融入可见光-近红外高光谱吸收特征的新型植被指数估算天然草地FAPAR

考虑到植被可见光-近红外的光谱吸收特征与光合有效辐射吸收率(fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation,FAPAR)有很好的关联,综合“高光谱曲线特征吸收峰自动识别法”与“光谱吸收特征参量化法”,提取对FAPAR敏感的高光谱吸收特征参数,借鉴可见光-近红外植被指数的数学形式,尝试用优化组合后的可见光-近红外光谱吸收特征参数替代光谱反射率,构建新型植被指数估算植被FAPAR,并利用2014年和2015年内蒙古自治区中部与东部地区天然草地典型群落冠层实测光谱数据进行FAPAR估算建模与验证。结果表明: 新型植被指数“SAI-VI”不仅有效提高了单个光谱吸收特征参数在高、低覆盖区域估算FAPAR的精度,而且相比五种与FAPAR有较好相关性的具有不同作用类型的可见光-近红外植被指数,其与FAPAR值的相关性更高(存在最大相关系数=0.801),以其为变量的指数模型预测FAPAR精度更高且稳定性较好(建模与检验的判定系数均最高且超过0.75,标准误差与平均误差系数也相应最小)。研究表明：融入可见光-近红外高光谱吸收特征的新型植被指数“SAI-VI”,强化了可见光波段与近红外波段光谱吸收特征的差别,相较单一光谱吸收特征参数,在降低土壤背景影响的同时增强了对FAPAR变化的敏感度。同时,“SAI-VI”有效综合了对植被FAPAR敏感的光谱吸收特征信息,相较原始光谱反射率,能表达植被光合有效辐射吸收特征的更多细节信息,可作为植被冠层FAPAR反演的新参数,一定程度上弥补当前植被指数法估算FAPAR的不足。     

Tm~(3+)掺杂Ge-Ga-S玻璃微球-石英光纤锥耦合系统的荧光回廊模特性

以熔融淬冷法自制了Tm~(3+)掺杂Ge-Ga-S硫系玻璃,并以此为基质材料,用漂浮粉料熔融法制备了直径分布为50—200μm的高品质因数(Q10~4)的有源硫系玻璃微球谐振腔.在显微镜下优选出一颗表面质量好、球形度较高、直径为72.84μm的微球,与氢氧焰扫描拉锥法制备的一根腰锥直径为1.93μm的石英光纤锥进行近场耦合.根据基质材料的吸收光谱特性,选用808 nm的半导体激光器作为抽运源.实验测得光纤锥倏逝波场激发出了掺Tm~(3+)硫系玻璃微球在1460 nm附近的荧光回廊模式,其典型共振峰间隔为4.39 nm.实验测得的荧光回廊模式与米氏散射理论计算结果符合度较高(最大误差仅为0.047%),验证了本文提出的掺Tm~(3+)硫系微球制备及耦合工艺的可行性.     

含油岩心显微红外光谱成像方法的研究

虽然用红外光谱显微探针方法研究岩心中碳质物已有很多工作,但是通常对诸如岩心等样品物性的光谱学微探针实验研究多是局限于对经过复杂处理分离出的微小样品或样品中个别位点所得的结果,缺乏对复杂样品各组分(或基团)的空间分布及其相互关系的研究。近年来新发展起来的光谱成像分析系统将光谱技术与成像技术有机地结合起来融为一体,可在光谱和空间两个方面对目标样品进行分析和识别并已得到广泛应用,但是用红外显微成像光谱研究岩心的工作则少有报道。文章报道了应用透射和衰减全反射(ATR)两种方式对含油岩心进行了显微红外光谱成像(Mapping)的研究。从灵敏度、信噪比、光谱分辨率和空间分辨率以及工作效率等方面对两种方式所得实验结果进行了比较和评估。     

PSDF of log-amplitude scintillation for 7 μm band laser beam with absorption by water vapour

The power spectral density function (PSDF) of the log-amplitude scintillation for an infrared laser beam was measured experimentally. To investigate the contribution of the absorption and the dispersion that cause the scintillation, we chose 16 wavelengths of infrared light and one wavelength of visible light. It is found that the spectral density of scintillation for the infrared beam does not agree with that for the visible beam, as predicted by Tatarskii's theory in the low-frequency region below 1 Hz. This disagreement between the experiment and the theory in the low-frequency region should be attributed to water vapour absorption.     

