充分发展湍流场中Pr数对被动标量输运的影响

采用直接数值模拟方法,研究壁湍流中分子Pr数对湍流被动标量输运的影响.发现在槽道湍流的外层,湍流雷诺平均普朗特数PrT与分子普朗特数的倒数呈线性关系;湍流亚格子普朗特数PrT与分子普朗特数的关系较为复杂,在分子普朗特数为1附近时,湍流亚格子Prt数出现极小值.     

可压缩自由剪切流混合转捩大涡模拟

针对湍流气动光学效应与冲压发动机气体混合机理问题,开展了可压缩混合层流动空间模式大涡模拟和时间模式直接数值模拟研究.通过对流场(包含亚/亚混合、超/亚混合两种情况)失稳、转捩直至完全湍流的空间发展过程的研究表明,对流Mach数0.4状态下流场失稳以二维最不稳定扰动为主;非线性发展中,基频涡对并及展向涡撕裂主控流动转捩,流场发生混合转捩;转捩后脉动流场基本达到局部各向同性,此时,湍流Mach数低于0.3,流动压缩性可近似忽略.     

不同热物性下串联双圆柱共轭传热的数值分析

基于Chimera网格采用有限体积法模拟串联双圆柱在亚临界区的共轭传热,采用二维瞬态N-S方程,结合RNG k-ε湍流模型和压力Poisson方程方法,分析亚临界区(Re=6×104)不同固体与流体热容比以及导热系数比下,圆柱表面努赛尔数和圆柱内无量纲温度的变化规律.结果表明,圆柱内温度稳定后最高温度随着导热系数比的提高减小并逐渐趋于平缓,但体积热容比对于稳定后的温度场影响并不明显;另外圆柱内部最高温度位置随导热系数比提高而向后圆柱后部移动;下游圆柱的表面温度以及柱内最高温度均高于上游圆柱,而上游圆柱努赛尔数要高于下游圆柱.     

植被层湍流的大涡模拟

研究植被层湍流的大涡模拟,发展了一个TSF（transientstructurefunction）亚格于模式,尽可能真实地处理植被湍流这种既有强剪切,又有热对流的流动．我们建立了植被湍流数据库,并进行了较为详细的分析研究．湍流统计量如平均风速剖面、雷诺应力、湍流脉动能等等,与有关观测结果作了对比,符合较好．大涡模拟计算同样发现已由现场观测到的、在强对流情况时出现的温度场斜坡型有组织结构．     

超声速平板边界层斜波失稳转捩过程研究

以5阶迎风和6阶对称紧致格式混合差分求解三维可压缩滤波Navier-Stokes方程，对Mach 数为4.5, Reynolds数为10000的空间发展平板边界层湍流进行了大涡模拟. 时间推进采用 紧致存储3阶Runge-Kutta方法，亚格子尺度模型为修正Smagorinsky涡黏性模型. 通过在 入口边界叠加一对线性最不稳定第一模态斜波扰动，数值模拟得到了平板层流边界层失稳转 捩直至湍流的演化过程. 对流场转捩过程中瞬时量及统计平均量的分析表明，数值模拟结果 与理论吻合，得到的Y型剪切层、交替\Lambda涡结构以及转捩后期的发卡涡结构的发展 变化与相关文献结果一致，湍流流谱定性合理.     

亚网格尺度稳定化有限元求解不可压黏性流动

从亚网格尺度稳定化方法的基本原理出发, 提出了适合时间推进求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程获得定常解的SGS稳定化方法. 基于一定程度的近似和简化, 获得了与时间步长相关的稳定化参数, 从而排除了传统SGS稳定化方法在求解高Re数、小时间步长问题时所引发的数值不稳定性. 把SGS稳定化方法应用于求解不可压湍流, 结合标准k-\varepsilon湍流模型和壁面函数法估计湍流黏性系数, 详细讨论了壁面函数法的实施、湍流输运方程的求解和保证湍流变量非负性的限制策略, 发展了时间推进求解不可压湍流的分离式算法. 二维外掠后台阶层流和湍流计算结果表明,该方法求解不可压黏性流动是可行的, 并且具有稳定性好、计算精度高的特点.      

