油菜秸秆对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)吸附条件优化与机理的研究

探究油菜秸秆髓芯、外壳、籽荚对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附能力及其吸附机理。以水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)最大去除率为评价指标,采用响应面法Box-Behnken Design实验来分析溶液pH、Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度、粒径大小、油菜秸秆各部位投加量和时间因素对油菜秸秆吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响程度并建立多元回归模型,优化出最佳吸附条件参数组合;应用吸附动力学、等温吸附线模型来拟合油菜秸秆各部位对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附过程,评价其吸附行为;用红外光谱对吸附水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)前后的油菜秸秆髓芯、外壳、籽荚进行表征,探讨其基团变化情况。结果表明： 水溶液pH与油菜秸秆髓芯、外壳、籽荚的投加量两个因素是影响油菜秸秆对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)去除的关键因素。模型回归决定系数分别是R2_髓芯=0.9664,R2_外壳=0.970 1,R2_籽荚=0.964 9,方程拟合较好,模型可用。油菜秸秆髓芯、外壳、籽荚对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附行为符合二阶动力学方程与Langmuir等温线模型,对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)最大吸附量分别为135.14,78.74和90.09 mg·g-1。通过比较油菜秸秆髓芯、外壳、籽荚吸附水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)前后红外光谱图发现,油菜秸秆各部位基团(羟基、羧基、酰胺等基团)发生了峰波数位移、强度降低的变化,提示这些基团在吸附水溶液Pb(Ⅱ)过程中发挥重要作用。     

硫酸盐还原菌分泌胞外多聚物吸附Cu2+的特性

为探讨硫酸盐还原菌胞外多聚物(EPS)吸附Cu2+的特性,采用热力学平衡实验研究了EPS对Cu2+的吸附行为,并通过红外光谱(FTIR)和带能谱仪的扫描电镜(SEM-EDS)分析EPS吸附Cu2+前后官能团以及元素组成的变化来研究EPS吸附Cu2+的机理.结果表明,硫酸盐还原菌EPS对Cu2+的吸附平衡能较好地用Fre...     

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw Irradiated by Electron Beam in Presence of Peracetic Acid Solution

Abstract

Radiation pretreatments of wheat straw in the presence of peracetic acid solutions were carried out using an electron beam accelerator, in which the effects of various treatment conditions on the enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated in detail. As irradiation dose was increased, the effect of a combination of peracetic acid and irradiation on the enzymatic hydrolysis was remarkable. The combination of irradiation and pulverization was effective for reducing the size of wheat straw. The enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw irradiated with high irradiation doses (500 kGy above) was accelerated by a water-washing treatment after irradiation.     

Adsorptive removal of congo red dye from aqueous solution using bael shell carbon

This study investigates the potential use of bael shell carbon (BSC) as an adsorbent for the removal of congo red (CR) dye from aqueous solution. The effect of various operational parameters such as contact time, temperature, pH, and dye concentration were studied. The adsorption kinetics was modeled by first-order reversible kinetics, pseudo-first-order kinetics, and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The dye uptake process obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic expression at pH 5.7, 7 and 8 whereas the pseudo-first-order kinetic model was fitted well at pH 9. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption models were applied to fit adsorption equilibrium data. The best-fitted data was obtained with the Freundlich model. Thermodynamic study showed that adsorption of CR onto BSC was endothermic in nature and favorable with the positive ΔH° value of 13.613 kJ/mol.     

Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of dibenzothiophene from n-octane on bamboo charcoal

The adsorption of the model sulfur compound dibenzothiophene (DBT) from n-octane solution on to bamboo charcoal (BC) was investigated. The equilibrium and kinetics of DBT adsorption on BC were examined. Adsorption isotherm of DBT on BC was determined and correlated with two well-known isotherm equations (Langmuir and Freundlich). The equilibrium data for DBT adsorption fitted the Freundlich model well. Two simplified kinetic models including pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order equations were selected to follow the adsorption processes. The adsorption of DBT on BC can be best described by a pseudo second-order equation. The parameters of this best-fit kinetic model were calculated and discussed.     

Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics of the sorption of tetrabromobisphenol A on multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is widely used as a flame retardant and is relatively persistent in the environment. This study reports the sorption kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics of TBBPA on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The equilibrium sorption capacity has been significantly improved by increasing the initial TBBPA concentration and contact time. In alkaline conditions and at high temperatures, a large reduction of TBBPA uptake was observed. The equilibrium between TBBPA and MWCNTs was achieved in approximately 60 min with removal of 96% of the TBBPA. The sorption kinetics were well described by a pseudo-second-order rate model, while both Langmuir and Freundlich models described the sorption isotherms well at different temperatures. Thermodynamic parameters suggested that the sorption of TBBPA is exothermic and spontaneous at the temperatures studied.     

