Surface charge dynamics studied by the temporal evolution of the corona charging current

The decay of surface charges deposited on the dielectric material by the partial discharge (PD) activity has a great impact on the repetition of partial discharges. In this work, the effect of dielectric placed on the surface of ground electrode in a needle-plane configuration on the discharge activity was investigated, with the application of a periodic negative step voltage. The charge decay mechanisms on a corona charged dielectric surface were investigated based on a comparison between experiments and a FEM-based numerical model. The comparison indicates that the surface charges may decay due to different mechanisms depending on the applied stress.     

AN APPROXIMATION OF THE KINETIC ENERGY OF A SUPERFLUID FILM ON A RIEMANN SURFACE

The flow of a superfluid film adsorbed on a porous medium can be modeled by a meromorphic differential on a Riemann surface of high genus. In this paper, we define the mixed Hodge metric of meromorphic differentials on a Riemann surface and justify using this metric to approximate the kinetic energy of a superfluid film flowing on a porous surface.     

32 × 32 SOI CMOS image sensor with pinned photodiode on handle wafer

We have fabricated a 32 × 32 silicon on insulator (SOI) complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel image sensor with a pinned photodiode on a handle wafer. The structure of one pixel is a four-transistor type active pixel sensor (APS) which consists of a reset and a source follower transistor on a seed wafer, and is comprised of a photodiode, a transfer gate, and a floating diffusion on the handle wafer. The photodiode could be optimized for better quantum efficiency and low dark currents because its process on the handle wafer is independent of that of transistors on a seed wafer. Most of the wavelengths are absorbed within the visible range, because the optimized photodiode is located on the handle wafer. The image has been captured by the fabricated 32 × 32 SOI CMOS image sensor with array pixels, vertical scanner, horizontal scanner, and delta-difference sampling circuit.     

Covariant derivatives on null submanifolds

The degenerate nature of the metric on null hypersurfaces makes it difficult to define a covariant derivative on null submanifolds. Recent approaches using decomposition to define a covariant derivative on null hypersurfaces are investigated, with examples demonstrating the limitations of the methods. Motivated by Geroch’s work on asymptotically flat spacetimes, conformal transformations are used to construct a covariant derivative on null hypersurfaces, and a condition on the Ricci tensor is given to determine when this construction can be used. Several examples are given, including the construction of a covariant derivative operator for the class of spherically symmetric hypersurfaces.     

Hierarchical wave functions revisited

We study the hierarchical wave functions on a sphere and on a torus. We simplify some wave functions on a sphere or a torus using the analytic properties of wave functions. The open question, the construction of the wave function for quasielectron excitations on a torus, is also solved in this paper.     

A Curved Noninteracting 2D Electron Gas with Anisotropic Mass

In da Costa's thin‐layer approach, a quantum particle moving in a 3D sample is confined to a curved thin interface. At the end, the interface effects are ignored and the quantum particle is localized on a curved surface. A geometric potential arises and, since it is due to this confinement procedure, it depends on the transverse to the surface mass component. The effects due to an anisotropic effective mass on a noninteracting two‐dimensional electron gas confined to a curved surface are reported. By tailoring the mass, many investigations carried out in the literature can be improved, which in turn can be useful to better designing electronic systems without modifying the geometry of the given system. Some examples are examined, such as a particle on a helicoidal surface, on a cylinder, on a catenoid and on a cone, with some possible applications briefly discussed.     

Dispersion of surface plasmon polaritons on metal wires in the terahertz frequency range

We report the experimental and theoretical study of the dispersive behavior of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on cylindrical metal surfaces in the terahertz frequency range. Time-domain measurements of terahertz SPPs propagating on metal wires reveal a unique structure that is inconsistent with a simple extrapolation of the high frequency portion of the dispersion diagram for SPPs on a planar metal surface, and also distinct from that of SPPs on metal nanowires observed at visible and near-infrared frequencies. The results are consistent with a numerical solution of Maxwell's equations, showing that the dispersive behavior of SPPs on a cylindrical metal surface at terahertz frequencies is quite different from that of SPPs on a flat surface. These findings indicate the increasing importance of skin effects for SPPs in the terahertz range, as well as the enhancement of such effects on curved surfaces.     

