalue is bound tohave a null magnetic charge expectation value, and the magnetic dipole momentof an electrically charged point fermion may actually be seen as resulting fromthe additional internal presence of a single magnetic charge subjected to a maximaluncertainty in sign. An easy estimate makes it allowable to assign to this chargea strength just equal to that of the partner electric charge. Such a conjecture leadsto a dual model of a charged point fermion where the electric and magneticroles can well be interchanged with no observable effects. In the associatedformalism, duality symmetry is already included without the need to appeal toany missing electromagnetic phenomenology to be discovered.     

Temperature in Friedmann thermodynamics and its generalization to arbitrary space-times

In recent articles we have introduced Friedmann thermodynamics, where certain geometric parameters in Friedmann models were treated like their thermodynamic counterparts (temperature, entropy, Gibbs potential, etc.). This model has the advantage of allowing us to determine the geometry of the universe by thermodynamic stability arguments. In this paper, in search for evidence for the definition of gravitational temperature, we will investigate a massless conformal scalar field in an Einstein universe in detail. We will argue that the gravitational temperature of the Einstein universe is given asT _g=1/2) (c/k) (1/R ₀), where R₀ is the radius of the Einstein universe. This is in accord with our definition of gravitational temperature in Friedmann thermodynamics and determines the dimensionless constant as 1/2. We discuss the limitations of the model we are using. We also suggest a method to generalize our gravitational temperature to arbitrary space-times granted that they are sufficiently smooth.Based on three essays awarded honorable mention in the years 1987, 1988 and 1989 by the Gravity Research Foundation—Ed.     

Creation of Closed or Open Universe from Constrained Instanton

In the no-boundary universe the universe is created from an instanton. However, no instanton exists for the realistic FRW universe with a scalar field. The instanton leading to its quantum creation may be modified and reinterpreted as a constrained gravitational instanton.     

An Invariant Formulation of Special Relativity, or the “True Transformations Relativity,” and Comparison with Experiments

Different formulations of special relativity (SR) are briefly theoretically discussed. In the first formulation SR is understood as the theory of a four-dimensional (4D) spacetime with the pseudo-Euclidean geometry. It is an invariant formulation of SR, which we call the true transformations (TT) relativity. There a physical quantity in the 4D spacetime is mathematically represented either by a true tensor (when no basis has been introduced) or equivalently by a coordinate-based geometric quantity comprising both components and a basis (when some basis has been introduced). This invariant formulation is compared with the usual covariant formulation, which mainly deals with the basis components of tensors in a specific, i.e., Einstein's coordinatization of the chosen inertial frame of reference. The third formulation is the usual noncovariant approach to SR in which some quantities are not tensor quantities, but rather quantities from 3+1 space and time, e.g., the synchronously determined spatial length. This formulation is called the apparent transformations (AT) relativity. Some of the well-known experiments: the muon experiment, the Michelson–Morley type experiments, the Kennedy–Thorndike type experiments, and the Ives–Stilwell type experiments are analyzed using the nonrelativistic theory and the mentioned different formulations of SR. It is shown that all the experiments (when they are complete from the TT relativity viewpoint) are in agreement with the TT relativity but not always with the AT relativity.     

Diffusion of interacting particles on a percolating lattice

The diffusion has been simulated by the Monte Carlo method on a random lattice. As in the ant in the labyrinth problem the particles move by stepping to allowed, randomly chosen neighboring fields. The particle interaction has been defined by the constraint that only one particle can occupy a site at a time. Biased diffusion means that one of the directions will be chosen with a greater probability than the others. It was shown that, with an increasing number of walkers, the displacement of the particles first of all increases to a maximum value and then decreases. This filling-up effect will not occur with small bias fields and on lattices with a high concentration of allowed sites.     

On the asymptotic behaviour of infinite gradient systems

We consider gradient systems of infinitely many particles in one-dimensional space interacting via a positive invariant pair potential with a hard core. The main assumption is that is strictly convex within the rangeR of (whereR is a fixed number ). Under some technical conditions we prove the following theorems: Let the initial distribution be given by a translation invariant point process onR ¹. Then there exists only one extreme equilibrium state with a given intensityI() satisfyingI()R ^–1, and all ergodic initial distributions with an intensityI()R ^–1 converge weakly ast to the extreme equilibrium state with the same intensity.     

On the problem of the phase shifts of reflected light

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On the problem of the phase shifts of reflected light

The paper solves the topical question of phase shifts when light is reflected. By introducing the reflection tensor and its transformation it was found that all phase shifts hitherto given in the literature can be used. It was proved that when different phase shifts are used the corresponding unit vectors must be oriented. If an arbitrary coordinate system and the relations pertaining to it are used consistently it is not possible by calculation or experiment to arrive at contradictory results.