花生壳吸附水中苯酚的热力学与动力学研究

利用废弃的花生壳对水中苯酚进行吸附试验,考察了吸附的最佳条件、吸附热力学和动力学特征.采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线对平衡数据进行了线性拟合,结果表明,花生壳对苯酚的吸附平衡符合Freundlich等温方程.在298K下,吸附焓变△H=-5.12kJ ·moL^-1,自由能变△G=-4.41 kJ·moL^-1,熵变△S=-2.38J·mo1-1·K-1.表明：该吸附过程为自发进行的放热过程,其动力学行为更好的符合Lagergren准二级动力学模型.     

Ultrasonic degradation of oxalic acid in aqueous solutions

This paper describes the ultrasonic degradation of oxalic acid. The effects of ultrasonic power, H₂O₂, NaCl, external gases on the degradation of oxalic acid were investigated. Reactor flask containing oxalic acid was immersed in the ultrasonic bath with water as the coupling fluid. Representative samples withdrawn were analysed by volumetric titration. Degradation degree of oxalic acid increased with increasing ultrasonic power. It was observed that H₂O₂ has negative contribution on the degradation of oxalic acid and there was an optimum concentration of NaCl for enhancing the degradation degree of oxalic acid. Although bubbling nitrogen gave higher degradation than that for bubbling air, both gases (for 20 min before sonication and during sonication together) could not help to enhance the degradation of oxalic acid when compared with the degradation without gas passage.     

Effect of biotite content of hydrogels on enhanced removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution

A series of chitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid)/biotite (CTS-g-PAA/BT) hydrogels with unique clay biotite (BT) were prepared and used to remove cationic dye methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by batch adsorption experiments. Variables of the system including BT content, initial pH, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature affecting the adsorption efficiency of MB by CTS-g-PAA/BT hydrogels were investigated. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption data well followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to experimental equilibrium data of MB adsorption depending on temperature. The adsorption equilibrium data obeyed Langmuir isotherm, and the monolayer adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was 2,125.70 mg/g for CTS-g-PAA/10% BT at 30 °C. The adsorption capacity was much higher compared with other hydrogels with the same content of other clays. The introduction of BT into the hydrogel could effectively improve its adsorption properties and reduce the cost. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated for the dye-adsorbent systems and revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. All the information gave an indication that CTS-g-PAA/10% BT could potentially be applied as an efficient adsorbent for cationic dye removal from aqueous solution.     

常压连续反应性萃取法由预处理生物质制备乙酰丙酸(cited: 2)

采用双相联系流反应性萃取技术实现常压下小麦秸秆向乙酰丙酸的转化,其中生物质在水相中完成降解,形成乙酰丙酸,而后比水密度大的有机相作为乙酰丙酸的萃取相,把生成的乙酰丙酸萃取到有机相,并经过虹吸到收集瓶中,有机相经蒸馏可反复使用,实现了预处理生物质到乙酰丙酸的高效转化,乙酰丙酸最大的产率为30.66%.     

Intensification of biogas production using pretreatment based on hydrodynamic cavitation

The present work investigates the application of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) for the pretreatment of wheat straw with an objective of enhancing the biogas production. The hydrodynamic cavitation reactor is based on a stator and rotor assembly. The effect of three different speeds of rotor (2300, 2500, 2700 rpm), wheat straw to water ratios (0.5%, 1% and 1.5% wt/wt) and also treatment times as 2, 4 and 6 min have been investigated in the work using the design of experiments (DOE) approach. It was observed that the methane yield of 31.8 ml was obtained with untreated wheat straw whereas 77.9 ml was obtained with HC pre-treated wheat straw confirming the favourable changes during the pre-treatment. The combined pre-treatment using KOH and HC gave maximum yield of biogas as 172.3 ml. Overall, it has been established that significant enhancement in the biogas production can be obtained due to the pretreatment using HC which can also be further intensified by combination with chemical treatment.     

