Electrochemical Sensing of NADH and Glutamate Based on Meldola Blue in 1,2‐Diaminobenzene and 3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene Polymer Films

The redox mediator Meldola blue (MB) was entrapped into two polymers, poly‐1,2‐diaminobenzene (p‐DAB) and poly‐3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (p‐EDOT) by potential cycling and films were applied to NADH oxidation with subsequent glutamate detection using immobilized glutamate dehydrogenase. Both polymer films were tested for electrocatalysis of NADH using amperometry at E_app=0.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl and similar response characteristics were obtained with sensitivity values of 6.1 nA μM^?1, linear range up to 0.5 mM (R²=0.9972) and LOD of 50 μM. Subsequent amperometric determination of glutamate resulted in sensitivity 0.7 nA μM^?1, linearity 0–100 μM and detection limit of 2 μM glutamate.     

A New and Cost Effective Approach for Simultaneous Voltammetric Analysis of two Related Benzimidazole Drugs and their Determination in Biological Fluids

A polymerized film of eriochrome black T (EBT) was prepared on the surface of pencil graphite electrode in alkaline solution by cyclic voltammetry. The redox response of the poly (EBT) film at the electrode appeared in a couple of redox peak in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. The poly (EBT) film‐coated electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of rabeprazole sodium (RAB sodium) and domperidone (DOM) in Britton‐Robinson buffer (pH 4.0). The polymer film modified electrode conspicuously enhanced the redox currents of the cited mixture and could sensitively and separately determine them. Both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric (SWAdSV) methods were utilized to determine this mixture. The linearity of CV ranged from 4.1‐120 μM and 5.2‐90 μM for RAB sodium and DOM, respectively while SWAdSV was 7.5‐80×10⁻⁷M and 5–70×10⁻⁷M for RAB sodium and DOM, respectively. With good selectivity and sensitivity, the present method provides a simple method for selective detection of RAB sodium and DOM binary mixture in synthetic mixtures and biological fluids.     

Fabrication of Redox‐Mediator Supported Potentiometric Nitrate Biosensor with Nitrate Reductase

Fabrication of a more superior nitrate potentiometric biosensor than previously achieved with NaR and NADH has been accomplished by co‐entrapment of redox mediators and NaR into polypyrrole (PPy) film during galvanostatic polymerization of pyrrole. The replacement of NADH with redox mediators such as thionin acetate (ThAc), safranin (Saf), and azure A (AzA) gave more sensitive potentiometric responses, better minimum detectable concentration, linear concentration range and response time for nitrate than possible with NADH. The co‐entrapment of ThAc, Saf, AzA and methyl viologen (MV) with NaR into PPy films also improved the Nernstian behavior of the electrode process beyond the capability of the PPy‐NaR‐NADH biosensor. Substantial reduction in volume and quantity of cofactor/mediator and, hence cost, was achieved by the replacement of NADH with a redox mediator. Only 50 μM of AzA was required to form a PPy‐NaR‐AzA biosensor which gave the most sensitive potentiometric response for nitrate, achieving a minimum detectable concentration of 10 μM, a linear concentration range of 50–5000 μM and a response time of 2–4 s.     

Electrochemical Properties of an Osmium(II) Copolymer Film and Its Electrocatalytic Ability Towards the Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid in Acidic and Neutral pH

