关于二面角影响扩张管道内角区附面层发展的数值研究

固壁与固壁相交所成二面角对附近区域内附面层发展具有重要影响,尤其在风扇/压气机中,控制叶表与端壁相交二面角及其流向变化是调控角区分离的重要方向。本文以具有不同二面角的四种典型扩张管道(扩张角3°)为模型案例,采用数值方法研究了不同二面角角下扩张管道内附面层发展规律,印证了二面角原理,并由数值计算结果拟合得到了分离位置经验公式。     

轴流压气机三维叶片角区失速预测Ⅰ:模型、准则与验证

角区失速预测始终是轴流压气机设计面临的难题之一,尤其当代先进三维弯掠叶片应用使得在设计阶段准确预测角区失速更加困难。探究问题根源,即便目前最成功的Lei预测模型与准则,虽然其综合考虑了逆压梯度和横向二次流影响,但仍因未考虑角区二面角下附面层交汇因素而失效于弯掠叶片角区失速预测。鉴于此,本文采用不同正多边形(包括圆)截面扩张管道计算模型,研究构建了量化表征不同二面角、不同逆压梯度环境下交汇附面层发展状态的Ψ因子,并综合考虑二次流影响建立了预测三维叶片角区失速的DJ因子,然后以NACA65系列叶栅为案例,采用数值模拟方法建立了叶栅性能数据库,据此形成了DJ因子角区分离预测准则。最后,基于国内外公开文献中叶栅、叶片试验结果对DJ准则进行了检验,并分析了DJ因子应用中需要注意的一些问题。     

从端壁动态压力场看压气机转子尖区流动

用高频压力传感器测量了低速单级压气机转子叶尖动态压力场。结果表明,转子叶背附面层径向潜流使得叶背附近存在一个高压带。叶背角区和叶盆角区的气流交混造成通道中部具有甚至不低于叶盆处的高压力。两个高压区都随流量的减小而扩大,并随流向逐渐融合,反映了叶背附面层径向潜流和中部气流交温的发展。设计状态下,泄漏涡是造成转子叶尖压力脉动的主要因素,形成的高水平压力脉动区随流向呈喇叭形逐渐扩大,约在一半弦长处脉动最强。近失速状态下,叶背前部角区中强叶面附面层潜流及与强泄漏流和端壁附面层的交混造成大范围的强压力脉动区,局部扩展到整个通道,通道中部叶背附面层很有可能发生分离。     

来流附面层对大转角扩压叶栅气动性能的影响

实验对比了低速条件下抽吸来流附面层前后某大转角扩压叶栅性能的变化。在叶栅壁面进行了墨迹流动显示,并对叶栅出口截面参数进行了测量。结果表明,入口附面层主要影响的区域是损失比较严重的吸力面/端壁角区。减薄大转角扩压叶栅的入口附面层可有效抑制栅内端壁附近的横向二次流、抑制角区分离、降低损失。当吸气量为入口流量的2.5%时,总...     

附面层抽吸对高负荷扩压叶栅流动及负荷的影响

实验研究了低速条件下附面层吸除对某高负荷扩压叶栅流动及负荷的影响,测量得到了出口二次流速度矢量和型面静压分布,并对壁面做了罹迹流动显示.结果表明,抽吸低能流体有效抑制了分离流动,在分离点后采用较大吸气量时效果更好;吸气量越大,角区低能流体的积聚逐渐减弱,叶栅负荷随之增大,且叶展中部负荷的增加程度大于端部.     

局部附面层抽吸对高负荷扩压叶栅流动特性影响

在低速条件下实验研究了局部附面层吸除对高负荷扩压叶栅内流动特性的影响。实验对叶栅壁面进行了墨迹流动显示,并采用五孔气动探针测量了叶栅出口截面参数,得到了该截面的二次流速度矢量分布。结果表明,吸力面两端附面层吸除能有效减小角区三维分离、抑制通道涡发展,而在吸力面中部抽吸不能有效抑制角区三维分离流动;在角区分离线起始位置后采用吸力面两端吸气方式时,吸气量越大流动改善的效果越好,其余方案时吸气量变化对流动影响较小。     

进口附面层形式对压气机叶栅端区流动特性的影响研究

为探究进口附面层形式对轴流压气机叶栅端区流动特性的影响,本文以某高亚声速压气机叶栅为研究对象,基于数值方法对比分析常规和倾斜两种进口附面层形式对叶栅角区分离和叶尖泄漏流流动特性以及总体性能的影响。结果表明：进口倾斜附面层使端区来流的攻角和进口速度增加。在无叶尖间隙时,倾斜附面层能够缩小角区分离的轴向和周向范围,提高扩压能力,相比常规附面层工况,总压损失降低6.3%;1%叶高间隙下,倾斜附面层能够降低叶尖泄漏流相关损失并减少尾迹与主流的掺混损失,总压损失较常规附面层降低15.3%。     

高负荷压气机叶栅的叶身/端壁融合研究

叶身/端壁融合(BBEW)是有潜力支撑风扇/压气机负荷最大化的原创技术.本文以大折转亚音叶栅和超音速叶栅两类趋向负荷极限叶栅为案例,在二面角原理指导下,采用数值方法对比研究了第一类(增大二面角型)和第二类(变曲率过渡曲面)BBEW改型。结果表明,两类BBEW改型均能有效削弱或消除高负荷压气机叶栅角区分离,且具有良好的工况适应性。其中,第一类BBEW改型虽外形上类似叶片倾斜,但作用机理却截然不同,附面层交汇作用超过叶片力作用.     