Alkane oxidation by the system ‘tert‐butyl hydroperoxide–[Mn2L2O3][PF6]2 (L = 1,4,7‐trimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane)–carboxylic acid’

The kinetics of cyclohexane (CyH) oxygenation with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in acetonitrile at 50 °C catalysed by a dinuclear manganese(IV) complex 1 containing 1,4,7‐trimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane and co‐catalysed by oxalic acid have been studied. It has been shown that an active form of the catalyst (mixed‐valent dimeric species ‘Mn^IIIMn^IV’) is generated only in the interaction between complex 1 and TBHP and oxalic acid in the presence of water. The formation of this active form is assumed to be due to the hydrolysis of the Mn? O? Mn bonds in starting compound 1 and reduction of one Mn^IV to Mn^III. A species which induces the CyH oxidation is radical tert‐BuO ^. generated by the decomposition of a monoperoxo derivative of the active form. The constants of the equilibrium formation and the decomposition of the intermediate adduct between TBHP and 1 have been measured: K = 7.4 mol^?1 dm³ and k = 8.4 × 10^?2 s^?1, respectively, at [H₂O] = 1.5 mol dm^?3 and [oxalic acid] = 10^?2 mol dm^?3. The constant ratio for reactions of the monomolecular decomposition of tert‐butoxy radical (tert‐BuO ^. → CH₃COCH₃ + CH) and its interaction with the CyH (tert‐BuO ^. + CyH → tert‐BuOH + Cy ^. ) was calculated: 0.26 mol dm^?3. One of the reasons why oxalic acid accelerates the oxidation is due to the formation of an adduct between oxalic acid and 1 (K ≈ 10³ mol^?1 dm³). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生物吸附剂ZL5-2对六价铬离子吸附作用的红外光谱分析

研究了Agrobacterium.sp产生的具有吸附作用的蛋白聚糖类物质ZL5-2对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附作用,并对吸附Cr(Ⅵ)前后及解吸附后的ZL5-2进行了红外光谱分析。结果表明,ZL5-2对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的最佳pH为0.5～1.5,随着pH增大,吸附作用减弱。60 min时吸附达到平衡,80 min后所有的Cr(Ⅵ)都被吸附。被吸附的Cr(Ⅵ)可以被解吸附,解吸率为13.6%～67.9%。通过红外光谱分析,发现吸附后ZL5-2在3 400 cm-1附近OH,NH伸缩振动峰强度减弱,并发生了约8 cm-1的位移,2 900 cm-1附近C—H伸缩振动减弱,1 600 cm-1处的酰胺Ⅰ带伸缩振动的相对强度减弱,并发生约13 cm-1的位移。解吸附后,OH,C—H伸缩振动又恢复到原来水平,而NH、酰胺Ⅰ带的伸缩振动未恢复到原来水平,推测该吸附过程存在可逆吸附和不可逆吸附,以可逆吸附为主。     

Hydrodynamic cavitation as a novel approach for delignification of wheat straw for paper manufacturing

The present work deals with application of hydrodynamic cavitation for intensification of delignification of wheat straw as an essential step in the paper manufacturing process. Wheat straw was first treated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) for 48 h and subsequently alkali treated wheat straw was subjected to hydrodynamic cavitation. Hydrodynamic cavitation reactor used in the work is basically a stator and rotor assembly, where the rotor is provided with indentations and cavitational events are expected to occur on the surface of rotor as well as within the indentations. It has been observed that treatment of alkali treated wheat straw in hydrodynamic cavitation reactor for 10–15 min increases the tensile index of the synthesized paper sheets to about 50–55%, which is sufficient for paper board manufacture. The final mechanical properties of the paper can be effectively managed by controlling the processing parameters as well as the cavitational parameters. It has also been established that hydrodynamic cavitation proves to be an effective method over other standard digestion techniques of delignification in terms of electrical energy requirements as well as the required time for processing. Overall, the work is first of its kind application of hydrodynamic cavitation for enhancing the effectiveness of delignification and presents novel results of significant interest to the paper and pulp industry opening an entirely new area of application of cavitational reactors.     

Ultrasound-ionic liquid enhanced enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of biomass cellulose