Temperature dependence of low loss polymeric AWG

We investigate on the variation of loss and temperature dependence of a polymeric arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) depending on its substrate, by fabricating 16-channel polymeric AWGs with various substrate conditions. Insertion loss for a polymeric AWG on a silicon substrate is measured as low as 3.1 dB. The temperature-dependent wavelength shift for a polymeric AWG detached from the substrate is maintained within 0.1 nm from 20 to 80 °C. But we observe a degradation of insertion loss and a little instability in wavelength characteristics both for the detached polymeric AWG and for a polymeric AWG on a polymer substrate. We investigate on those optical properties of the polymeric AWGs based on measured thermal expansion properties of the polymers.     

Noncommutative Riemannian geometry on graphs

We show that arising out of noncommutative geometry is a natural family of edge Laplacians on the edges of a graph. The family includes a canonical edge Laplacian associated to the graph, extending the usual graph Laplacian on vertices, and we find its spectrum. We show that for a connected graph its eigenvalues are strictly positive aside from one mandatory zero mode, and include all the vertex degrees. Our edge Laplacian is not the graph Laplacian on the line graph but rather it arises as the noncommutative Laplace-Beltrami operator on differential 1-forms, where we use the language of differential algebras to functorially interpret a graph as providing a ‘finite manifold structure’ on the set of vertices. We equip any graph with a canonical ‘Euclidean metric’ and a canonical bimodule connection, and in the case of a Cayley graph we construct a metric compatible connection for the Euclidean metric. We make use of results on bimodule connections on inner calculi on algebras, which we prove, including a general relation between zero curvature and the braid relations.     

Hamiltonian cycles on random lattices of arbitrary genus

A Hamiltonian cycle of a graph is a closed path that visits every vertex once and only once. It has been difficult to count the number of Hamiltonian cycles on regular lattices with periodic boundary conditions, e.g. lattices on a torus, due to the presence of winding modes. In this paper, the exact number of Hamiltonian cycles on a random trivalent fat graph drawn faithfully on a torus is obtained. This result is further extended to the case of random graphs drawn on surfaces of an arbitrary genus. The conformational exponent y is found to depend on the genus linearly.     

Resonance two-photon pair production on nuclei and on electrons

Expressions are obtained for the cross section of photoproduction of an electron-positron pair on a nucleus and on an electron in the field of a weak electromagnetic wave in the resonance region corresponding to the virtual electron (positron) being on the mass shell. The magnitude of these cross sections relative to ordinary pair production by a photon on a nucleus and on an electron is estimated. It is shown that this mechanism can enhance pair production by a photon on a nucleus and on an electron in the resonance region with simultaneous detection of the electron (positron) at a large angle.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 2, pp. 12–15, February, 1981.We thank A. A. Sokolov for his interest in the work.     

Three paths toward the quantum angle operator

We examine mathematical questions around angle (or phase) operator associated with a number operator through a short list of basic requirements. We implement three methods of construction of quantum angle. The first one is based on operator theory and parallels the definition of angle for the upper half-circle through its cosine and completed by a sign inversion. The two other methods are integral quantization generalizing in a certain sense the Berezin–Klauder approaches. One method pertains to Weyl–Heisenberg integral quantization of the plane viewed as the phase space of the motion on the line. It depends on a family of “weight” functions on the plane. The third method rests upon coherent state quantization of the cylinder viewed as the phase space of the motion on the circle. The construction of these coherent states depends on a family of probability distributions on the line.     

Molecular dynamic simulation of lubricant spreading： effect from the substrate and endbead

Molecular dynamic simulations based on a coarse-grained, bead-spring model are adopted to investigate the spreading of both nonfunctional and functional perfluoropolyether (PFPE) on solid substrates. For nonfunctional PFPE, the spreading generally exhibits a smooth profile with a precursor film. The spreading profiles on different substrates are compared, which indicate that the bead-substrate interaction has a significant effect on the spreading behaviour, especially on the formation of the precursor film. For functional PFPE, the spreading generally exhibits a complicated terraced profile. The spreading profiles with different endbeads are compared, which indicate that the endbead-substrate interaction and the endbead--endbead interaction, especially the latter, have a significant effect on the spreading behaviour.     

