阳离子X_3~+(X=Sc,Y,La)团簇d轨道芳香性的理论研究

运用密度泛函(DFT)和关联从头算(correlated ab initio)理论,对阳离子X_3~+(X=Sc、Y、La)和相关的中性X_3Cl(X=Sc、Y、La)团簇的稳定结构与芳香性进行研究.计算结果表明,X_3~+阳离子有两个稳定异构体:正三角型(D_(3h))和线型(D_(∞h)),其中正三角型为基态.对于中性的X_3Cl团簇,Sc_3Cl有三个稳定的异构体:三角金字塔型(C_(3v))、双齿型(C_(2v)-1)和C_(2v)-2型(图1);而Y_3Cl和La_3Cl只有2个稳定的异构体:三角金字塔型(C_(3v))和双齿型(C_(2v)-1).但这三个中性X_3Cl团簇的基态都是双齿型(C_(2v)-1)结构.对阳离子正三角型(D_(3h))基态结构进行共振能(RE)和核独立化学位移(NICS)的计算结果表明,X_3~+正三角型异构体展现出较高的芳香性.详细的分子轨道分析显示,正三角型Sc_3~+和Y_3~+阳离子有一个离域的π型分子轨道,显现出单π-芳香性;而正三角型La_3~+阳离子有一个离域的σ型分子轨道,显现出单σ-芳香性.X_3~+单π-芳香性或单σ-芳香性主要源于过渡金属Sc、Y和La的d原子轨道的贡献.另外,通过分子轨道分析还发现,当一个补偿阴离子Cl~-分别与Sc_3~+、Y_3~+阳离子结合成中性Sc_3Cl、Y_3Cl团簇时,其组成单元Sc_3~+、Y_3~+的芳香类型从原π-芳香性变为σ-芳香性,而当一个补偿阴离子Cl~-与La_3~+阳离子结合成中性La_3Cl时,其组成单元La_3~+原σ-芳香性保持不变.换言之,三个中性X_3Cl团簇都只显现出单σ-芳香性.     

Sc12X团簇(X=B,C,N,Al,Si,P)的电子结构和稳定性

基于第一性原理,在密度泛函理论框架下,用广义梯度近似(GGA)研究二十面体Sc12X(X=B、C、N、Al、Si、P)中性和荷电团簇的电子结构和稳定性,系统计算了它们的基态束缚能(BE)、原子间平衡间距、最高占据轨道(HOMO)与最低占据轨道(LUMO)之间的能隙、局域电荷以及HOMO电子构型.研究表明,用C、Si原子或荷电后的B、N、Al、P离子分别替代团簇Sc13中心原子可以使其成为稳定的结构.Sc12X团簇束缚能改变的原因在于掺杂改变了中心原子或离子与表面原子的轨道杂化.     

Theoretical Study on the Stable Structures and Aromaticities for Pnictogen Dianionic Sb42-, Bi42-, and (SbBi)22- Clusters

运用密度泛函方法(B3LYP)和后Hartree-Fock (post-HF：MP2、CCSD(T)),对三个新的磷属二价阴离子团簇Sb42-、Bi42-和(SbBi)22-的几个可能的同分异构体进行结构优化、振动频率和原子化能的理论计算．计算结果表明Sb42-和Bi42-团簇有三种稳定的结构：正方形(D4h)、屋顶型(roof,C2v-1)和C2v-2结构,其中正方形结构是基态．由异原子组成的(SbBi)22-团簇也有三种稳定结构：菱形(D4h)、屋顶型(roof,C1)和C2v结构,其中菱形结构是基态．计算显示Sb42-、Bi42-和(SbBi)22-团簇的所有屋顶型(roof)结构的核独立化学位移(NICS)全部为负值,从而说明这些屋顶型结构拥有芳香性;平面环结构(正方形或菱形)的核独立化学位移值全部为正值,说明这三种平面环结构具有反芳香性．用分子轨道分析对这两类屋顶型和平面环结构的芳香性和反芳香性作了解释和讨论．     

全金属负离子团簇Ga42-、 In42-芳香性的磁特征与多重芳香性

运用密度泛函理论的两种方法(B3LYP、B3PW91)与二级微扰方法(MP2),对二价负离子全金属团簇Ga42-、In42-的稳定结构、振动频率与电子总能量作了计算.在此基础上,运用B3LYP与HF两种方法,着重对最稳定的正方形结构的Ga42-、In42-团簇的两种磁性质:各向异性磁化率与核独立化学位移进行了研究.计算结果表明,正方形结构Ga42-、In42-团簇具有很强的芳香性.接着对它们进行细致的分子轨道结构分析,揭示了正方形结构Ga42-、In42-团簇具有多重芳香性,一个非局域π分子轨道与两个非局域σ分子轨道对此两种金属团簇的芳香性都起了重要作用.     