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of ultrasound-ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment on the enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of the sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw. The lignocellulosic biomass was dissociated in ILs ([Bmim]Cl and [Bmim]AOC) aided by ultrasound waves. Sonication was performed at different frequencies (20, 28, 35, 40, and 50 kHz), a power of 100 W, a time of 30 min and a temperature of 80 °C. The changes in the structure and crystallinity of the cellulose were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The amounts of the total reducing sugars, glucose, cellobiose, xylose and arabinose in the hydrolysates were determined. The results of FT-IR, XRD and TGA revealed that the structure of cellulose of both biomass samples remained intact after the pretreatment, but the crystallinity decreased. The enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of the biomass samples pretreated with the ultrasound-IL result in higher yields of the reducing sugars compared with the IL-pretreated sample. Enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse and wheat straw pretreated with [Bmim]Cl-ultrasound resulted in maximal yields of glucose at 20 kHz (40.32% and 53.17%) and acid hydrolysis resulted in maximal yields of glucose at 40 kHz (33.32% and 48.07%). Enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse and wheat straw pretreated with [Bmim]OAc-ultrasound show maximal yields of glucose at 28 kHz and acid hydrolysis at 50 kHz. Combination of ultrasound with [Bmim]OAc is more effective than [Bmim]Cl in terms of the yields of reducing sugar.     

Erfassung des Proteinstoffwechsels mit dem Isotop 15N bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

From the set of experiments, where transfer factors for transuranic elements in soil-plant system and basic soil parameters were determined, Romney's and Eriksson's experiments were undergone a multiple correlation and regression analysis. Effect of soil properties on soil-to-wheat grain and soil-to-wheat straw in Romney's experiments was studied. Different uptake of transuraniums by wheat grain and wheat straw was found. Conclusions for uptake of ^239,240Pu by wheat in Romney's experiment were different from results obtained in Eriksson's experiment for ²³⁸Pu.     

Microhydration of oxalic acid leading to dissociation

The effect of microhydration on the simplest dicarboxylic acid, namely oxalic acid, leading to the dissociation of its proton, is studied using first principle-based electronic structure calculations. The geometry of the hydrated clusters of oxalic acid considering up to seven water molecules is determined at ωB97X-D/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory. Solvent stabilisation and interaction energy parameters are calculated applying CCSD(T) level of theory. The calculated free energy of formation shows that the hydrated oxalic acid clusters are stable only at low temperature and pressure. Though the solvent stabilisation energy increases linearly with an increase in the size of the hydrated cluster, the calculated interaction energy, acidic O–H bond dipole moment and hydrogen bond energy show characteristic features of ion pair formation. The spectral manifestation of the weakening hydroxyl bond is observed as red shift in its stretching frequency. A rigid potential energy scan, altering the dissociating O–H bond length of the oxalic acid molecule, shows an energy barrier for acid to water proton transfer in all cases except hepta-hydrate of oxalic acid, where a barrier-less proton transfer occurs. The number of water molecules (n) needed for dissociation of oxalic acid molecule is consistent with the value obtained from recently reported emperical correlation between n and pKa.     

Sonolysis of an oxalic acid solution under xenon lamp irradiation

The photosonolysis of oxalic acid was carried out in an Ar atmosphere. The detectable products of sonolysis were CO₂, CO, H₂, and H₂O₂. The yield of CO₂ was higher than that for the sum of sonolysis and photolysis reactions. Namely, a synergistic effect was observed during simultaneous irradiations of 200 kHz ultrasound and Xe lamp. The degradation of oxalic acid was promoted by active species such as H₂O₂ produced from water by sonolysis. An oxalic acid–H₂O₂ complex is likely to be present in the solution, but could not be detected. The effects of not only the photo-irradiation but also the thermal or incident energy during Xe lamp illumination were also considered.     

用红外光谱法研究麦秸各层面的化学组成

本文以麦秸为例 ,用红外OMNI采样器研究了麦秸各层面红外光谱的差异 ,并进一步研究了麦草表面在不同的处理条件下 ,表面化学成分的变化规律。实验结果表明 :麦秸表面聚积着大量的SiO2 (～ 1 0 70cm- 1 ～ 80 0cm- 1 ) ,麦秸表皮层脂类物质含量高 (νCO =1 733cm- 1 )。麦秸表面的羟基 (～ 330 0cm- 1 )物质很少。麦秸的中层和内层主要是木素 ( 1 731 ,1 65 0 ,1 5 95 ,1 5 0 5 1 ,1 45 5 ,1 42 5 ,1 2 34,1 0 39和 835cm- 1 )和纤维素类物质 ( 335 0 ,2 935 ,2 85 0 ,1 65 0 ,1 45 5 ,1 430 ,1 367,1 31 7,1 1 60 ,1 0 34和 891cm- 1 )。木素的含量由外向里逐渐减少。麦秸表面的SiO2 是人造板制造中麦草不易粘接的主要原因。用热水处理后 ,表面仅有部分简单的碳水化合物和少量脂类物质溶出 ,而用NaOH处理麦草 ,可使表面的脂类物质和SiO2 溶出 ,便于人造板加工。