高负荷扩压叶栅非对称附面层抽吸数值研究

本文研究了某大折转角扩压叶栅单侧端壁开孔抽吸附面层对该叶栅气动性能的影响,数值方法经过了实验校核,抽吸位置位于靠近吸力面的端壁处,沿着叶栅的弦长方向共划分了四个抽吸方案,计算域包括下空腔。研究结果表明:在角区分离点处进行端壁附面层抽吸能够明显地改善抽吸侧角区的流动情况,达到推迟分离和降低损失的效果,但对未抽吸侧角区有不利影响,具体表现为分离提前、角区范围增大。     

端壁横向射流对高速扩压叶栅性能的影响

通过数值模拟研究了不同射流缝长度以及射流总压比对端壁横向射流抑制横向二次流动和减小损失作用效果的影响,结果表明:采用与流向具有一定夹角的横向射流可有效抑制端区二次流动,减少角区低能流体堆积,推迟吸力面流动分离,提高出口气流角均匀性。仅采用不足叶栅进口流量0.3%的射流气体,就能使总压损失系数降低11.3%。增加射流缝长度的或者提高射流总压均可增强其减弱分离流动的效果,但射流与横向二次流相互作用导致的冲击和掺混损失也增大。     

Asymmetric self-similar flows of a viscous incompressible fluid along a right-angle corner

Symmetric and asymmetric self-similar flows of a viscous incompressible fluid along a semi-infinite right-angle dihedral corner with a preset streamwise pressure gradient have been considered. Equations describing such flows in the framework of boundary layer approximation have been derived. The asymptotic behavior of solutions of the derived equations far from the corner edge has been theoretically investigated. A new method of computation of these solutions has been developed. Solutions for two types of asymptotic behavior have been obtained.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-distribution for Reynolds stress and turbulent heat flux in relaxation turbulent boundary layer of compression ramp

A challenge in the study of turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) is to understand the non-equilibrium relaxation process after sep-aration and reattachment due to shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction. The classical boundary layer theory cannot deal with the strong adverse pressure gradient, and hence, the computational modeling of this process remains inaccurate. Here, we report the direct numerical simulation results of the relaxation TBL behind a compression ramp, which reveal the presence of intense large-scale eddies, with significantly enhanced Reynolds stress and turbulent heat flux. A crucial finding is that the wall-normal profiles of the excess Reynolds stress and turbulent heat flux obey a β-distribution, which is a product of two power laws with respect to the wall-normal distances from the wall and from the boundary layer edge. In addition, the streamwise decays of the excess Reynolds stress and turbulent heat flux also exhibit power laws with respect to the streamwise distance from the corner of the compression ramp. These results suggest that the relaxation TBL obeys the dilation symmetry, which is a specific form of self-organization in this complex non-equilibrium flow. The β-distribution yields important hints for the development of a turbulence model.     

透平叶片中的二次流旋涡结构的研究

当今在透平机械行业中的研究人员常常会被二次流旋涡结构的研究所吸引。本文作者主要用数值计算,部分地也用实验手段,试图研究、分析与讨论叶片通道中马蹄涡、通道涡、角隅涡和间隙涡等二次流旋涡的生成、演绎与发展。对于壁涡由于尺寸很小而不容易发现。现在应用弯扭叶片作为一种手段来降低叶片损失的人多了,从而需要对弯扭叶片对上述旋涡的影响进行研究。因此,本文对周向弯扭叶片的影响以及其对损失影响的机理也进行了讨论。     

壁面吸气抑制分离减少流动损失的研究

研究了斜流压气机具有大尺度分离的导向叶栅内的流场结构;通过对壁面不同吸气位置与吸气量对流场结构及损失的影响分析,并借助于拓扑分析的手段,探讨了针对于大尺度分离结构条件下吸气点位置的选择原则,总结出了端壁与吸力面吸气位置与分离结构之间的对应关系。     

Longitudinal structures in the near field of a plane wall jet

In the present study, the flow field near the orifice of a plane wall jet is in focus. Two main flow regions may be distinguished in the wall jet, i. e., a free shear layer away from the wall and a boundary layer close to the surface. In both of these layers, streamwise coherent structures are detected by means of smoke visualization and hot-wire measurements. The structures, which occur naturally, have different spanwise scales and emerge at different distance from the nozzle. Effects of the flow velocity, upstream perturbations, and acoustic excitation on the generation and characteristics of the streamwise disturbances are investigated, and especially the interaction between the two layers is studied. In order to resolve the complex 3D flow by means of hotwires a system for accurate automated traversing and data acquisition has been developed. In each flow case time-dependent measurements were taken in (X, Y, Z) space of about 3000 to 25,000 points, and it was found that the value of outlet velocity and the frequency of Kelvin — Helmholtz rolls have a clear influence on the size of the structures. Higher outlet velocities and higher frequencies of triggered two-dimensional roll-ups lead to a decrease in the size of longitudinal structures.     

