刺激响应型树状分子凝胶的研究进展※

近年来, 刺激响应型超分子凝胶作为一类智能软物质材料, 在离子识别材料、自修复材料、生物材料和药物缓释等领域展现出了非常好的应用前景, 受到人们广泛关注. 树状分子是一类具有高度支化结构的大分子, 其形成的凝胶兼具有机小分子凝胶和聚合物凝胶的双重优点, 树状分子丰富的多层次支化几何结构有利于修饰不同功能基团, 从而确保各功能基团彼此独立作用而不相互干扰, 这种特性使其在构筑多功能化凝胶材料, 尤其是多重环境刺激响应型凝胶材料方面具有独特优势. 基于此, 本综述从树状分子凝胶因子设计、成凝胶机理、响应性能和响应机理等方面详细归纳了刺激响应型树状分子凝胶的研究进展. 按照刺激源不同, 主要从光响应型、氧化还原响应型、离子响应型、触变响应型和多重响应型五个方面对刺激响应树状分子凝胶进行了系统归纳总结. 最后, 基于目前刺激响应树状分子凝胶存在的一些问题对该领域未来发展进行了展望.     

智能响应型水凝胶药物控释体系及其应用

药物控释体系可改善药物分子在机体内的释放、吸收、代谢和排泄过程,显著提高药物利用率并减弱药物的毒副作用。智能响应型水凝胶凭借其刺激响应性、亲水性和无毒性在药物控释方面得到了广泛的关注。本文介绍了智能响应型水凝胶药物控释体系的概念、机理和应用,详细归纳了智能响应型水凝胶药物控释体系的研究进展。按照刺激源不同将智能响应型水凝胶药物控释体系分为pH响应型、温度响应型、光响应型、生物分子(如葡萄糖、酶)响应型、外场(如电场、磁场)响应型、压力响应型、氧化还原响应型及多重响应型水凝胶药物控释体系。进一步介绍了智能响应型水凝胶药物控释体系在治疗癌症、急性肾损伤、眼病、糖尿病等疾病及抗菌、防止伤口感染等方面的应用。最后,基于目前智能响应型水凝胶药物控释体系存在的一些问题(如生物相容性差、存在突释或滞释现象、不可降解等)对其发展做出了展望。     

基于G-四联体的聚多肽-DNA水凝胶响应性研究

利用铜催化的点击反应合成了侧链接枝DNA的聚多肽, 基于DNA自组装的理念, 将含有两段鸟嘌呤(G)的序列引入到体系中, 结合G-四联体在钾离子存在的情况下能够形成分子间四链结构的特性, 获得了具有热响应和离子响应性的聚多肽-DNA超分子水凝胶. 此凝胶制备过程具有原位、快速等特点, 构筑基元具有可设计的响应性和良好的生物相容性. 综合以上特点, 此超分子水凝胶在组织工程和三维生物打印等领域具有潜在的应用.     

刺激响应型有机小分子凝胶的研究进展

智能型凝胶是近年来有机小分子凝胶的研究重点, 其中刺激响应型有机小分子智能凝胶对外界微小的物理、化学刺激, 如温度、光、pH、离子强度或电场等能够感知并在响应过程中有显著的响应行为性. 较系统地综述了刺激响应型有机小分子智能凝胶的结构特点和近年来的研究进展, 并展望了该类有机小分子智能凝胶的应用前景.     

基于金属配位和主客体相互作用分级自组装构筑超分子凝胶

将金属配位和主客体相互作用引入到同1个超分子体系中,设计合成了2个超分子单体1和2.通过这2个超分子单体分级自组装形成的交联网状超分子聚合物构建了一种多重刺激响应性和良好自修复性能的超分子凝胶.同时,进一步将具有聚集诱导发光性能的四苯乙烯引入到这种超分子体系中,以赋予超分子体系新颖的发光性能.单体分子1是由中间为双苯并24-冠-8的冠醚连接2个四苯基乙烯荧光生色团,两端为2个三联吡啶分子构成的1个主体分子.单体分子1两端的三联吡啶基团可以与过渡金属Zn(OTf)2进行金属配位形成线型超分子聚合物3;而中间的冠醚基团与双二级铵盐客体分子2通过主客体相互作用进一步形成交联超分子聚合物4.当该交联超分子聚合物的浓度达到30 mmol/L时,可形成荧光超分子聚合物凝胶.通过核磁共振(1H-NMR和DOSY)与黏度等测试方法,证明了线形和交联超分子聚合物的形成,并进一步通过流变的测试证明了超分子聚合物凝胶的形成及其良好的自修复性能.除此之外,由于引入的主客体相互作用以及金属配位固有的刺激响应性,该荧光超分子聚合物凝胶表现出对温度、p H值、K+离子和竞争配体的刺激响应性能.     

