通断微通道流动特性的数值模拟研究

微通道换热器以其良好换热能力已被广泛地应用于当前的实验研究中,通过数值模拟的方法对通断微通道内的流动特性进行了研究。重点分析了通道结构对微通道内速度分布、压力分布的影响。结果显示,通断通道的整体压降比连续通道增加了17%,当微通道内的雷诺数1 500时,微通道内单相流动达到了旺盛湍流,宽高比对压降的影响消失。通断通道结构下的流动转捩雷诺数600～800之间,比常规尺度下的转捩雷诺数低得多(2 300左右)。通过通道数对流动性能的研究发现,增加通道数,有利于降低整体压降并增加流动稳定性。     

微通道冷却器内流动和传热特性的数值模拟

为满足固体激光器用微通道冷却器的换热要求, 根据冷却器结构分别建立了二维和三维物理模型, 利用计算流体力学方法首先对比研究两者的流动特性, 然后考察雷诺数和玻片生热量对微通道流动和传热特性的影响。结果表明:对于类似大平板间的矩形微通道层流流动区域, 其流动及传热特性可直接采用二维简化模型进行模拟分析;对于重点关注的转捩区, 采用三维模型模拟分析更好;当雷诺数增大到转捩点, 流体的传热效果得到明显增强;随着雷诺数的增大, 玻片生热量对通道内最低压力需求的影响逐渐减小;不同玻片生热量对微通道流动影响不可忽略, 对努赛尔数和通道总压降基本无影响。     

微通道内流体流动的阻力特性

本文重点研究了微通道内入口效应和粗糙度等因素对流动阻力特性的影响。实验结果表明;对于粗糙度3.5%,水力直径为345μm的微圆管,入口段长度比常规管道短,转捩雷诺数Re_c位于2000～2300,其内入口效应并不影响微管内流体从层流到湍流转捩的拐点位置;内径为112.6μm和169.8μm,高宽比为0.59和0.63以及粗糙分别为1.29%和2.03%的矩形微通道内流动由层流向湍流的转捩发生在Re≈1600～2800之间。实验结果表明,微尺度是微管内流体转捩提前的必要条件,但不是充分条件,拐点提前是由多因素综合作用所造成的结果,其机理有待于进一步研究。     

粗糙平板微通道流动和传热的数值模拟

以粗糙平行平板微通道为研究对象,以三角形锯齿状粗糙元模拟固体表面的粗糙度,采用CFD流体固体共轭传热技术数值研究了绝对粗糙度和相对粗糙度对平行平板微通道流动和传热特性的影响,着重分析了粗糙度和流体速度对水力入口段长度和热力入口段长度的影响规律,同时研究了相对粗糙度对微通道转捩雷诺数的影响,为进一步揭示微微通道的流动和传热机理提供了依据.     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的幂律流体二维顶盖驱动流转捩研究

研究非牛顿流体转捩问题,可为调控非牛顿流体动力特性提供理论基础.相对于牛顿流体转捩问题,非牛顿流体转捩研究较少,缺乏转捩雷诺数精细预报方法.论文以格子Boltzmann方法为核心求解器,以典型非牛顿流体幂律模型为例,开展了幂律流体二维顶盖驱动流转捩模拟,给出剪切变稀和剪切增稠流体的第一转捩雷诺数,并分析了转捩雷诺数附近流场时频域特性及模态分布.结果表明,剪切变稀流体和剪切增稠流体的第一转捩雷诺数与牛顿流体差异显著,且在转捩临界雷诺数附近监控点处速度分量均呈现周期性变化趋势.通过对流场速度和涡量的本征正交分解发现,不同类型的流体在转捩临界雷诺数附近,前两阶模态均为流场的主模态,能量占比超过95%,且同类型流体不同雷诺数的主模态间具有相似的结构.     

流体变物性对细矩形通道流动和传热的影响

以细矩形通道为研究对象,基于CFD的二次开发技术,采用流体固体共轭传热技术数值研究了流体变物性和入口平均物性对细矩形通道平均流动和平均传热特性的影响,同时研究了流体变物性对细通道转捩雷诺数的影响,为进一步揭示微细通道的流动和传热机理提供了依据.     