冲压转子流场和轮毂抽吸处理分析

通过数值计算的方法对冲压转子中的三维流场以及轮毂抽吸后的流场进行了分析。研究发现,冲压转子中,轮毂处的分离影响了叶根至70%叶高截面的流动,轮毂处的角区分离限制了冲压转子的性能,使之只能工作在较低的背压工况下。而通过轮毂抽吸可以改善角区流动,提高冲压转子的压比和效率,并且抽吸位置在分离起始点位置时,效果最好。在抽吸流量...     

压气机转子三维紊流流场

在低速大尺寸压气机试验台上，用单斜热丝、高频压力探针及由旋转四坐标全电动探针位移机构带动的五孔气动探针，测量了单级压气机转子出口和单转子压气机叶片通道尖区在不同流量状态下三维平均和亲流流场。设计状态，叶尖泄漏涡的发展及其与端壁附面层的交混决定了尖区的流动特性。小流量状态，叶片吸力面附面层增厚，近失速状态尖部吸力面附面层发生分离，吸力而附面层内径向潜移强烈，叶尖吸力面角区产生大范围强旋涡，角区部分低能流体移向叶尖通道中部，与端壁附面层、泄漏涡、刮削涡及主流发生交混．     

ILES for mechanism of ramp-type MVG reducing shock induced flow separation

A high order implicit large eddy simulation (ILES) is carried out to study the mechanism of shock induced flow separation reduction under ramp-type MVG control. The mechanism was originally considered as that MVG can generate streamwise vortices which strongly mix boundary layer and the boundary layer becomes more capable to resist strong adverse pressure gradient caused by shock and to keep the boundary layer attached. However, according to our ILES, a chain of ring-like vortices is generated behind the ramp-type MVG and goes further to interact with the shock. When the ring-like vortices pass through the shock, the shock wave is weakened and altered while the vortex structures are quite stable. The instantaneous simulation shows that the spanwise ring-like vortex, not the streamwise vortex, plays a key role to weaken the shock and reduce the shock-induced separation. Detailed investigation on ring-like vortices and shock interaction will be given in this paper.     

叶片弦向倾斜对损失发展的影响及叶片反弯降低损失机理的研究

早在六十年代初期,Ｓｍｉｔｈ提出了弦向倾斜叶片￣［１］。叶片的这种倾斜集叶片的后掠（叶片展向与气流不垂直）和上反（叶片表面与端壁斜交）于一身。根据理论分析可知,弦向倾斜叶片与周向倾斜叶片比较,在相同倾斜角下,它更能有效地抑制通道涡的形成和发展￣［２］。但是,到现在为止还没有实验数据证实这一计算结果。本文继文献￣［３］详细测量了弦向倾斜叶片叶栅由栅前至栅后诸截面上的气动参数。实验结果表明,弦向倾斜对损失的发展起到了与周向倾斜相类似的作用,但是前者比后者减小了叶栅进口段的流向逆压梯度,从而降低了二次旋涡损失。本文还测量了大转角常规直叶栅与反弯叶片叶栅端壁与叶片表面上的静压分布,探讨了反弯叶片降低损失的原因,认为：减小叶栅进口段流向逆压梯度,在叶片吸力面前部形成垂直于端壁的平行静压等值线、在中部形成反“Ｃ”型静压等值线,以及在流道内建立沿叶高的反“Ｃ”型静压分布,是反弯叶片降低损失的三要素。     

DNS of compressible turbulent boundary layer around a sharp cone

Direct numerical simulation of the turbulent boundary layer over a sharp cone with 20° cone angle (or 10° half-cone angle) is performed by using the mixed seventh-order up-wind biased finite difference scheme and sixth-order central difference scheme. The free stream Mach number is 0.7 and free stream unit Reynolds number is 250000/inch. The characteristics of transition and turbulence of the sharp cone boundary layer are compared with those of the flat plate boundary layer. Statistics of fully developed turbulent flow agree well with the experimental and theoretical data for the turbulent flat-plate boundary layer flow. The near wall streak-like structure is shown and the average space between streaks (normalized by the local wall unit) keeps approximately invariable at different streamwise locations. The turbulent energy equation in the cylindrical coordinate is given and turbulent energy budget is studied. The computed results show that the effect of circumferential curvature on turbulence characteristics is not obvious.