多孔聚离子液体的合成与应用

聚离子液体(Poly(ionic liquid)s,PIL)是分子结构中含有离子液体结构单元的一类离子聚合物,兼具离子液体小分子的离子电导性和聚合物可加工性能。多孔聚离子液体材料(Porous PILs),结合了多孔材料大比表面积和聚离子液体的导电性及离子交换等特性,在功能高分子材料、电化学响应材料以及能源科学等领域表现出广泛的应用前景。本文综述了多孔聚离子液体的分子设计与合成方法,及其在智能响应材料、水处理、高效催化、多孔碳材料、生物医用材料等领域的潜在应用。     

基于胆固醇的有机超分子智能凝胶

胆固醇分子具有特色的多环、多手性碳结构,因此可用于构筑有机超分子凝胶智能材料。该凝胶体系除了对温度有良好的感知响应性外,对其他的外界刺激,如光、pH、超声等也能够感知并响应。由于胆固醇分子是生命体中普遍存在的生物分子,基于胆固醇的有机超分子智能凝胶在生命现象模拟、药物输运等方面具有天然的优势。本文先根据胆固醇凝胶体系的不同种类,包括光响应型、氧化还原响应型、酸碱响应型、超声响应型,金属离子响应型以及触变响应型等,对该体系的结构与性能进行了介绍,然后介绍了对凝胶因子的修饰方法,最后结合目前的研究现状,探讨了胆固醇有机超分子凝胶的应用方向及前景。     

基于脲基氢键组装的功能超分子凝胶

有机小分子化合物在分子间氢键、π-π堆积、亲疏水作用、范德华力等非共价键弱相互作用力驱动下,自组装形成三维网络结构的物理凝胶称为超分子凝胶。含有脲基的凝胶因子由于其强氢键缔合能力以及与阴离子、金属离子、卤素化合物等作用的可调变多样性,成为组装超分子凝胶中特别有效的氢键组装单元。本文分别从单脲基、双脲基和多脲基的凝胶因子分类综述了基于脲基氢键组装的功能超分子凝胶的研究工作,特别是近几年来的重要进展。对一些成功例子,从分子设计及成胶操作条件控制等方面的精细调谐如何解决聚集-溶解这对主要矛盾,从而实现溶胶-凝胶的转化及其可能的应用前景进行了评述。本文展望了该领域的发展方向与趋势,指出超分子凝胶研究经过多年的快速发展,深化对其蕴含机制以及动力学过程的认识与调控以实现具有多种刺激响应、多重信号输出的多组分复合功能凝胶体系的加工制备是发展趋势与必然要求,展现出广泛的应用前景也极富挑战性。     

超分子凝胶可视化选择性识别有机小分子的研究进展

近年来,超分子凝胶作为一类非常重要的软物质材料而受到广泛关注,当前研究面临的最大问题之一是智能响应性,而智能响应性凝胶材料发展的一个重要研究方向是可视化选择性识别有机小分子。本文从有机小分子的类型(手性分子、位置异构体和氨基酸等)出发,较系统地综述了可视化选择性识别有机小分子的超分子凝胶的研究进展情况,并对该研究领域作了简单展望。     