喷嘴结构对射流表面波影响的实验研究

运用高速显微摄影技术,对三种不同收缩比喷嘴射流的表面结构进行可视化实验研究。基于谱方法对射流表面波长进行测量。实验结果表明,射流自喷嘴流出到破碎前,气液界面经历稳定光滑段,转捩段和周期波纹段。光滑段无量纲波长为常数且小于0.01,随后在转捩段以斜率0.2快速增长,至周期波纹段,增长率降为转捩段的0.05。喷嘴收缩比通过改变喷嘴出口处边界层厚度影响表面波变化规律,基于边界层厚度的无量纲波长基本一致。     

微直通道内气体滑移流动的二维理论和数值研究

以微直通道内气体滑移流动为例,采用扰动分析方法,结合不同阶滑移条件,得出N-S方程的理论解.采用不同滑移模型,对不同进出口压比、长宽比、工质的微通道流进行理论和数值分析,着重研究稀薄效应、热蠕动效应以及不同滑移条件对计算结果的影响.计算表明,努森数是表征稀薄效应的特征参数,而热蠕动效应的强弱依赖于雷诺数.在极大长宽比的低速流工况下,理论和数值结果与实验吻合很好.     

压气机叶片附面层转捩的试验研究

本文利用新式的表面热膜系统测量了一组大转折角压气机叶片吸力面附面层的准剪切力分布,系统地研究了不同雷诺数下叶片吸力面边界层的自然转捩过程.试验结果表明:低湍流密度下,转捩区域并不随着雷诺数的改变而变化,雷诺数在3.4×104到8.4×104的范围内,下边界层都是从距离叶片前缘点约40%弦长位置处开始转捩,转捩完成区域位于距离尾缘约30%弦长位置.     

表面粗糙度的分形特征及其对微通道内层流流动的影响

基于分形几何学,研究了表面粗糙度的分形特征.采用Weierstrass- Mandelbrot函数对多尺度自仿射的表面粗糙度进行了描述;建立了微通道内层流流动的三维模型并对表面粗糙度的影响进行了数值模拟,分析了雷诺数、相对粗糙度和分形维数对流动阻力特性的影响.研究结果表明,与常规尺度通道不同,粗糙微通道的Poiseuille数不再是常数,而是随雷诺数近似线性增加;相对粗糙度越大,流动产生的回流和分离所导致的流动压降越明显.在相同的相对粗糙度下,粗糙表面的分形维数越大,表面轮廓变化就越频繁,这也将导致流动阻 关键词： 粗糙度 层流阻力系数 微通道 分形     

高功率二极管激光器相变冷却技术

根据高功率二极管激光器的散热需求,设计了一种储能式相变冷却实验系统,并开展了喷雾相变冷却器和微通道相变冷却器的设计。采用多孔微结构的换热表面,用氨做制冷剂,实现了喷雾相变冷却器表面温度37 ℃时,散热功率密度达到了511 W/cm2。采用节流汽化原理,分别设计了背冷式相变微通道冷却器和薄片型的模块式相变微通道冷却器,背冷式相变微通道冷却器采用氨做制冷剂, 散热功率密度达到了550 W/cm2,采用R124做制冷剂,散热功率密度约270 W/cm2。采用R124做制冷剂,实现了脉冲激光功率3 kW和连续激光功率100 W的相变冷却二极管激光器模块封装。     

Numerical study of shock wave entry and propagation in a microchannel

The entry of a shock wave with the Mach number M_is = 2.03 into a microchannel and its further propagation is numerically studied with the use of kinetic and continuum approaches. Numerical simulations on the basis of the Navier ?? Stokes equations and the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method are performed for different Knudsen numbers Kn = 8·10^?3 and 8·10^?2 based on the microchannel half-height. At the Knudsen number Kn = 8·10^?3, amplification of the shock wave after its entry into the microchannel is observed. Further downstream, the shock wave is attenuated, which is in qualitative agreement with experimental data. It is demonstrated that results predicted by a quasi-one-dimensional model (which ignores viscosity and heat conduction) of shock wave propagation over a channel with an abrupt change in the area agrees with results of numerical simulations on the basis of the Euler equations. In both cases, shock wave acceleration (amplification) after its entry into the microchannel is observed. At the Knudsen number Kn = 8·10^?2, the influence of the entrance shape on shock wave propagation over the microchannel is examined. Intense attenuation of the shock wave is observed in three cases: channel with sudden contraction, junction of two channels with an additional thin separating plate, and rounded junction in the form of a sector with an angle of 90° (quarter of a circumference). It is shown that the microchannel entrance shape can affect further propagation of the shock wave. The wave has the highest velocity in the case with a rounded entrance.     

Anomalous scattering,transport, and spatial distribution of X-ray fluorescence at the exit of polycapillary structures

The angular distribution of the X-ray intensity at the exit of microchannel plates at grazing incidence of monochromatic radiation on the walls of microcapillaries has been investigated. The angles and energies of the primary radiation quanta at which the synchrotron beam excites X-ray fluorescence propagating inside polycapillary structures have been determined. The angular dependences of the intensity distribution of X-rays transmitted through the microcapillaries have been studied theoretically and experimentally for energies corresponding to the region of anomalous dispersion near the L _2,3 absorption edges of silicon. The propagation of waves in hollow polycapillary waveguides, the excitation of X-ray fluorescence, and the X-ray diffraction at the exit of microchannel plates have been modeled mathematically. The mathematical model takes into account the presence of a transition layer on the microchannel surface.     