Copolymerization of an osmium(II) functionalized pyrrole moiety, osmium‐bis‐N,N'‐(2,2′‐bipyridyl)‐N‐(pyridine‐4‐ylmethyl‐(8‐pyrrole‐1yl–octyl)‐amine)chloride ( I ) with 3‐methylthiophene was carried out. The resulting conducting polymer film exhibited a clear redox couple associated with the Os^3+/2+ response and the familiar conducting polymer backbone signature. The effect of film thickness upon the redox properties of the copolymer was investigated in organic electrolyte solutions. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) along with energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectra of the copolymerized films were undertaken, both after formation and redox cycling in neutral buffer solution. These clearly show that electrolyte is incorporated into the polymer film upon redox cycling through the Os^3+/2+ redox system. The Os^3+/2+ response associated with the copolymer was seen to be significantly altered in the presence of ascorbic acid both in acidic and neutral pH buffer solutions. This pointed to an electrocatalytic reaction between the ascorbic acid and the Os³⁺ form of the copolymer. Under acidic conditions the copolymer film exhibited a sensitivity of 1.76 (±0.05) μA/mM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.45 μM for ascorbic acid. Under neutral pH conditions the copolymer exhibited a sensitivity of 19.26 (±1.05) μA/mM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.28 μM for ascorbic acid.     

Direct Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis of Hemoglobin Immobilized in a Polymeric Ionic Liquid Film

A polymer film based on polymeric ionic liquid, which was poly(1‐vinyl‐3‐butylimidazolium chloride) (poly(ViBuIm⁺Cl^?)for short), was firstly used as matrix to immobilize hemoglobin (Hb). FTIR and UV‐vis spectra demonstrated that the native structure of Hb was well preserved after entrapped into the polymer film. The Hb immobilized in the poly(ViBuIm⁺Cl^?) film showed a fast direct electron transfer for the Hb‐Fe^III/Fe^II redox couple. Based on the direct electron transfer of the immobilized Hb, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Hb/poly(ViBuIm⁺Cl^?)/GC electrode displayed good sensitivity and wide linear range for the detection of H₂O₂. The linear range of the PVA/Hb/poly(ViBuIm⁺Cl^?)/GC electrode to H₂O₂ is from 3.5 to 224 μM with a limit of detection of 1.17 μM. Such an avenue, which integrated polymeric ionic liquid and redox protein via a simple method, may provide a novel and efficient platform for the fabrication of biosensors, biofuel cells and other bioelectrochemical devices.     

Poly(4-amino-1-1'-azobenzene-3, 4'-disulfonic acid) coated electrode for selective detection of dopamine from its interferences

Here, we described a new method for electrochemically selective detection of dopamine (DA). In this report, for the first time, electrochemical polymerization of 4-amino-1-1'-azobenzene-3,4'-disulfonic acid (acid yellow 9 dye (AY)) was carried out onto the surface of glassy carbon (GC) electrode and indium tin oxide coated electrode (ITO) from acidic solution containing AY monomers. A polymerized film of acid yellow on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The redox response of the poly(AY) film on the GC electrode showed a couple of redox peak in 0.1M sulfuric acid solution and the pH dependent peak potential was -58mV/pH which was close to the Nernst behavior. The poly(AY) film-coated GC electrode (GC/PAY) exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidations of dopamine (DA) in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.0) and increased the anodic peak current three time higher than bare GC electrode. GC/PAY did not reduce the considerable overpotential for oxidation of DA when compare to bare GC electrode. However, in contrast to other polymer modified electrode, due to the strong negatively charged back bone of poly(AY) highly repelled the important interference of DA, such as ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA) and reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in 0.1M PBS (pH 7.0) and did not showed any response for oxidation of these interferences. This behavior makes the GC/PAY for selective detection of DA in the presence of higher concentrations AA, UA and NADH. Using differential pulse voltammetry the calibration curves for DA were obtained over the range of 1-100muM with good selectivity and sensitivity. The proposed method provides a simple method for selective detection of DA from its interferences.     