Ultrarotoptische Strukturanalyse mikroperiodischer Dotierungsinhomogenitäten in InSb

The structure of the microperiodical impurity striations (effect of ?microsegregation”) in InSb, which are the reason for the anisotropic magnetoresistance phenomenon, is investigated on ann-type InSb single crystal by a microscopically small infrared light probe. Depending on the spectral region, the determination of the impurity concentration is based on the infrared absorption of the free electrons or on the shift of the fundamental absorption edge with the electron density. A method based on the observation of the plasmaresonance in the reflection power is discussed. — Result: the impurities are distributed homogeneously in layers perpendicular to the direction of the crystal growth. The concentration differs from layer to layer by an average factor of 1.5 (maximum factor of 2). The periodic distance between the layers is about 50 μm. The photograph of a three dimensional model shows the profile of the impurity concentration over a thin sample with an area of 1 mm×1 mm.     

UV-excimer-laser ablation of polymethylmethacrylate at 248 nm: Characterization of incubation sites with Fourier transform IR- and UV-Spectroscopy

Ultraviolet and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic experiments with thin films of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) are reported. During the incubation with 248 nm excimer laser light or continuous (cw) UV light sources PMMA exhibits a rapidly increasing, broad UV absorption. This is caused by the production of unsaturated species, which are detected in the infrared spectrum of irradiated PMMA films. The spectral data explain the incubation process preceding the ablation of PMMA at 248 nm. Taking advantage of the increased UV absorption, cw light incubated PMMA films can be selectively ablated by standard 308 nm excimer laser pulses.     

The near infrared (0.8−2.6µm) absorption spectrum of a dense sodium vapor and possible mechanisms of the spectrum formation

The absorption coefficient of a dense sodium vapor (N₀ ～ 10¹⁷–10¹⁸ cm^{? 3}) in the near infrared spectral range (0.8–2.6 µm) was measured in a homogeneously heated isolated cell. In the range of parameters studied, the sample exhibits significant absorption. Neither the observed spectral features nor the measured absorption coefficients can be explained using the existing notions of the possible absorption mechanisms (absorption due to a forbidden intercombination transition, collision-induced processes, the trimer vapor component, and many-particle effects) and the available data.     

Coupled absorption filters for thermal detectors

A resonant absorption cavity that couples long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) light into a movable plate has been demonstrated for thermal detectors, especially microbolometers. Each device is continuously tunable over 8.7-11.1 microm by using electrostatic actuation with voltages from 0 to 42 V. The width of the resonance is relatively broad, approximately 1.5 microm, to match the large widths of many spectral features in the LWIR. At an actuation voltage of 45 V, the device switches into a broadband mode with an absorption width of 2.83 microm. This latter mode is used to enhance sensitivity in low-light situations in which little spectral information is present.     

Infrared and microwave radiative properties of metal coated microfibres

Recent experimental investigations have shown that insulations containing metallised glass or polymer fibres are characterised by an extremely high extinction coefficient for infrared radiation and, as a result, by very good heat shielding properties. This may be explained by the unusual optical properties of single fibres. In this paper, the most general theoretical model for the radiation absorption and scattering by metallised fibres is employed. It is based on the rigorous theory of scattering by an arbitrary oriented two-layer cylinder and may be used for calculations in a wide spectral range. The accuracy of some simple models of metallised fibres is analysed. In particular, the range of applicability of the perfectly conducting cylinder approximation is determined. A comparison with published experimental data shows good agreement between the calculated and the experimental values of the equivalent specific extinction coefficients in the spectral range of 2.5 < λ < 27.5 μm. Computational data on the absorption and scattering of microwave radiation by metallised dielectric fibres are presented for the first time. High values of the absorption efficiency factor for single submicron fibres may be of interest for microwave applications.     