聚(L-谷氨酸)水凝胶的Diels-Alder制备及其生物分子响应性研究

报道了一种含有二硫键的聚L-氨基酸共价交联网络,制备了能对含巯基生物分子与蛋白酶产生响应的新型聚L-氨基酸水凝胶.通过二硫键将降冰片烯基团键合在聚(L-谷氨酸)侧链,所得到的聚合物与末端修饰四嗪基团的四臂聚乙二醇在水溶液中混合,通过降冰片烯与四嗪基团之间发生Diels-Alder反应形成分子间共价交联,获得了聚(L-谷氨酸)/聚乙二醇水凝胶.研究了水凝胶在含巯基生物活性分子谷胱甘肽(GSH)作用下的性质变化.结果表明,2种官能化聚合物混合后可快速形成稳定的水凝胶,其力学性质随聚合物浓度、2种聚合物比例和降冰片烯基团的取代度的改变而变化.体外降解实验结果表明,在GSH或弹性蛋白酶存在的条件下,水凝胶的降解速率显著增加.同时,经GSH处理的水凝胶机械强度也显著降低.大鼠体内实验表明,在交联点引入GSH响应性的二硫键会明显加速聚氨基酸水凝胶的体内降解.进一步体外细胞实验与组织学分析结果表明,所获得聚氨基酸/聚乙二醇水凝胶具有良好的体外细胞相容性和动物体内组织相容性.     

Effect of the structure of gelators on electro-optical properties of liquid crystal physical gels

Low molecular mass organic gelator (LMOG) as an important component of liquid crystal physical gel has a great influence on the electro-optical properties. In this paper, three analogues of amide gelator were synthesized and employed as LMOGs in nematic liquid crystal 5CB. Both hydrogen-bonding and pi-pi-stacking interactions in the gel phase were found to stabilize the self-assembled structure. It was observed that the morphology was highly dependent on the crystallinity of gelators, which was affected by the intensity of hydrogen bonding. The thicker fibril was obtained with higher crystallinity of LMOG, while the thinner fibril was obtained with lower crystallinity. Moreover, the electro-optical properties of liquid crystal physical gels were proposed to be related to the interaction between the fibrils and the liquid crystal molecules.     

Urea and thiourea derivatives as low molecular-mass organogelators

The properties of a series of organogels consisting of a urea or thiourea derivative with one or two n-alkyl substitutuents at the nitrogen atoms (a low molecular-mass organogelator (LMOG)) and an organic liquid are described. They include N,N'-dimethylurea, the LMOG of lowest molecular mass (M(W) 88) we are aware of. The efficiencies of the LMOGs, based the diversity of liquids gelated, the minimum amount required for gelation of a liquid at room temperature, and the temporal and thermal stabilities of the gels formed, have been investigated as a function of the number, length, and substitution pattern of their n-alkyl chains. The gels are thermally reversible and require generally very low concentrations (<2 wt %) of an LMOG. Some of the LMOGs with shorter chains are more efficient than their longer chained analogues. The structural and thermodynamic properties of the gels have been examined by IR, DSC, and X-ray diffraction techniques. Polarizing optical microscopic analyses of the gels show that the nature of gelator aggregates depends mainly on the alkyl chain length. Changes in the aggregation ability have been examined systematically by perturbing the molecular structure.     

Strength enhancement of nanostructured organogels through inclusion of phthalocyanine-containing complementary organogelator structures and in situ cross-linking by click chemistry

Stable photoactive organogels were successfully prepared by a two-step sequence involving: 1) formation of thermoreversible organogels by use of a combination of low-molecular-weight organogelators (LMOGs) and ZnII-phthalocyanine (ZnII-Pc) moieties containing complementary organogelator structures, and 2) strength enhancement of the gels by in situ cross-linking with the aid of CuI-catalysed azide-alkyne [3+2] cycloadditions (CuAACs). The optimum click reaction was carried out between a flexible C6 aliphatic diazide and a suitable dialkyne (molar ratio 1:1) added in a low proportion relative to the organogelator system [LMOG+ZnIIPc]. The dialkyne unit was incorporated into a molecule resembling the LMOGs structure in such a way that it could also participate in the self-assembly of [LMOG+ZnIIPc]. The significant compatibility of the multicomponent photoactive organogels towards this strengthening through CuAACs allowed their sol-to-gel transition temperatures (Tgel) to be enhanced by up to 15 degrees C. The Tgel values estimated by the "inverse flow method" were in good agreement with the values obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Rheological measurements confirmed the viscoelastic, rigid, and brittle natures of all Pc-containing gels. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the fibrilar nature of the gels and the morphological changes upon cross-linking by CuAAC. Emission of a red luminescence from the dry nanoscale fibrous structure-due to the self-assembly of the Pc-containing compounds in the organogel fibres-was directly observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The optical properties were studied by UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and circular dichroism (CD) measurements were also carried out to complete the physicochemical characterization of selected gels. As a proof of concept, two different organogelators (cholesterol- and diamide-based LMOGs) were successfully used to validate the general strategy.     