Towards Realistic Vibration Testing of Large Floor Batteries for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV)

This contribution shows an analysis of vibration measurement on large floor-mounted traction batteries of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV). The focus lies on the requirements for a realistic replication of the mechanical environments in a testing laboratory. Especially the analysis on global bending transfer functions and local corner bending coherence indicate that neither a fully stiff fixation of the battery nor a completely independent movement on the four corners yields a realistic and conservative test scenario. The contribution will further show what implication these findings have on future vibration & shock testing equipment for large traction batteries. Additionally, it will cover an outlook on how vibration behavior of highly integrated approaches (cell2car) changes the mechanical loads on the cells.     

Growth of self-assembled copper nanostructure on conducting polymer by electrodeposition

In the present work, self-assembled nanostructures of copper are grown by electrodeposition on a thin conducting polymer (polypyrrole) film electropolymerized on a gold electrode. The shapes, sizes and the densities of the nanostructures are found to depend on the thickness of the polypyrrole thin film, which provides an easy means to control the morphology of these nanostructures. In particular, for the same applied potential on the gold electrode, smaller nanocrystals with a higher density are observed on thinner polymer films while bigger nanocrystals at a lower density are found on thicker films.     

A parallel Vlasov solver based on local cubic spline interpolation on patches

A method for computing the numerical solution of Vlasov type equations on massively parallel computers is presented. In contrast with Particle In Cell methods which are known to be noisy, the method is based on a semi-Lagrangian algorithm that approaches the Vlasov equation on a grid of phase space. As this kind of method requires a huge computational effort, the simulations are carried out on parallel machines. To that purpose, we present a local cubic splines interpolation method based on a domain decomposition, e.g. devoted to a processor. Hermite boundary conditions between the domains, using ad hoc reconstruction of the derivatives, provide a good approximation of the global solution. The method is applied on various physical configurations which show the ability of the numerical scheme.     

Basic Properties of Symplectic Dirac Operators

Symplectic Dirac operators, acting on symplectic spinor fields introduced by B.~Kostant in geometric quantization, are canonically defined in a similar way as the Dirac operator on Riemannian manifolds. These operators depend on a choice of a metaplectic structure as well as on a choice of a symplectic covariant derivative on the tangent bundle of the underlying manifold. This paper performs a complete study of these relations and shows further basic properties of the symplectic Dirac operators. Various examples are given for illustration. Received: 1 July 1996 / Accepted: 24 September 1996     

金属盐对生物质热解特性影响试验研究

基于深入了解生物质热解行为的目的,在自行研制的热解机理试验台上系统研究了金属盐对生物质热解的影响规律。试验结果表明,钾离子对生物油中的一些大分子量组分发生重聚反应生成焦炭和小分子气体产物具有强烈的催化作用,从而降低了热解生物油产量而得到更多的焦炭和气体产物。相比钾离子而言,钙离子对焦炭生成的促进作用更为强烈;镁离子对白松热解的影响远没有钾离子和钙离子明显。     

Interacting electrons on a two-dimensional surface: planar vs. spherical geometries

The center-of-mass excitations are identified in the spectrum of electrons on a two-dimensional surface in the lowest Landau level. The correspondence between the quantum numbers labeling electron states on a sphere and on a plane is drawn. The excitation spectrum on a sphere with increasing radius is shown to converge to that on a plane. In particular, in the presence of a lateral confinement (i.e. for the case of quantum dots), identical series of magic states appear in both cases. Also, a class of interaction potentials which lead to the fractional quantum Hall effect in an extended system are identified.     

Study of Si and C adatoms and SiC clusters on the silicon surface by the molecular dynamics method

Individual Si and C adatoms, as well as SiC clusters, on a Si surface are simulated by the molecular dynamics method in the course of investigation of the initial stages of formation of a SiC layer on silicon with the help of molecular beam epitaxy. The potential energy surfaces for Si and C adatoms on the (2 × 1) reconstructed Si(001) surface and on the nonreconstructed Si(111) surface, as well as on the Si(111) surface with a SiC cluster, are calculated and analyzed. The values of migration barriers for adatoms on these surfaces are calculated. The effect of the SiC cluster on deformation of the surface region of Si(111) and on the migration of adatoms is investigated. The deep minima observed on the potential energy surfaces immediately above a cluster and at its boundaries can trap diffusing adatoms. The distributions of stresses and strains in the silicon lattice under a cluster on the surface are studied and described.