水平正方形小通道内氮气-水两相流流型特性

利用高速摄影仪对正方形小通道(dh=1 mm)内氮气-水两相水平流动进行可视化观察,对流动特性进行了实验研究.获得了典型的流型图像,并观测到了很少见的毛细泡状流,但是未发现常规尺寸通道中的层流流型.将本文实验结果与相关文献比较,结果表明:相同(相近)水力直径的小通道内,截面形状和实验条件对小通道内流型转变有显著的影响.     

超临界CO2在垂直圆管内对流换热实验研究

本文对超临界压力CO2在垂直圆管(Din=2mm)内在高进口雷诺数和低进口雷诺数条件下的对流换热进行了实验研究,以研究变物性、浮升力和热加速对流动和换热的影响.实验结果发现,在低进口雷诺数情况下,向上流动中管子入口处出现了局部壁面温度下降,而在向下流动中未观察到此类现象;在高进口雷诺数情况下,向上流动中壁面温度发生了异常分布,这主要是因为向上流动中浮升力使得湍流发生了层流化现象,而在向下流动中未观察到此类现象.     

细小圆管内液体流动特性实验研究

本文实验研究了去离子水在直径为 1.0～2.0 mm 的细小圆管中的流动阻力特性.通过比较相同直径、不同管长的压差,获得了摩擦因子及局部损失系数随 Re 数变化关系.本文实验条件下,对于不同直径的细小圆管,沿程压降及局部压降随流速变化趋势一致;随着管径减小,摩擦因子也减小,且在层流区和湍流区内均要比常规尺度条件下的小;对于不同直径的细小圆管,局部损失系数随 Re 数变化趋势基本一致,当 Re 数相同时,管径越小,对应的局部损失系数越大;对于直径为 1.0～2.0 mm 的细小圆管,临界雷诺数 Rec=2050～2300.     

流体横掠圆形微针肋热沉流动与传热特性

本文以去离子水为冷却工质,对流体横掠当量直径为90～200 μm的圆形微针肋阵列热沉的流动与传热特性进行了实验研究.实验数据显示:对于叉排实验件热沉,摩擦阻力系数对雷诺数的依变关系在Re=100前后发生转变;端壁效应、高径比和布置方式对摩擦阻力系数有很大影响;努塞尔特数随雷诺数的增大显著增大,其依变关系在双对数坐标下呈现较好的线性关系.     

微通道内流体流动的阻力特性

本文重点研究了微通道内入口效应和粗糙度等因素对流动阻力特性的影响。实验结果表明;对于粗糙度3.5%,水力直径为345μm的微圆管,入口段长度比常规管道短,转捩雷诺数Re_c位于2000～2300,其内入口效应并不影响微管内流体从层流到湍流转捩的拐点位置;内径为112.6μm和169.8μm,高宽比为0.59和0.63以及粗糙分别为1.29%和2.03%的矩形微通道内流动由层流向湍流的转捩发生在Re≈1600～2800之间。实验结果表明,微尺度是微管内流体转捩提前的必要条件,但不是充分条件,拐点提前是由多因素综合作用所造成的结果,其机理有待于进一步研究。     

用泊肖叶公式测液体粘滞系数条件的说明

作为测定液体粘滞系数的方法之一,用泊肖叶公式测液体的粘滞系数。目前几乎所有的高校都开设这一实验。翻阅手头上能得到的各校实验教材,可以看出对实验时应满足的条件,要么不予交待,要么交待得不全。下面对这个问题作一扼要说明。不言而喻,泊肖叶公式适用于稳定的层流情况。因此,它要求实验时所测流体在管中的流动必需是稳定的层流。我们知道,流体在管中的流动是层流还是紊流,可用雷诺数 R 的大小进行判断。通常认为,R<1000流体在管中的流动为层流;R>2000时为紊流;R 界于1000—2000     

表面粗糙度的分形特征及其对微通道内层流流动的影响

基于分形几何学,研究了表面粗糙度的分形特征.采用Weierstrass- Mandelbrot函数对多尺度自仿射的表面粗糙度进行了描述;建立了微通道内层流流动的三维模型并对表面粗糙度的影响进行了数值模拟,分析了雷诺数、相对粗糙度和分形维数对流动阻力特性的影响.研究结果表明,与常规尺度通道不同,粗糙微通道的Poiseuille数不再是常数,而是随雷诺数近似线性增加;相对粗糙度越大,流动产生的回流和分离所导致的流动压降越明显.在相同的相对粗糙度下,粗糙表面的分形维数越大,表面轮廓变化就越频繁,这也将导致流动阻 关键词： 粗糙度 层流阻力系数 微通道 分形     

周期性渐扩-渐缩通道层流流动与换热特性研究

以渐扩-渐缩通道内周期性充分发展的层流流动与换热为研究对象,采用SIMPLE算法,适体坐标网格及Amano周期性边界条件的实施方案对之进行数值模拟,计算了在层流范围内不同Re数下的流动与换热规律.结果表明,在Re=100~1000范围内,与平行平板通道相比,阻力增强了(10~200)%,换热增强了(40~320)%.     

多孔材料微通道流动沸腾可视化实验研究

微通道换热器因其结构紧凑、换热能力高、工质消耗少等优点成为解决微小空间"散热难"问题的有效途径之一,采用多孔材料制作的微通道热沉能够极大地增加换热面体比,因而可以进一步提高其换热能力.本文利用可视化手段对槽道翅片顶部与盖板间留有狭缝、通道截面为矩形(400 μm×600 μm)的开放型多孔微通道的流动沸腾现象进行实验研...     

流体在微细多孔介质中的流动阻力研究

本文对空气和水流过烧结微细多孔介质内部的流动阻力进行了实验研究和数值模拟,分析不同颗粒直径条件下摩擦因子与等效雷诺数的关系.结果表明:对于水,实验及数值模拟得到的摩擦因子与经验公式符合很好.对于空气,当颗粒直径为200μm和125 μm时,由于可压缩性的影响,摩擦因子略大于经验公式结果.当颗粒直径为90μm和40 μm时,实验及考虑速度滑移得到的摩擦因子小于经验公式结果.因此,当颗粒平均直径小于90 μm时,空气在微细多孔介质中的流动需要考虑稀薄气体效应.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.