Resonant transfer of one- and two-photon excitations in quantum dot–bacteriorhodopsin complexes

Light-sensitive protein bacteriorhodopsin (BR), which is capable of electrical response upon exposure to light, is a promising material for photovoltaics and optoelectronics. However, the rather narrow absorption spectrum of BR does not allow achieving efficient conversion of the light energy in the blue and infrared spectral regions. This paper summarizes the results of studies showing the possibility of extending the spectral region of the BR function by means of the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs), which have a broad spectrum of one-photon absorption and a large twophoton absorption cross section (TPACS), to BR upon one- and two-photon excitation. In particular, it is shown that, on the basis of QDs and BR-containing purple membranes, it is possible to create electrostatically associated bio-nano hybrid systems in which FRET is implemented. In addition, the large TPACS of QDs, which is two orders of magnitude larger than those of BR and organic dyes, opens up a means for selective two-photon excitation of synthesized bio-nano hybrid complexes. On the basis of the results of this work, the spectral region in which BR converts the light energy into electrical energy can be extended from the UV to near-IR region, creating new opportunities for the use of this material in photovoltaics and optoelectronics.     

Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in soft-glass suspended core photonic crystal fiber

Supercontinuum from 800 to 2,600 nm has been obtained in a soft glass suspended-core photonic crystal fiber. The fiber has been fabricated using an in-house synthesized, lead-bismuth-galate oxide glass (PBG-08), which has a transmission window from 500 nm to 4,500 nm. Dispersion characteristic has been designed to enable efficient pumping in the anomalous regime, using typical telecommunication wavelengths and influence of discrepancy between design and physical dispersion profile of fiber is discussed. An optical parametric amplifier system seeded with a Ti:Sapphire oscillator has been used as a light source (70 fs pulses with 100 kHz repetition rate). Supercontinuum bandwidth on the mid-infrared side is limited by OH $^-$ absorption of the glass and presence of second zero-dispersion wavelength in the spectral area of interest. Flatness the spectrum remains under 7 dB from roughly 1,800 nm to about 2,500 nm.     

远红外Ge-Te-AgI硫卤玻璃光学性能

用传统熔融淬冷法制备了一系列(100－x)(GeTe4.3)－xAgI (x=5,10,20,30)硫卤玻璃.并通过阿基米德法、XRD衍射、差热分析、可见/近红外吸收光谱、红外透射光谱等手段研究了该硫卤玻璃的热稳定性和光学特性.研究表明随着AgI含量的增加,玻璃的密度从5.591 g·cm－3递增到6.314 g·cm－3|折射率从3.73上升到5.70|XRD衍射数据表明该玻璃体系在较宽的组分范围内没有微晶析出,说明成玻范围较宽|差热分析表明当x=5时玻璃有着最高的转变温度206 ℃|AgI含量增多时短波截止限发生红移,红外截止波长基本不变（均超过25 μm）,表明此硫卤玻璃材料在远红外领域有很大的潜在应用前景.     

Time-resolved transmission of GaAs under intense laser excitation

Time-resolved transmission and reflectivity of bulk GaAs and GaAs on sapphire have been studied at λ = 1152 and 633 nm following excitation by an ≈8 ns pulse at 485 nm. As in the case of silicon, the spectral dependence of the transient absorption coefficient, from 1.1 eV to 2.5 eV, is inconsistent with the existence of a metallic molten state during pulsed laser annealing.     