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The quantum theory of the spontaneous magnetization of ferrimagnetics,anti-ferromagnetics and thin films with arbitrary spin at high temperatures

Using Van Vleck's modification of the Heisenberg theory of ferro-magnetism for substances with arbitrary spin per atom, a generalization of the theory is given for the case of ferrimagnetics, anti-ferromagnetics and thin films with an arbitrary number of sub-lattices and with arbitrary spin per atom. The exchange part of the energy operator is formulated by means of rotated spin operators. The theory contains the quantum-mechanical generalization of non-quantum theories given by Néel and later generalized by Yafet and Kittel. It also contains the theory of thin films proposed recently by the author. The magnetization laws are completely analogous to the relations derived from the theory of molecular fields. The constants of the molecular fields are interpreted by means of exchange integrals. For the special case of spin S=1/2the theory agrees with the results of the work of Vlasov and Imuchametov for ferrimagnetics and anti-ferromagnetics and with the author's for thin films.

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Nonsingular cosmological model with matter creation and entropy production

The study of nonsingular cosmological models [4] based on a theory of gravitation in flat space-times [1] is continued. For a radiation free universe the solution of the model is given analytically. Under the assumption that entropy cannot decrease the cosmological constant must be zero. At the beginning of the universe all energy is in the form of gravitation. The universe contracts. Matter and radiation are created out of gravitational energy and entropy is produced. The contraction stops and then the universe expands without limit. The creation of matter continues producing entropy but today the production of matter and entropy is negligible. The density parameter ₀ 1, i.e. there must be missing mass in the universe. The flatness and the homogeneity problem are solved.     

The influence of the spectral asymmetry of X-ray emission lines on the results of studying defects in crystals by X-rays of different wavelength

Since the asymmetry of X-ray emission lines was found to influence the exact measurements of lattice parameters of powdered samples the author has revised the results she once obtained when carrying out exact measurements of the lattice parameter with radiations of various wavelengths for tungsten crystals containing admixtures of different elements. It is shown that with samples having an inhomogeneous distribution of the admixtures in the crystals the typical graphs of lattice parameter found originally remain when respecting the influence of the spectral asymmetry. On the other hand, with a sintered sample which has been homogeneized by long annealing the introduction of corrections to spectral asymmetry leads to an adjustment of the differences measured originally, for which it was difficult to find a probable explanation.

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The effect of microsegregation on the generation of dislocations in zinc single crystals

The applicability of Tiller's considerations on the production of dislocations is proved. The density of dislocations appearing during impurity microsegregation increases with increasing rate of growth as a consequence of the corresponding change in the effective distribution coefficient. The real value of C at the microsegregation boundaries is at least twice as great as the average value of the concentration of impurities in the crystal in question.

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Electrodynamics Under a Possible Alternative to the Lorentz Transformation

A generalization of the classical electrodynamics for systems in absolute motion in presented using a possible alternative to the Lorentz transformation. The main hypothesis assumed in this work are: a) The inertial transformations relate two inertial frames: the privileged frame S and the moving frame S with velocity v with respect to S. b) The transformation of the fields from S to the moving frame S is given by H = a(H – v × D) and E = a(E + v × B), where a is a matrix whose elements depend of the absolute velocity of the system. c) The constitutive relations in the moving frame S are given by D = E, B = H and J = E. It is found that Maxwell's equations, which are transformed to the moving frame, take a new form depending on the absolute velocity of the system. Moreover, differing from classical electrodynamics, it is proven that the electrodynamics proposed explains satisfactorily the Wilson effect.     

On the energy balance in the optics of metals

On the basis of the boundary conditions of the electromagnetic theory an explicit calculation of the absorption in a thin metallic film was carried out with the result that transport and interference components were found to exist. By applying the method to a simple metal-dielectric boundary the physical interpretation was given of the energy balance, which had hitherto been regarded as unclear. It was also explained why the reversibility principle fails when applied to a metal-dielectric boundary.

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The dependence of the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in evaporated films on the angle of incidence

The method of local ferromagnetic resonance and direct torsional measurements were used to measure the dependence of the magnetic anisotropy in permalloy films on the angle of incidence in a broad range of such angles. It was found that this dependence is not monotonous and that at larger angles of incidence the easy axis of magnetization is rotated. An interpretation of this phenomenon is proposed.

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In conclusion the authors wish to thank J. Grolmus for performing some of the measurements, members of the mechanics workshop of the Institute of Physics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, for carefully preparing the apparatus, and particularly K. Schaffner for accurately making the resonance cavity. We thank J. Kaczér and V. Janovec for carefully reading this paper and for a number of valuable remarks.