Electroanalytical determination of acetaminophen using nano-TiO(2)/polymer coated electrode in the presence of dopamine

We report a new method for selective determination of acetaminophen (AP) in physiological condition. A new hybrid film modified electrode was fabricated using inorganic semiconducting nano-TiO(2) particles and redox active polymer. Redox polymer, poly(acid yellow 9) (PAY) was electrochemically deposited onto nano-TiO(2) coated glassy carbon (GC) electrode. Surface characterizations of modified electrode were investigated by using atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope. The PAY/nano-TiO(2)/GC hybrid electrode shows stable redox response in the pH range 1-12 and exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activities towards AP in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Consequently, a simple and sensitive electroanalytical method was developed for the determination of AP. The oxidation peak current was proportional to the concentration of acetaminophen from 1.2 x 10(-5) to 1.20 x 10(-4)M and the detection limit was found to be 2.0 x 10(-6)M (S/N=3). Possible interferences were tested and evaluated that it could be possible to selective detection of AP in the presences of dopamine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), ascorbic acid and uric acid. The proposed method was used to detect acetaminophen in commercial drugs and the obtained results are satisfactory.     

A NADH Sensor Based on 1,2‐Naphththoquinone Electropolymerized on Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

A new carbon nanotubes modified electrode (poly‐Nq‐MWCNTs/GCE) was fabricated by electropolymerization of 1,2‐naphththoquinone to the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode by casting method. The morphology of the nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were applied to investigate the electrochemical properties of the poly‐Nq‐MWCNTs nanocomposite modified electrode. The result of electrochemical experiments showed that such modified electrode had a favorable catalytic ability to oxidation of β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The resulted sensor was sensitiveness to NADH and achieved 95β of the steady‐state current within 5s. Furthermore, the anodic peak current was linear to the concentration of NADH for the range from 1.0 μM to 0.14 mM. The linear equation was: I(μA) = 0.3987 + 0.1035c (μmol/L), the correlation coefficient r = 0.9962, the detect limit is down to 1 × 10^?7 M (S/N = 3) and the sensitivity is 0.1035 μA/mmol. The well catalytic activity of the sensor was ascribed to the synergistic effect role played by MWCNTs and poly‐Nq. Moreover, the based sensor possesses good stability and reproducibility.     

Electrochemical Preparation of Brilliant‐Blue‐Modified Poly(diallyldimethylammonium Chloride) and Nafion‐Coated Glassy Carbon Electrodes and Their Electrocatalytic Behavior Towards Oxygen and L‐Cysteine

Brilliant blue FCF‐modified glassy carbon electrodes have been prepared by cycling the Nafion (or poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDAC)) coated electrodes repeatedly 15 cycles in brilliant blue FCF (BB FCF) dye solution. The BB FCF molecules are incorporated into Nafion coating by cycling the film‐covered electrode between +0.3 to 1.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in pH 1.5 BB FCF solution while PDDAC‐coated electrode cycled between 0 to ?1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in pH 6.5 BB FCF solution to immobilize the dye. Electrostatic interaction between dye molecule and PDDAC was predominant in PDDAC coating whereas immobilization of dye in Nafion film attributed to the combined effect of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The voltammetric features of BB FCF‐modified electrodes resemble that of surface‐confined redox couples. The peak potentials of BB FCF‐incorporated PDDAC‐coated electrode were shifted to more positive potential region with decreasing pH of contacting solution. BB FCF‐modified electrodes showed electrocatalytic activity towards reduction of oxygen and oxidation of L ‐cysteine with significant decease of overvoltage compared to unmodified electrode. The BB FCF‐modified Nafion‐coated electrode was tested for its analytical applications toward determination of L ‐cysteine. The linear range of calibration plot at BB FCF‐modified Nafion‐coated electrode is 10 to 100 μM, which coincides with L ‐cysteine levels in biological fluids. Sensitivity and detection limit of the electrode are 111 nA μM^?1 and 0.5 μM, respectively.     