椭偏测量法的油膜紫外可见-近红外光谱光谱偏振特性研究

为实现水面溢油目标的偏振遥感,选择合适的波段和观测角度,需要油膜的光谱偏振特性数据作支撑。在实验室采用椭偏测量的方法,针对不同厚度机油油膜和纯净水作为背景样本,测量了不同观测角度下从紫外到近红外波段（270~900 nm）的镜面反射光谱偏振参数：辅助角ψ和相位差Δ,并对在相同条件下油和水的测量结果作对比。分析表明除布儒斯特角附近位置外,不同厚度的油膜与水的起偏特性在各观测角都存在差异。通过在45°入射角所测的ψ和Δ,得到水/油样本的光谱折射率和消光系数,水折射率经过偏移修正后,与Schiebener水折射率模型的标准差为3×10-5。根据之前得到的油/水参数,对油膜在水背景的物理现象作薄油膜理想介质层建模,用菲涅耳定律仿真自然光的镜面反射,发现在全观测波段相同入射光条件下油膜的反射光存在明显的偏振度（DOP）或偏振角（AOP）光谱偏振可观测性。模型与实际测量结果对比发现：在300~350 nm仿真结果和实际测量相符,油膜的反射光偏振性质趋近于油样本;在350~550 nm,油膜模型仿真结果比实验的干涉效应更明显,油膜实验数据表明其光谱起偏性质依然与油保持一致;在大于550 nm直到近红外波段,实验干涉效应开始显著。说明油膜比油有更强的散射或吸收特性,辨识参数得到油膜的消光系数存在不同于油的随波长先变小后变大的性质。总之,利用光谱椭偏测量方法,通过多波段、多角度测量,分析液体样本的光谱偏振特性和折射率等性质;偏振观测的恰当角度与油/水的布儒斯特角有关,在布鲁斯特角之外的位置观测,油膜的光谱椭偏角相较水都存在分辨能力;对小于200 μm的薄油膜近红外波段可重复性较差,而紫外和可见蓝紫波段相比之下有很好的可重复性和区分性,更适合于对甚薄油膜表面种类的遥感观测。该实验涉及的方法可以用于其他油种油膜的偏振光谱测量,实验数据为偏振遥感工作的波段选择与观测角度提供提供参考。     

Fluorescence Studies of Melanin by Stepwise Two-Photon Femtosecond Laser Excitation

Fluorescence of synthetic melanin in the solvents H₂O, KOH, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and dimethyl sulfoxide has been excited by two-photon absorption at 800 nm, using 120-fs pulses with photon flux densities of 10²⁷ cm^–2.S^–1. Compared to the one-photon (400-nm)-induced fluorescence of melanin, the overall spectral shape is red-shifted and shows a strong environment sensitivity. The decay of the two-photon-induced fluorescence (TPF) of melanin is three-exponential, with a shortest main component of about 200 ps. The results of the TPF studies in line with the unique light absorption property of melanin of a monotonously decreasing absorption spectrum between the near UV-region and the near infrared region indicate that the TPF is realized via stepwise absorption of two 800-nm photons. In comparison to the simultaneous absorption of two photons, the stepwise process needs lower photon flux densities to get a sufficient population of the fluorescent level. This stepwise process offers new possibilities of selective excitation of melanin in skin tissue in a spectral region where there is no overlap with any absorption of another fluorescent tissue component. The first results with different samples of excised human skin tissue (healthy, nevus cell nevi, malignant melanoma) suggest that fluorescence excited in this way yields information on malignant transformation.     