N-alkyl perfluoroalkanamides as low molecular-mass organogelators

A new class of low molecular-mass organogelators (LMOGs), N-alkyl perfluoroalkanamides, F(CF(2))(n)CONH(CH(2))(m)H, is described. The molecules are designed to exploit the incompatibilities of their three molecular parts, and the results demonstrate that this strategy can be used to tune molecular aggregation and gel stability. The gelating properties of these LMOGs have been examined in a wide variety of organic liquids (including alkanes, alcohols, toluene, n-perfluorooctane, CCl(4), and DMSO) as a function of the N-alkyl and perfluoroalkyl chain lengths by X-ray diffraction, polarizing optical microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The gels are thermally reversible and require generally very low concentrations (<2 wt %) of LMOG. Several of the gels are stable for very long periods at room temperature. The incompatibility of the fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon segments causes the LMOGs to aggregate, probably into lamellae within the fibrils that constitute the basic unit of the gel networks. The SANS studies show that the cross-sections of fibers in the gel networks of LMOGs with shorter perfluoroalkyl chains are much larger than those with longer ones. Comparisons with the gelating properties of some analogous esters (F(CF(2))(n)CO(2)(CH(2))(m)H) and diblock perfluoroalkylalkanes (F(CF(2))(n)(CH(2))(m)H) indicate that additional ordering within the aggregate units is enforced by the intermolecular H bonding among amide groups that is evidenced by IR spectroscopy. Analyses of these results and structure/solvent correlations are provided.     

Gelation of perfluorinated liquids by N-alkyl perfluoroalkanamides

Gels comprised of low-molecular-mass organic gelators (LMOGs), N-alkyl perfluoroalkanamides [F(CF2)(m)CONH(CH2)(n)H; FmNHn], and several perfluorinated liquids are described. The gelation ability of the amides has been compared to that of two analogous alkyl perfluoroalkanoates. The properties of these gels have been correlated with the N-alkyl and (to a lesser extent) perfluoroalkyl chain lengths in the FmNHn by X-ray diffraction, polarizing optical microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and small-angle neutron scattering. The gels are thermally reversible and require generally very low concentrations (<2 wt %) of LMOG. Several of the gels have been stable at room temperature for >1 year, thus far. The incompatibility of the fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon segments causes the LMOGs to aggregate into lamellae within the fibrils that constitute the basic unit of the gel networks. IR spectroscopic studies of these gels indicate that additional ordering within the aggregate units is enforced by intermolecular H-bonding among amide groups.     

智能响应材料在磷酸化肽和糖肽富集中的应用

蛋白质的磷酸化和糖基化作为研究最广泛的两种翻译后修饰(PTMs),在疾病的早期无创诊断、预后和治疗评估中表现出越来越大的潜力。蛋白质的异常磷酸化和糖基化经常被用于临床蛋白质组学研究和疾病相关生物标志物的发现。目前已有多种材料被开发用于磷酸化肽和糖肽的富集研究,其中,智能响应材料由于具有独特的响应特性,已被陆续报道用于磷酸化肽和糖肽的富集。智能响应材料可对外界刺激做出响应,发生结构和性质上的变化,将光、电、热、机械等信号转化为生物化学信号。响应分子是决定智能响应材料响应特性的先决条件,它们在不同刺激条件下(如温度、pH、光、机械应力、电磁场等)的可逆异构化将导致材料的宏观物理和化学性质的动态变化。与传统材料相比,智能响应材料可以可逆地“打开”和“关闭”,具有更好的可调控性。由于引起智能材料响应的刺激信号对其性能具有重要的影响,综述根据施加的刺激种类对智能响应材料进行分类,具体分为外源性响应材料和内源性响应材料,且分别总结了外源性响应材料、内源性响应材料以及内外源共同响应材料在磷酸化肽和糖肽富集方面的工作。此外,综述对智能响应材料在磷酸化肽和糖肽富集方面的发展前景进行了展望,并且提出了智能响应材料在其他蛋白质翻译后修饰方面的应用中存在的挑战。     