Coupled Electron‐Proton Transport in Electropolymerized Methylene Blue and the Influences of Its Protonation Level on the Rate of Electron Exchange with β‐Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

This paper describes electrochemical characteristics of poly(methylene blue) electrolytically deposited on glassy carbon and examines the electrocatalytic activity of the polymer toward oxidation of the coenzyme NADH. Redox‐active properties of the cationic polyelectrolyte arose from both electron self‐exchange between electroactive sites and a high ionic film‐conductivity. The diffusion coefficient of charge carriers in the film increased with decreasing solution pH, indicating the pH dependence of the electron diffusion coefficient. The electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH at the polymer‐modified electrode proceeded via an intermediate charge‐transfer complex of the reduced polymer with the oxidized coenzyme. The complex dissociated more rapidly into the oxidation products as the reduced polymer protonated. Thus, the rate constant for the cross‐exchange reaction rose with a decrease in pH. For NADH oxidation, the polyelectrolyte exhibited an electrocatalytic activity higher than the monomeric dye because of a stronger oxidizing power of the second oxidized form of the polymer.     

Electrochemical Study of Gold Microelectrodes Modified with PEDOT to Quantify Uric Acid in Milk Samples

A gold microelectrode (10 μm diameter) with an electropolymerized layer of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was used to quantify uric acid and investigate the antioxidant profile of milk and flavored milks. Comparisons were made with a bare gold microelectrode and a PEDOT‐glassy carbon macroelectrode (3 mm diameter). Two different electropolymerization processes were undertaken in an aqueous and an organic solution, and superior polymer growth was observed for PEDOT polymerized in lithium perchlorate/propylene carbonate. In the presence of a ferri/ferrocyanide redox couple, diffusion‐controlled redox peaks were observed with the PEDOT‐gold microelectrode rather than the plateau current typical of a bare microelectrode. Likewise, an anodic peak for uric acid was observed at the high surface‐area PEDOT‐gold microelectrode, with evidence for pre‐adsorption of uric acid at the electrode. The linear concentration range for uric acid standards was from 6 to 200 μM, and the limit of detection, limit of quantification, and sensitivity were determined to be 7 μM, 24 μM, and 397 μAμM^?1cm², respectively. Cyclic voltammograms of chocolate and espresso flavored milks exhibited significant contributions from the phenolic compounds present. Peak separation was more clearly defined using the PEDOT‐microelectrode compared to a PEDOT‐glassy carbon macroelectrode.     

Electrochemical Preparation of Poly(Malachite Green) Film Modified Nafion‐Coated Glassy Carbon Electrode and Its Electrocatalytic Behavior Towards NADH,Dopamine and Ascorbic Acid

Poly(malachite green) film modified Nafion‐coated glassy carbon electrodes have been prepared by potentiodynamic cycling in malachite green solution. The pH of polymerisation solution has only minor effect on film formation. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) was used to monitor the growth of the poly(malachite green) film. Cyclic voltammogram of the poly(malachite green) film shows a redox couple with well‐defined peaks. The redox response of the modified electrode was found to be depending on the pH of the contacting solution. The peak potentials were shifted to a less positive region with increasing pH and the dependence of the peak potential was found to be 56 mV per pH unit. The electrocatalytic behavior of poly(malachite green) film modified Nafion‐coated glassy carbon electrodes was tested towards oxidation of NADH, dopamine, and ascorbic acid. The oxidation of dopamine and ascorbic acid occurred at less positive potential on poly(malachite green) film compared to bare glassy carbon electrode. In the case of NADH, the overpotential was reduced substantially on modified electrode. Finally, the feasibility of utilizing poly(malachite green) film electrode in analytical estimation of ascorbic acid was demonstrated in flow injection analysis.     

Synthesis of poly(o‐phenylenediamine) nanofiber with novel structure and properties

The poly(o‐phenylenediamine) (PoPD) was synthesized from the monomer o‐phenylenediamine in various organic solvent medium viz. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF) and methanol using ammonium per sulfate as a radical initiator. The structure just like polyaniline derivative with free ?NH functional groups of the synthesized polymers confirmed by various standard characterizations was explained from the proposed polymerization mechanism. All the synthesized polymers were completely soluble in common organic solvent like DMSO and DMF because of the presence of polar free ?NH functional groups in its structure. The formation of polymer nanofiber by reverse salting‐out process was confirmed, and the synthesized polymer in DMSO medium was the best polymer in terms of nano‐morphology as well as conducting properties. Interestingly, the average DC conductivity of undoped polymer film was recorded as 2.21 × 10^?6 Scm^?1 because of induced doping through self charge separation. Moreover, the conductivity of the polymer film was further increased to 1.16 × 10^?3 Scm^?1 after doping by sulfuric acid. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrochemically tunable surface-plasmon-enhanced diffraction gratings and their (bio-)sensing applications

