Underwater Dynamic Collapse of Sandwich Composite Structures

Experimental Mechanics - An experimental investigation is conducted to study the mechanics of underwater implosion of cylindrical bonded sandwich composite shells. Sandwich structures comprised of...     

基于Layerwise离散层理论的复合材料夹层板屈曲分析

复合材料夹层结构由于面板和芯层力学特性差异较大,屈曲分析时要分层考虑各层的剪切变形.基于Reddy的Layerwise离散层理论,假设每一层变形服从一阶剪切变形理论,在统一的位移场描述下,推导建立了一种用于复合材料夹层结构屈曲分析的四节点四边形板单元,并采用混合插值方法对单元的剪切锁定进行了修正.分别对三种典型的夹层板结构进行线性屈曲有限元分析,并将计算结果与文献中已有结果进行了对比.结果表明:论文的分析方法能离散考虑各层的力学特性,将结构离散为多层时,计算结果与三维弹性理论或高阶板理论吻合;将结构等效为单层时,计算结果与基于一阶剪切变形理论的文献结果吻合,验证了单元的有效性.     

Response and Damage Tolerance of Composite Sandwich Structures under Low Velocity Impact

The deformation and failure response of composite sandwich beams and panels under low velocity impact was reviewed and discussed. Sandwich facesheet materials discussed are unidirectional and woven carbon/epoxy, and woven glass/vinylester composite laminates; sandwich core materials investigated include four types of closed cell PVC foams of various densities, and balsa wood. Sandwich beams were tested in an instrumented drop tower system under various energy levels, where load and strain histories and failure modes were recorded for the various types of beams. Peak loads predicted by spring-mass and energy balance models were in satisfactory agreement with experimental measurements. Failure patterns depend strongly on the impact energy levels and core properties. Failure modes observed include core indentation/cracking, facesheet buckling, delamination within the facesheet, and debonding between the facesheet and core. In the case of sandwich panels, it was shown that static and impact loads of the same magnitude produce very similar far-field deformations. The induced damage is localized and is lower for impact loading than for an equivalent static loading. The load history, predicted by a model based on the sinusoidal shape of the impact load pulse, was in agreement with experimental results. A finite element model was implemented to capture the full response of the panel indentation. The investigation of post impact behavior of sandwich structures shows that, although impact damage may not be readily visible, its effects on the residual mechanical properties of the structure can be quite detrimental.     

Deformation and Failure Modes of I-Core Sandwich Structures Subjected to Underwater Impulsive Loads

This article reports an experimental study carried out with the aim of quantifying performance and failure modes of sandwich structures when subjected to impulsive blast loading. In particular, performance enhancement with respect to solid panels of equal mass per unit area is assessed. Likewise, the optimal distribution of the mass per unit area in the design of sandwich structures is investigated by comparing the behavior of sandwich structures with various distributions of face sheets thickness. By employing a previously developed FSI experiment, the study confirmed that usage of sandwich structures is beneficial and that performance enhancements, in terms of maximum panel deflection, as high as 68% are possible. The study also confirms theoretical and computational analyses suggesting that use of soft cores maximizes the benefits. Another interesting aspect revealed by this work is that the level of enhancement is highly related to the applied normalized impulse. The same distribution of mass per unit area between face sheets resulted in different normalized maximum deflection. A better performance enhancement was achieved at lower impulses. Here again, failure modes and their sequence seem to be the directly related to this finding. The work here reported clearly reveals a number of important features in the study of lightweight structures and points out to the synergies between structure geometry, materials, manufacturing methods, and threat levels as manifested by the strength of the impulse. Further theoretical and computational studies accounting for experimentally observed failure modes and its interdependence with the fabrication methods is needed to achieve additional predictive capabilities.     