槽道湍流近壁区多尺度输运特性研究

利用槽道湍流直接数值模拟的数据库和离散正交子波，对近壁湍流的多尺度输运特性进 行了研究. 通过在流向和展向分别进行子波多尺度分解，得到了近壁区湍动能在流向和展向 多尺度传输的不同性质，发现流向传输以能量的反传为主，而在展向能量存在明显的正传， 并且当过滤尺度较大时以正传为主. 近壁湍流能量传输的各向异性为进一步构造各向异 性大涡模拟亚格子模式提供了必要的参考.     

一种用于分析封闭腔内湍流自然对流换热的k-ε新模型

由于目前用于求解湍流自然对流流动与传热的k-ε模型在应用过程中存在不足,结合高雷诺数k-ε模型需要借助壁面函数法来确定壁面上相关参数值和低雷诺数k-ε模型在近壁区布置更多节点以便获得粘性底层详细信息的特点,重新定义了湍流普朗特数σt的计算式,提出了一种修正的k-ε新模型;利用该模型对封闭方腔内的湍流自然对流流动与传热进行了数值分析。结果表明:与文献中数值模拟结果相比,当108≤Ra≤1014时本文模型所得壁面平均努塞尔特数更接近文献中的实验值,与实验值之间的相对误差在8%以内;壁面的局部努塞尔特数与文献中的实验值吻合得较好。这说明本文模型用于求解封闭腔内湍流流动与传热问题是合适的,比其它湍流模型更能准确地描述封闭腔内湍流自然对流换热中边界层发展与壁面传热特性之间的内在联系。     

入口速度比对射流拟序结构的影响

为了深入了解湍流流动机理以及湍流拟序结构发现过程的影响因素，本文采用大涡模拟方法对不同入口射流伴流速度比的平面湍射流流动进行了数值模拟。采用分步投影法求解动量方程，亚格子项采用标准Smagorinsky亚格子模式模拟，压力泊松方程采用修正的循环消去法快速求解，空间方程采用二阶精度的差分格式，在时间方向上采用二阶精度的显式差分格式。模拟结果给出了平面射流中湍流拟序结构的瞬态发展演变过程，分析了入口速度比对射流拟序结构发展演化过程及宏观流场形态的影响。为进一步研究射流拟序结构及其在湍流流动中的作用提供了基础。     

基于人工神经网络的湍流大涡模拟方法

大涡模拟方法(LES)是研究复杂湍流问题的重要工具,在航空航天、湍流燃烧、气动声学、大气边界层等众多工程领域中具有广泛的应用前景.大涡模拟方法采用粗网格计算大尺度上的湍流结构,并用亚格子(SGS)模型近似表达滤波尺度以下的流动结构对大尺度流场的作用.传统的亚格子模型由于只利用了单点流场信息和简单的函数关系,在先验验证中相对误差较大, 在后验验证中耗散过强. 近几年来,机器学习方法在湍流建模问题中得到了越来越多的应用.本文介绍了基于人工神经网络(ANN)的湍流亚格子模型的最新进展.详细地讨论了人工神经网络混合模型、空间人工神经网络模型和反卷积人工神经网络模型的构造方法.借助于人工神经网络强大的数据插值能力,新的亚格子模型的先验精度和后验精度均有显著提升. 在先验验证中,新模型所预测的亚格子应力的相关系数超过了0.99,在预测精度上远高于传统的大涡模拟模型. 在后验验证中,新模型对各类湍流统计量和瞬态流动结构的预测都优于隐式大涡模拟方法、动态Smagorinsky模型、动态混合模型等传统模型.因此, 人工神经网络方法在发展复杂湍流的先进大涡模拟模型中具有很大的潜力.      