Electrochemistry was combined with surface-plasmon-enhanced diffraction (ESPD) to investigate a redox-switchable polymer grating and its (bio-)sensing applications. Patterned arrays of polyaniline (PANI)/ poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) were fabricated by the combination of electropolymerization and micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC) and were used as an optical grating for surface-plasmon-enhanced diffraction experiments. The diffraction efficiency (DE) could be tuned by changes in the applied potential, and by changes in the pH of the surrounding solution (dielectric medium). The response of the DE to the pH depends strongly on the redox state of the PANI/PSS grating. If the polymer grating is mainly in its reduced state, the DE shows a linear dependence on the pH. The DE of the PANI/PSS grating can also be modulated by an electrocatalytic event: by keeping PANI/PSS in its oxidized form, the addition of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) increases the DE with the increase of NADH concentration, which points to the possibility of the use of ESPD technologies for biosensing.     

Molecularly imprinted polymer as SPE sorbent for selective extraction of melamine in dairy products

In this paper, a highly selective sample cleanup procedure combining molecular imprinting and solid-phase extraction (MI-SPE) was developed for the isolation of melamine in dairy products. The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared using melamine as the template molecule, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linking monomer. The melamine imprinted polymer was used as selective sorbent for the solid-phase extraction of melamine from dairy products. An off-line MI-SPE method followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection for the detection of melamine was also established. The mean recoveries of melamine from ultra-heat treatment (UHT) milk and milk powders were 92.9-98.0% and 91.6-102.8%, respectively. Good linearity was obtained from 0.5 μM to 10 μM (r > 0.999) with a quantitation limit of 0.5 μmol/L (0.06 ppm) which was sufficient to analyse melamine at the maximum level permitted by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (1 ppm) in dairy products. It was demonstrated that the proposed MI-SPE-HPLC method could be applied to direct determination of melamine in dairy products.     

Controlled Electrodeposition of Au‐Copper Oxide Nanocomposite on a Renewable Carbon Ceramic Electrode for Sensitive Determination of NADH in Serum Samples

In this study, a sensitive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) biosensor based on Au‐Copper oxide nanocomposite modified carbon ceramic electrode (Au?CuO/CCE) was introduced. The developed NADH biosensor was prepared by controlled electrodeposition of copper and Au nanoparticles on the surface of a renewable CCE and was turned to Au?CuO/CCE by cycling the potential in alkaline media. The prepared electrode was carefully characterized with scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques. According to scan rate study, surface coverage (Γ) of the fabricated Au?CuO/CCE was calculated to be 1.54×10^?8 mol cm^?2 which was 3 time more than CuO/CCE. The fabricated electrode is well stable which could be reliably utilized for the determination of NADH with amperometry technique over the concentration range of 1–29 μM with sensitivity and detection limit (S/N=3) of 0.1025 μA μM^?1 and 0.09 μM respectively. The prepared biosensor was used for NADH determination in serum samples with fast response time and satisfactory analytical results.     