对全金属La42-团簇芳香性的从头算理论研究

我们将芳香性扩展到全金属阴离子团簇La42-.运用从头算方法(B3LYP/LANL2DZ, B3PW91/LANL2DZ and MP2/LANL2DZ)进行了结构优化.计算结果显示,阴离子团簇有两个同分异构体,一个是C2v结构,另一个是正方形D4h结构.进一步对能量的分析得出,D4h结构比C2v结构更稳定.对最稳定的D4h结构计算了核独立位移(NICS),结果显示正方形的La42-环呈现强芳香性.详细的分子轨道(Mos)分析揭示正方形的La42-环拥有四个独立的离域化成键系统,每一个系统拥有两个电子,分别满足4n + 2芳香性电子计算规则,因此呈现四重芳香性.     

对全金属La2-4团簇芳香性的从头算理论研究简

我们将芳香性扩展到全金属阴离子团簇La2-4.运用从头算方法(B3LYP/LANL2DZ,B3PW91/LANL2DZ and MP2/LANL2DZ)进行了结构优化.计算结果显示,阴离子团簇有两个同分异构体,一个是C2v结构,另一个是正方形D4h结构.进一步对能量的分析得出,D4h结构比C2v结构更稳定.对最稳定的D4h结构计算了核独立位移(NICS),结果显示正方形的La2-4环呈现强芳香性.详细的分子轨道(Mos)分析揭示正方形的La2-4环拥有四个独立的离域化成键系统,每一个系统拥有两个电子,分别满足4n+2芳香性电子计算规则,因此呈现四重芳香性.     

Sc12X（X=C、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb）团簇的几何构形和电子结构研究

基于第一性原理,在密度泛函理论框架下,用广义梯度近似(GGA)研究二十面体Sc12X(X=C、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb)团簇的几何构形和电子结构,系统计算了它们的束缚能(BE)、最高占据轨道(HOMO)与最低未占据轨道(LUMO)之间的能隙(ΔE)、局域磁矩( )及团簇的平均键长( )。研究表明,用C、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb分别替代Sc13团簇中心或表面原子可以使其成为更稳定结构(除Sc12Pb外)。掺杂团簇Sc12X中,当杂质原子X比Sc原子的原子量大很多时,具有C5V对称性的构形比具有Ih对称性的构形更稳定;当杂质原子X比Sc原子的原子量小时,具有对称Ih对称性的构形比具有C5V对称性的构形更稳定(除Sc12C团簇外)。Sc12C团簇的稳定性出现异常,其原因与轨道杂化有关。     

中性及带电混合团簇Al12X(X=Li、Na、K、Rb、Cs结构和磁性的密度泛函研究

以四种13原子高对称性(Ih、Oh、D5h、D3h)密堆积结构为初始构型,通过不等价位原子替换,利用密度泛函理论系统研究了中性及带电Al12X(X=Li、Na、K、Rb、Cs)混合团簇的结构及磁性.结果表明:带电影响团簇稳定性序列且带正电影响显著强于负电情形;相较负电,对中性Al12X及正电Al12X+团簇基态均出现明显的近能同分异构现象;相较中性团簇,带电各混合团簇化学活性普遍降低;全部混合团簇基态均体现出磁矩最小化效应.     

B_nY(n=1—11)团簇的结构和电子性质

利用密度泛函理论TPSSh方法对B采用6-311+G(d),对Y采用Lanl2dz相对论有效势基组,研究了BnY(n=1—11)团簇的平均结合能、二阶能量差分、最高分子占据轨道和最低空轨道之间的能级间隙、极化率和第一静态超极化率等物理化学性质.结果表明,随着尺寸的增大,BnY(n=1—11)团簇的最低能量结构从平面逐步演变为立体结构.随硼原子数n的增加,团簇的平均结合能表明了较好的热力学稳定性,有利于Y掺杂B团簇形成较大的块体材料.二阶能量差分表明基态B3Y,B5Y和B7Y团簇较相邻团簇稳定.能隙表明了基态B3Y,B5Y,B7Y和B9Y的化学稳定性较高.综合说明BnY(n=1—11)硼团簇中,基态B3Y,B5Y和B7Y具有较好的稳定性.极化率表明基态BnY团簇的电子结构随B原子的增加趋于紧凑,第一静态超极化率表明基态B5Y,B4Y,B3Y和B6Y平面结构的团簇具有明显的非线性光学性质,为寻找性能优异的非线性光学材料提供了一定的参考.     

In_nNa_m和In_nNa_m~+(n+m≤5;m,n≠0)团簇结构和性质的研究

采用密度泛函理论中的B3LYP方法,对In_nNa_m和In_nNa_m~+(n+m≤5;m,n≠0)混合团簇的所有可能构型进行了优化,并作了频率计算.结果表明:较大团簇大多是由较小团簇生长而来的,In_3Na_2团簇有较为丰富的异构体,绝大多数阳离子团簇的稳定结构与其中性稳定结构是相似的;中性团簇基态结构的平均结合能和能隙随Na原子个数变化的趋势基本一致;InNa_3和In_3Na_2的垂直电离能和绝热电离能的差别较大;团簇中的Na原子容易失去电子,而In原子倾向于得到电子.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.