Passive heat transfer in a turbulent channel flow simulation using large eddy simulation based on the lattice Boltzmann method framework

In this paper, a large eddy simulation based on the lattice Boltzmann framework is carried out to simulate the heat transfer in a turbulent channel flow, in which the temperature can be regarded as a passive scalar. A double multiple relaxation time (DMRT) thermal lattice Boltzmann model is employed. While applying DMRT, a multiple relaxation time D3Q19 model is used to simulate the flow field, and a multiple relaxation time D3Q7 model is used to simulate the temperature field. The dynamic subgrid stress model, in which the turbulent eddy viscosity and the turbulent Prandtl number are dynamically computed, is integrated to describe the subgrid effect. Not only the strain rate but also the temperature gradient is calculated locally by the non-equilibrium moments. The Reynolds number based on the shear velocity and channel half height is 180. The molecular Prandtl numbers are set to be 0.025 and 0.71. Statistical quantities, such as the average velocity, average temperature, Reynolds stress, root mean square (RMS) velocity fluctuations, RMS temperature and turbulent heat flux are obtained and compared with the available data. The results demonstrate great reliability of DMRT–LES in studying turbulence.     

Passive heat transfer in a turbulent channel flow simulation using large eddy simulation based on the lattice Boltzmann method framework

In this paper, a large eddy simulation based on the lattice Boltzmann framework is carried out to simulate the heat transfer in a turbulent channel flow, in which the temperature can be regarded as a passive scalar. A double multiple relaxation time (DMRT) thermal lattice Boltzmann model is employed. While applying DMRT, a multiple relaxation time D3Q19 model is used to simulate the flow field, and a multiple relaxation time D3Q7 model is used to simulate the temperature field. The dynamic subgrid stress model, in which the turbulent eddy viscosity and the turbulent Prandtl number are dynamically computed, is integrated to describe the subgrid effect. Not only the strain rate but also the temperature gradient is calculated locally by the non-equilibrium moments. The Reynolds number based on the shear velocity and channel half height is 180. The molecular Prandtl numbers are set to be 0.025 and 0.71. Statistical quantities, such as the average velocity, average temperature, Reynolds stress, root mean square (RMS) velocity fluctuations, RMS temperature and turbulent heat flux are obtained and compared with the available data. The results demonstrate great reliability of DMRT–LES in studying turbulence.     

On the role of the smallest scales of a passive scalar field in a near-wall turbulent flow

Role of the smallest diffusive scales of a passive scalar field in the near-wall turbulent flow was examined with pseudo-spectral numerical simulations. Temperature fields were analyzed at friction Reynolds number Re _τ=171 and at Prandtl numbers, Pr=1 and Pr=5.4. Results of direct numerical simulations (DNS) were compared with the under-resolved simulations where the velocity field was still resolved with the DNS accuracy, while a coarser grid was used to describe the temperature fields. Since the smallest temperature scales remained unresolved in these simulations, an appropriate spectral turbulent thermal diffusivity was applied to avoid pile-up at the higher wave numbers. In spite of coarser numerical grids, the temperature fields are still highly correlated with the DNS results, including instantaneous temperature fields. Results point to practically negligible role of the diffusive temperature scales on the macroscopic behavior of the turbulent heat transfer.     

Assessment of stretched vortex subgrid‐scale models for LES of incompressible inhomogeneous turbulent flow

The physical space version of the stretched vortex subgrid scale model is tested in LES of the turbulent lid‐driven cubic cavity flow. LES is carried out by using a higher order finite‐difference method. The effects of different vortex orientation models and subgrid turbulence spectrums are assessed through comparisons of the LES predictions against DNS. Three Reynolds numbers 12000, 18000, and 22000 are studied. Good agreement with the DNS data for the mean and fluctuating quantities is observed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DNS of a spatially developing turbulent boundary layer with passive scalar transport

A direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a spatially developing turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate under zero pressure gradient (ZPG) has been carried out. The evolution of several passive scalars with both isoscalar and isoflux wall boundary condition are computed during the simulation. The Navier–Stokes equations as well as the scalar transport equation are solved using a fully spectral method. The highest Reynolds number based on the free-stream velocity U_∞ and momentum thickness θ is Re_θ=830, and the molecular Prandtl numbers are 0.2, 0.71 and 2. To the authors’ knowledge, this Reynolds number is to date the highest with such a variety of scalars. A large number of turbulence statistics for both flow and scalar fields are obtained and compared when possible to existing experimental and numerical simulations at comparable Reynolds number. The main focus of the present paper is on the statistical behaviour of the scalars in the outer region of the boundary layer, distinctly different from the channel-flow simulations. Agreements as well as discrepancies are discussed while the influence of the molecular Prandtl number and wall boundary conditions is also highlighted. A Pr scaling for various quantities is proposed in outer scalings. In addition, spanwise two-point correlation and instantaneous fields are employed to investigate the near-wall streak spacing and the coherence between the velocity and the scalar fields. Probability density functions (PDF) and joint probability density functions (JPDF) are shown to identify the intermittency both near the wall and in the outer region of the boundary layer. The present simulation data will be available online for the research community.     

DNS of turbulent heat transfer in a channel flow with a high spatial resolution

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent heat transfer in a channel flow are performed to investigate the effects of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers on higher-order turbulence statistics such as a turbulent Prandtl number and the budget for the dissipation rate of the temperature variance. The Reynolds numbers based on the friction velocity and the channel half width are 180 and 395, and the molecular Prandtl numbers Pr’s 0.71–10.0. Careful attention is paid to ensure accuracy of the higher-order statistics through the use of a high spatial resolution comparable to Batchelor length scale. The wall-asymptotic value of the turbulent Prandtl number is mostly independent of Reynolds number for the current range of Pr’s. The budget for the dissipation rate of the temperature variance has been computed, and the negligible effect of a Reynolds number on the sum of all source and sink terms in near-wall region in the current computational range is found. This result is quite similar to the one in the budget for the dissipation rate of turbulent energy. In addition, a priori test for existing models is also performed to assess the Pr dependence on the individual terms and their summations in the budget.     

Large eddy simulation of turbulent channel flow using an algebraic model

In this paper an algebraic model from the constitutive equations of the subgrid stresses has been developed. This model has an additional term in comparison with the mixed model, which represents the backscatter of energy explicitly. The proposed model thus provides independent modelling of the different energy transfer mechanisms, thereby capturing the effect of subgrid scales more accurately. The model is also found to depict the flow anisotropy better than the linear and mixed models. The energy transfer capability of the model is analysed for the isotropic decay and the forced isotropic turbulence. The turbulent plane channel flow simulation is performed over three Reynolds numbers, Re_τ=180, 395 and 590, and the results are compared with that of the dynamic model, Smagorinsky model, and the DNS data. Both the algebraic and dynamic models are in good agreement with the DNS data for the mean flow quantities. However, the algebraic model is found to be more accurate for the turbulence intensities and the higher‐order statistics. The capability of the algebraic model to represent backscatter is also demonstrated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mixing in Isotropic Turbulence with Scalar Injection and Applications to Subgrid Modeling

A new technique for injecting scalar fluctuations in a DNS of isotropic turbulence is presented. It is used to study statistically steady states associated with different levels of mixing. The results are analysed in terms of spectra and PDF, and they are used as a database to investigate the effect of the filtering operation that is performed in LES. It is shown that the PDF of the scalar is substantially affected by the filtering operation. It is also shown that the Cook and Riley [1] subgrid model allows reconstruction of a PDF which is in fairly good agreement with the unfiltered DNS results. The consequences of estimating the scalar subgrid variance by scale similarity assumptions are investigated. It is found that the results are improved by a local determination of the model constant. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

DNS and Modelling of Passive Scalar Transport in Turbulent Channel Flow with a Focus on Scalar Dissipation Rate Modelling

A direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow with an imposed mean scalar gradient is analyzed with a focus on passive scalar flux modelling and in particular the treatment of the passive scalar dissipation equation. The Prandtl number is 0.71 and the Reynolds number based on the wall friction velocity and the channel half width is 265. Budgets are presented for the passive scalar variance and its dissipation rate, as well as for the individual scalar flux components. These form a basis for a discussion of modelling issues related to explicit algebraic scalar flux modelling. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.