The Effects of Air and Underwater Blast on Composite Sandwich Panels and Tubular Laminate Structures

The resistance of glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sandwich panels and laminate tubes to blast in air and underwater environments has been studied. Procedures for monitoring the structural response of such materials during blast events have been devised. High-speed photography was employed during the air-blast loading of GFRP sandwich panels, in conjunction with digital image correlation (DIC), to monitor the deformation of these structures under shock loading. Failure mechanisms have been revealed by using DIC and confirmed in post-test sectioning. Strain gauges were used to monitor the structural response of similar sandwich materials and GFRP tubular laminates during underwater shocks. The effect of the backing medium (air or water) of the target facing the shock has been identified during these studies. Mechanisms of failure have been established such as core crushing, skin/core cracking, delamination and fibre breakage. Strain gauge data supported the mechanisms for such damage. These studies were part of a research programme sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) investigating blast loading of composite naval structures. The full-scale experimental results presented here will aid and assist in the development of analytical and computational models. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of support and boundary conditions with regards to blast resistant design.     

Measurement of Sub-Surface Core Damage in Sandwich Structures Using In-situ Hertzian Indentation During X-ray Computed Tomography

Composite sandwich structures with honeycomb cores show varying properties in geometry and mechanical behavior depending on the studied scale. Herein a new test and evaluation method for sub-surface core damage in the indentation area of honeycomb sandwich structures using computed tomography is presented. The combination of X-ray micro-computed tomography (X-μCT) and an image analysis procedure adjusted to the detection of core deformation mechanisms allows the extraction and quantification of externally invisible, sub-surface damage in the sandwich composite. For this specific contact or indentation loading case on the sandwich face sheet an in-situ device is introduced, enabling a 3D analysis of the structural change during progressing indentation depth.     

Sandwich Shear Test Revisited

A technique and new equipment for shear tests of sandwich materials are described. The shear strength and rigidity of two sandwich composites were studied experimentally. The results of shear tests on laminated materials with a honeycomb filler are analyzed. It is found how the shear strength and rigidity depend on the type of the material and the dimensions of a honeycomb as well as on the direction of the shear load relative to the planes of the adhesive joint between the honeycomb walls. The investigations preformed may be used to work out a shear test standard for fillers of sandwich materials     

矩形夹层板稳定性分析

本文在Reissner理论基础上,应用功的互等定理推导了夹层矩形板稳定问题的基本解,在已推导出的夹层板基本解的基础上,利用功的互等法求解了两对边固定一边简支一边自由、两邻边简支另两邻边自由且角点支承、两邻边简支另两邻边自由且角点悬空三种不同边界条件下夹层板的稳定问题,给出了挠曲面方程及其对应的执行方程;进行了数值计算,并与有限元结果进行对照分析.结果表明:本文方法求解过程更简单,提供了一种求解夹层板稳定问题的新方法,计算结果对解决工程实际问题具有一定的参考价值.     

复合材料夹芯壳的振动分析

提出一种改进的一阶剪切变形理论，用于分析复合材料夹芯壳的动力问题，通过有限元分析，得到了夹芯壳振动的动力方程，给出了处理阻尼矩阵的方法，数值分析与实验结果的对比表明计算具有较好的精度，本文的最后给出了减振效果受夹芯剪切模量Ｇ、阻尼损耗因子β和夹芯厚度ｈｃ等因素的影响曲线，可作为优化设计的参考。     

Investigation of the Sandwich Plate Twist Test

Analysis and test results for the compliance of the sandwich plate twist test are presented. The analysis utilizes classical laminated plate theory (CLPT) and finite element analysis (FEA). It is shown that CLPT greatly underestimates the plate compliance, except when very stiff cores and compliant face sheets are used, as a result of transverse core shear deformation, not accounted for in this theory. Parametric studies are conducted using FEA to examine the influence of transverse shear moduli of the core and specimen dimensions on the plate compliance. The influences of indentation at load introduction and support locations, and overhang (oversized panel) are also examined. A test fixture is designed where two diagonally opposite corners of the panel are loaded, while the other two corners are supported to provide twisting deformation of the panel. Tests were conducted on square sandwich panels consisting of aluminum face sheets over various PVC foam cores. CLPT was found to greatly underestimate the experimental plate compliance. Finite element predictions of the plate compliance were in much closer agreement with the experimental data.     