The effect of surface roughness on rarefied gas flows by lattice Boltzmann method

This paper studies the roughness effect combining with effects of rarefaction and compressibility by a lattice Boltzmann model for rarefied gas flows at high Knudsen numbers. By discussing the effect of the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient on the rough boundary condition, the lattice Boltzmann simulations of nitrogen and helium flows are performed in a two-dimensional microchannel with rough boundaries. The surface roughness effects in the microchannel on the velocity field, the mass flow rate and the friction coefficient are studied and analysed. Numerical results for the two gases in micro scale show different characteristics from macroscopic flows and demonstrate the feasibility of the lattice Boltzmann model in rarefied gas dynamics.     

Resonant excitation and spatial distribution of fluorescent X-rays at the output of polycapillary structures

Experimental and theoretical studies of the angular X-ray-intensity distribution are performed at the output of microchannel plates under the condition that monochromatic radiation is incident on the microcapillary walls at grazing angles. The primary-radiation angles and energies at which a synchrotronradiation beam excites fluorescent X-rays propagating through polycapillary structures are determined. In the case of X-rays passing through microcapillaries, the fine structure of their spectra is investigated at energies corresponding to the anomalous dispersion region of the SiL _{2, 3} and OK absorption edges. Theoretical calculations are carried out using a model involving a transition layer on the microchannel surface.     

微通道换热器在CO2制冷循环中的发展及特性分析

首先简要回顾了微通道换热器的发展历程,对前人进行的关于微通道换热器的换热特性研究和数值分析进行了分析,并且对以后微通道换热器性能改进和研究给出具体意见.最终得出结论,认为系统地了解微通道换热器各种各样的几何参数对换热和压降的影响,对于将微通道换热器成功地用于紧凑式换热器是非常重要的.     

含负折射率介质的一维光子晶体构成的相干热辐射源的辐射特性及控制

电子清刷是微通道板生产流程中常用的除气方法,会引起微通道板其他性能参量的变化.为研究电子清刷对微通道板输出信噪比及增益的影响,根据信噪比及增益的定义讨论了微通道板性能参量的测试方法,研制了微通道板参量测试系统.应用微通道板参量测试系统对微通道板进行了电子清刷处理,测试清刷过程中不同阶段微通道板的信噪比及增益变化.实验表明:微通道板增益随清刷时间增加而降低,同时增益稳定性提高;电子清刷过程中微通道板的输出信号及噪音的变化率与微通道板增益的变化率基本相同,输出信噪比基本不变.增益变化是影响清刷过程中信号及噪音变化的主要因素,并且电子清刷对微通道板输出信噪比影响较小.     

电子清刷对微通道板增益及输出信噪比的影响

电子清刷是微通道板生产流程中常用的除气方法,会引起微通道板其他性能参量的变化.为研究电子清刷对微通道板输出信噪比及增益的影响,根据信噪比及增益的定义讨论了微通道板性能参量的测试方法,研制了微通道板参量测试系统.应用微通道板参量测试系统对微通道板进行了电子清刷处理,测试清刷过程中不同阶段微通道板的信噪比及增益变化.实验表明:微通道板增益随清刷时间增加而降低,同时增益稳定性提高;电子清刷过程中微通道板的输出信号及噪音的变化率与微通道板增益的变化率基本相同,输出信噪比基本不变.增益变化是影响清刷过程中信号及噪音变化的主要因素,并且电子清刷对微通道板输出信噪比影响较小.     

Micromachining of microchannel on the polycarbonate substrate with CO2 laser direct-writing ablation

Low-power CO₂ laser direct-writing ablation was used to micromachine a microchannel on the polycarbonate substrate in this work. The influence of the process parameters (the laser power, the moving velocity of the laser beam and the scanning times) on the micromachining quality (the depth, the width and their aspect ratio) of the microchannel was experimentally studied. The depth and width of microchannel both increase with the increase of the laser power and the decrease of the moving velocity of the laser beam. When higher laser power and slower moving velocity were used, the polycarbonate surface bore more heat irradiated from the CO₂ laser for longer time which results in the formation of deeper and wider molten pool, hence the ability to fabricate bigger microchannel. Because of the effect of the laser power on the depth and width of microchannels, higher aspect (depth/width) ratio could be achieved using slower moving velocity and higher laser power, and it would reach a steady state when the laser power increases to 9.0 W possibly caused by the effect of laser power on the different directions of microchannel. The polycarbonate–polycarbonate chip was bonded with hot-press bonding technique.