氧化石墨烯/聚合物复合水凝胶的研究进展

氧化石墨烯是一种具有单原子厚度的二维材料, 具有优异的力学性能和良好的水分散性, 其表面有大量的含氧官能团. 将氧化石墨烯引入水凝胶体系中可以提高水凝胶的机械性能, 丰富其刺激响应的类型. 目前, 氧化石墨烯水凝胶在高强度、 吸附、 自愈合及智能材料等很多领域均有出色的表现. 氧化石墨烯水凝胶的研究已有10年的历史. 本文总结了氧化石墨烯水凝胶的制备方法, 归纳了智能氧化石墨烯水凝胶在光热响应、 pH响应和自愈合3个方面的响应机理和研究进展, 并综合评述了其在高强度水凝胶、 生物医学、 智能材料和污水处理等方面的应用前景.     

New group 2 chemistry: a multiple barium-nitrogen bond in the CsNBa molecule

The existence of a series of triatomic molecules with the general formula MNM', where M is an alkaline metal (K, Rb, Cs), and M' is an alkaline earth metal (Ca, Sr, Ba), has been predicted by quantum chemical methods. Among these, the CsNBa molecule shows a feature not found before, the presence of a multiple bond between barium and nitrogen. As a consequence of this novel bonding situation, the molecule is linear. The same holds for all Ba triatomics, MNBa, independent of the nature of the alkali M atom, and for all Sr compounds, MNSr. The presence of a multiple bond makes CsNBa, and other related Ba and Sr molecules, particularly stable and appealing experimentally. The systems with the alkaline earth metal M' = Ca, on the other hand, turned out to be bent. Calculations have also been performed on the negative ions BaN(-) and CaN(-), which form a well-defined entity in the MNM' systems (M' = Ba, Ca). The results show that the two ions have a different electronic structure in the ground state, which is one reason for the different properties of the MNM' systems and explains why the molecules containing the BaN(-) moiety are linear, while those containing CaN(-) are bent.     

Electrochemical redox control of ferrocene using a supramolecular assembly of ferrocene-linked C(60) derivative and metallooctaethylporphyrin array on a Au(111) electrode

Supramolecular assembled layers of ferrocene-linked C(60) derivative (C(60)Fc) and various metal ions coordinated to octaethylporphyrin (MOEP) were formed on the surface of a Au(111) single-crystal electrode by immersing the Au substrate successively into a benzene solution containing MOEP and one containing C(60)Fc molecules. The MOEPs used were zinc(II) (ZnOEP), cobalt(II) (CoOEP), copper(II) (CuOEP), and iron(III) chloride (FeClOEP) of OEP (2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine). The molecules of C(60)Fc directly attached to the Au(111) electrode showed poorly defined electrochemical redox response, whereas a clear electrochemical redox reaction of the ferrocene group in the C(60)Fc molecule was observed at 0.78 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode on ZnOEP, CoOEP, and CuOEP adlayers, but not on the FeClOEP adlayer. Adlattices of the underlying layer and the top layer of C(60)Fc were determined by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. Adlayer structures of MOEP were independent of the central metal ion; that is, MOEP molecules were arranged hexagonally with two different orientations. Highly ordered C(60)Fc arrays were formed with 1:1 composition on the ZnOEP-, CoOEP-, and CuOEP-modified Au(111) surface, whereas a disordered structure of C(60)Fc was found on the FeClOEP-modified Au(111) surface. The presence of Cl ligand was found to prevent the formation of supramolecularly assembled layers with C(60)Fc molecules, resulting in an ill-defined unclear electrochemical response of the Fc group. The well-defined electrochemical response of the Fc group in C(60)Fc was clearly due to the control of orientation of C(60)Fc molecules.