Infrared optical constants and dichroism of thin polymer films: Trans-polyacetylene

We propose expressions allowing to determine the optical constants of thin films, which are not exactly plane-parallel plates but nevertheless exhibit multiple reflection interference patterns in their transmission and reflection spectra. These expressions can be used to determine the index of refraction and the absorption coefficient and their spectral dependence. The method is applied to measurements on thin amorphous films and oriented crystalline films of trans-(CH) _x in the infrared region. As final results for the oriented samples we derive values for the refractive index and its anisotropy in the spectral region between 20 m and 2.5 m and give absolute values of the absorption intensity of the most prominent IR-active vibrations. The intensity ratios, which are different from values reported in the literature for stretch oriented fibrous trans-(CH) _x , and the dichroic behavior of the most important lines are discussed. Dedicated to Professor Karlheinz Seeger on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Te基远红外硫系玻璃光纤的制备及性能分析

随着光学技术由可见向中、远红外等长波长领域的发展,可透远红外的玻璃光纤研究成为近年来光学领域的发展热点之一.传统含Se的Te基硫系光纤无法工作于12μm以上的远红外.本文研究了新型GeTe-AgI硫系玻璃体系的提纯制备,利用挤压技术,制备了阶跃型GeTe-AgI远红外光纤,其光学损耗为:15.6 dB/m@10.6μm,整体低于24 dB/m@8—15μm.在实验过程中,首先采用传统的熔融-淬冷法和蒸馏纯化工艺制备了GeTe-AgI高纯玻璃样品.利用差示扫描量热仪、红外椭偏仪、红外光谱仪等测试了玻璃的物理性质和红外透过性能,分析了提纯工艺、AgI原料纯度对玻璃形成以及透过的影响,最后采用分步挤压法制备了芯包结构光纤.实验结果表明:蒸馏提纯和AgI原料纯度对玻璃的透过性能有着决定性的影响,同时Te含量的增加影响了玻璃的抗析晶能力,但新型挤压制备工艺和有效提纯技术共同保障了较低损耗Te基光纤的制备,所获得的GeTe-AgI光纤具有远红外宽谱应用的潜能(工作波段5.5—15μm)并且绿色环保,可以满足CO_2激光的能量传输和远红外传感应用.     

低压等离子体增强化学汽相沉积法制备立方氮化碳薄膜

用低压等离子体增强化学汽相沉积法和氮化硅中间过渡层的方法，在硅片和玻璃上，制备了立方氮化碳薄膜.用光电子能谱测试了其成分和结合能，薄膜含氮量为42.96%.C1s和N1s的结合能分别为285.01和398.60eV.透射电子显微镜研究表明，制备的氮化碳属于体心立方结构，根据衍射花样，计算的晶格常量a为0.536nm，这与理论预言的结果a为0.53973nm很接近.随着沉积的时间增长，还观测到了氮化碳薄膜的菊池花样.在玻璃上沉积的氮化碳薄膜在可见光和近红外区域是透明的，在400nm处有光吸收. 关键词：     

椭偏精确测定透明衬底上吸收薄膜的厚度及光学常数

椭偏仪难以精确测量透明衬底上吸收薄膜光学常数的原因:1)衬底的背面反射光为非相干光, 它的存在会极大的增加拟合难度; 2)衬底光学常数(折射率和消光系数)的差异会影响测量的准确性, 而且会在吸收薄膜的光学常数中表现出来, 需要单独测量其光学常数; 3)厚度与光学常数之间呈现强烈的关联性. 针对以上三个问题, 选择石英玻璃、载玻片、盖玻片和普通浮法玻璃作为研究对象. 采用折射率匹配法消除上述衬底背面反射光的影响. 结果显示, 折射率匹配法能够有效消除折射率在1.43-1.64、波长范围为190-1700 nm波段的石英、浮法玻璃等透明衬底的背面反射光. 之后, 通过拟合椭偏参数ψ和垂直入射时的透过率T₀ 分别得到以上衬底的折射率和消光系数. 拟合得到的结果与文献报道的趋势一致. 最后, 采用椭偏参数和透过率同时拟合的方法(SE+T法)得到类金刚石薄膜(沉积在石英玻璃上)和非晶硅薄膜(沉积在载玻片、盖玻片上)光学常数和厚度的准确解.