Study of the Electrochemical Behavior of Disperse Blue 1‐Modified Graphite Electrodes. Application to the Flow Determination of NADH

The preparation and the electrochemical study of Disperse Blue 1‐chemically modified electrodes (DB1‐CME), as well as their efficiency for the electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH is described. The proposed mediator was immobilized by physical adsorption onto graphite electrodes. The electrochemical behavior of DB1‐CME was studied with cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical redox reaction of DB1 was found to be reversible, revealing two well‐shaped pair of peaks with formal potentials 152 and ?42 mV, respectively, (vs. Ag/AgCl/3M KCl) at pH 6.5. The current I_p has a linear relationship with the scan rate up to 800 mV s^?1, which is indicative for a fast electron transfer kinetics. The dissociation constants of the immobilized DB1 redox couple were calculated pK₁=4 and pK₂=5. The electrochemical rate constants of the immobilized DB1 were calculated k₁°=18 s^?1 and k₂°=23 s^?1 (Γ=2.36 nmol cm^?2). The modified electrodes were mounted in a flow injection manifold, poised at +150 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl/3M KCl) and a catalytic current due to the oxidation of NADH was measured. The reproducibility was 1.4% RSD (n=11 for 30 μM NADH) The behavior of the sensor towards different reducing compounds was investigated. The sensor exhibited good operational and storage stability.     

Preparation of an Electrode That Immobilizes NAD‐Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase by Using a Redox Polymer Containing 1,10‐Phenanthroline‐5,6‐dione

A redox polymer (PAHA‐Ru), modified electrode exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the electrochemical oxidation of β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). PAHA‐Ru was composed of carboxyl groups and ruthenium complexes containing 1,10‐phenanthroline‐5,6‐dione (phen‐dione). The stability of the PAHA‐Ru film was increased by incorporating poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) owing to the formation of a polyelectrolyte complex between the PAHA‐Ru and PDDA. The catalytic efficiency of the oxidation of NADH using the PAHA‐Ru/PDDA‐modified electrode was also greater than that using a PAHA‐Ru‐modified electrode. NAD‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was entrapped in the PAHA‐Ru/PDDA film on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode. Electrochemical oxidation of ethanol using the ADH‐entrapped electrode was also observed.     

Electrostatic Assembly of a Redox Catalysis System for Detection of Glutamate

Interfacial assemblies capable of determining glutamate by redox catalysis are prepared by electrostatic assembly of alternating layers of ferrocene poly(allylamine) polymer and glutamate oxidase on a gold electrode. Deposition of the polymer was confirmed in cyclic voltammetry measurements by the presence of a surface wave corresponding to the oxidation of the ferrocene group. In the presence of glutamate in the adjacent electrolyte solution, the current increases and approaches a pseudosteady state, consistent with redox catalysis. Electrodes modified with glutamate oxidase had a linear response to glutamate up to 0.0045 M with sensitivity of 20 μA/cm² and a limit of detection of 31.4 μM glutamate. An apparent Michaelis–Menten constant of 0.40(±0.13) mM for the confined glutamate oxidase was determined for this assembly. When used in flow‐injection experiments, glucose oxidase modified electrodes responded to transient zones of glucose; however, the detection limits of the assemblies to the flowing stream were substantially higher than found for measurements on static solutions.     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of novel redox‐active polymers with anthraquinone moieties by Pd‐catalyzed cyclopolymerization of dienes

Redox‐active polymers enhanced the focus of attention in the field of battery research in recent years. Anthraquinone is one of the most generic redox‐active functional compounds for battery applications, because the quinonide structure undergoes a redox reaction involving two electrons and features stable electrochemical behavior. Although various redox‐active polymers have been developed, the polymer backbone is mostly based on linear alkyl chains [e.g., poly(methacrylate)s, poly(ether)s]. Polymers featuring ring structures in the backbone are limited due to the restricted availability of suitable polymerization techniques [e.g., poly(norbornene)s by ROMP]. The cyclopolymerization of dienes with pendant redox‐active anthraquinone moieties by Pd catalysis represents a novel approach to synthesize redox‐active polymers featuring cyclic structures in the backbone. Electrochemical investigations, in particular cyclic voltammetry, of these new diene monomer, polymers and the corresponding polymer supported carbon paper composites were conducted in different organic electrolytes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 2184–2190