膜片管束通道传热性能的数值研究

以膜片管束通道为研究对象,通过数值模拟分别对通道的入口段和充分发展段建立非稳态数学模型。在不同Re下的通道入口段中不同几何周期的相应截面上设置无量纲速度和无量纲温度的监测点,分析了入口段的换热特性,并且重点探讨了流动与换热进入周期性充分发展段后,改变管束排列方式对换热Nu的影响。结果表明:Re不同时,流动和换热进入充分发展需要经过的几何周期数也不同;进入充分发展段后,Nu随着管间距的减小而逐渐增加,而且对于大间距排列管束,改变圆管竖直方向间距对Nu的产生的影响更显著。     

锯齿形通道内流动与换热的数值分析

本文采用非稳态数学模型对锯齿形通道的周期性充分发展流动与换热进行了数值模拟。计算结果显示,在所考虑的参数条件下,Re≥100时温度场和流场随时间不断变化,同时Nu数也随时间发生周期性振荡,并且随着Re的增大这种变化越明显;Re≥250时通道内开始产生旋涡,换热不断增强。计算得到的平均Nusselt数与现有文献中相近问题的试验关联式基本吻合。     

周期性矩形槽通道内对流换热的振荡

采用非稳态数学模型,通过数值模拟对周期性矩型槽通道内流动和换热的振荡特性进行了研究。结果表明:随着Re的增大,对流换热从入口后某一个几何周期开始振荡,振幅沿着通道逐渐增加,并经过若干周期后振幅基本不变;对于不同的Re开始振荡的几何周期数不同;当振幅基本不变时,各几何周期的平均Nu及相应点的速度按时间的平均值基本相等,表明振荡的流动和换热特征参数的时均值仍然具有周期性充分发展的特征;通道中突出物高度对振荡有显著影响,突出部分越高,开始振荡的几何周期数越小。     

锯齿型通道湍流流动和换热的自维持振荡

采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对锯齿形通道内流动和换热进行了数值模拟。对以时均方程法模拟得到的流场、温度场以及U-V相图、Nu-θ相图进行了分析。研究表明,在本文计算的Re范围内,数值计算结果仍能反映出周期性通道内流动和换热的自维持振荡特性,无量纲速度U,通道平均Nu数随时间作周期性振荡,并且振荡幅度、频率随Re数的增大而增大。     

锯齿型通道流动和换热的周期性研究

本文对锯齿型通道内流动与换热的周期性进行了数值模拟.在Re=550～700范围内,入口段后的各几何周期的平均Nu数已随时间发生振荡,且随Re数增大,振荡起始位置朝入口方向移动;发生振荡的各几何周期的流场、无量纲温度场虽然在同一时刻不尽相同,但在不同的时刻可以找到近乎相同的流场和温度场,而且各几何周期平均Ⅳu数其振荡幅度基本相同,对时间求平均值后也基本相同,因此仍具有周期性充分发展的一些特性.     

内螺纹肋管内流动与传热的数值模拟

本文以空气为介质(Pr=0.698),通过数值模拟的方法在Re=600-2000的范围内对内螺纹肋管内周期性充分发展的层流流动进行了模拟分析,说明了不同Re、螺纹肋的旋转角度α、螺纹肋的牙数N8对速度环量、Nu、Nu和阻力系数的影响,并通过对Nu和速度环量之间的关系进行了分析,得出在内螺纹肋管内强化换热流动中决定换热强度的物理量一速度环量。     

带间断性矩肋的平行平板通道中三维流动与换热的数值模拟

1数学描述与计算方法周期性变化的几何结构是广泛应用的一种强化换热形式＊‘］。文献中有关的数值研究多限于二维清形，三维的研究相对较少。本文针对沿流向周期性布置矩肋的平行平板通道，对层流周期性充分发展的流动与换热进行了三维数值模拟。计算单元如图1所示。对于不可压缩流体，忽略体积力时的控制方程为：图1矩助通道计算单元表1式（l）中各乡变量的含义式中d取不同值的对应关系见表1。设通道几何周期长度为S，则对充分发展状态的计算单元进出边界有如下关系：据文献＊，周期性充分发展流动的压力可以分解为两部分：式中o为一个周…     

几何因子对波纹通道内稳态流动与换热的影响

采用曲线坐标系下压力与速度耦合SIMPLER算法,数值研究了一种波纹通道内周期性充分发展的稳态层流流动与换热情况,流动Re数的范围为20～500,Pr数为0.7.计算考察了不同Re数、纵宽比γ及纵横比∮对换热与阻力的影响.计算结果表明,Re数、纵宽比γ及纵横比∮较小时流体不出现任何回流;整体Nu数及fRe数随着Re数,纵宽比γ及纵横比∮的增加而增加,换热增强,但同时流动阻力增加.其计算结果可为波纹通道的设计提供参考依据.     

混合板式换热器板通道的数值模拟研究

本文采用二维非稳态数学模型、周期性充分发展边界条件对混合板式换热器中的板通道内的流动和换热进行数值模拟。在Re=4407～22035工况范围内,计算了半圆型、半椭圆Ⅰ型和半椭圆Ⅱ型三种不同纵截面形状波纹板通道内的流动和换热性能。数值模拟结果分析表明,波纹通道内的流动会因为流体从凸面流向凹面时产生回流而形成涡,即产生扰动,强化了后面的换热,但同时增大了阻力。并得出半圆型通道换热最强,Nu为椭圆Ⅱ型的1.4倍;但其阻力最大,压降为椭圆Ⅱ型的1.9倍。     

肋片间距对环形通道流动和换热的影响

本文用稳态层流模型对几种具有不同肋片间距的环型通道内的流动和换热进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明:长直肋片截断后,流动和换热沿长度方向具有周期性的入口段效应,从而增强了换热.与长直肋片通道相比,βL=13/7时,换热增强了27%,而阻力仅增加6.8%.对于带肋环形通道,Re数增大,换热增强.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.