夹层板的边界单元法

本文提出了Ｒｅｉｓｓｎｅｒ型和Ｈｏｆｆ型夹层板的直接边界单元法。从夹层板弯曲问题的基本方程出发，利用偏微分算子导出了夹层板偏微分方程的基本解，由此建立起问题的边界积分方程组，采用边界单元法求解，所得结果具有较高精度。     

Circular Sandwich Plates under Local Impulsive Loads

The axisymmetric transverse vibrations of a circular elastic sandwich plate under impulsive surface and linear loads are studied. To describe the kinematics of the asymmetric plate, the hypotheses of broken normal are adopted. The core is a lightweight material. Analytical solutions are obtained using Heaviside functions and Dirac delta-function. The solutions are analyzed numerically     

Harmonic Vibrations of a Viscoelastoplastic Sandwich Cylindrical Shell

The free and forced harmonic vibrations of viscoelastoplastic sandwich shells are analyzed. An equation for approximate determination of the amplitudes of near-resonance vibrations is derived. As an example, the problem is solved for a sandwich circular cylindrical shell     

三明治结构微机械静电伺服加速度计稳定性研究

对影响微加速度计稳定性的主要因素（外置偏压和横向加速度干扰）进行了详细分析，给出了最小临界偏压和最大可随横向加速度的计算公式，提出一种具有良好稳定性的四梁中心悬臂式结构。根据Matlab仿真结果，在大量程微加速度计典型结构参数下，惯性敏感单元可承受的最大横向加速度达2000g以上，远远满足实际需求。     

A Shear-Corrected Formulation for the Sandwich Twist Specimen

The sandwich plate twist test method involves torsion loading of a panel by application of concentrated loads at two diagonally opposite corners and supporting the panel at the other two corners. Compliance measured in this test can be used to extract the shear moduli of monolithic, composite and sandwich plates, and it may also be employed for determination of the twist stiffness, D ₆₆ . Previous studies of the plate twist specimen have shown that classical laminated plate theory does not adequately predict the compliance of sandwich panels with a low density/modulus core, as a result of transverse shear deformation. This work proposes a “shear-corrected” model for accurate prediction of the plate twist compliance by incorporation of the transverse shear stiffnesses of the core. This model was used to extract the transverse shear modulus of a range of low density PVC foam cores from the measured panel twist compliance. Good agreement with published PVC foam core shear modulus values was obtained.     

Vibrations of Circular Sandwich Plates under Resonance Loads

The paper studies axisymmetric resonance vibrations of an elastic circular sandwich plate under local periodic surface loads of rectangular, sinusoidal, and parabolic forms. The hypotheses of broken normal are used to describe the kinematics of the plate, which is asymmetric in thickness. The core is assumed to be light. The initial–boundary-value problems are solved analytically. The solutions are analyzed     

Blast Performance of Sandwich Composites with In-Plane Compressive Loading

An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the dynamic performance of E-glass Vinyl Ester composite face sheet / foam core sandwich panels when subjected to pre-compression and subsequent blast loading. The sandwich panels were subjected to 0 kN, 15 kN and 25 kN of in plane compression respectively, prior to transverse blast wave loading with peak incident pressure of 1 MPa and velocity of 3 Mach. The blast loading was generated using a shock tube facility. During the experiments, a high-speed photographic system utilizing three digital cameras was used to acquire the real-time 3-D deformation of the sandwich panels. The 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique was used to quantify the back face out-of-plane deflection and in-plane strain. The results showed that in-plane compressive loading facilitated buckling and failure in the front face sheet. This mechanism greatly reduced the blast resistance of sandwich composites.     

Dynamic Behavior of Ellipsoidal Sandwich Shells Under Nonstationary Loads

International Applied Mechanics - Problems of forced vibrations of ellipsoidal sandwich shells under a nonstationary distributed load are considered. When developing a mathematical model of...