Change of interference pattern using fundamental and second-harmonic wavelengths by phase shift of a beam

Interference pattern of two different wavelengths, forming a four-sided pyramid consisting of eight beams, is discussed. Synchronization between two wavelengths having a multiple relationship, which corresponds to mixing of fundamental and second-harmonic generation wavelengths, forms a stationary interference pattern successfully. Phase shift variation of a beam changes the basic pattern of interference. This technique can be a new scheme for multi-wavelength material processing with periodic structure and will increase the variation of meta-atoms fabricated by interfering femtosecond laser processing.     

Laser surface patterning using a Michelson interferometer and femtosecond laser radiation

We report on a simple method to obtain surface gratings using a Michelson interferometer and femtosecond laser radiation. In the optical setup used, two parallel laser beams are generated using a beam splitter and then focused using the same focusing lens. An interference pattern is created in the focal plane of the focusing lens, which can be used to pattern the surface of materials. The main advantage of this method is that the optical paths difference of the interfering beams is independent of the distance between the beams. As a result, the fringes period can be varied without a need for major realignment of the optical system and the time coincidence between the interfering beams can be easily monitored. The potential of the method was demonstrated by patterning surface gratings with different periods on titanium surfaces in air.     

Study of the multilayer metallic films topography modified by laser interference irradiation

The thin bimetallic film systems Fe–Al, Fe–Ni, Ti–Al, and Ti–Ni were irradiated using a laser interference pattern with laser fluence values from 50 to 250 mJ/cm². The thermal simulation was carried out to analyze the topographical effects. It was found that according to the laser fluence value, three different types of topographies can be obtained. For lower laser fluence values, the molten material in the lower layer induces deformation over the upper one obtaining a periodic pattern with a structure depth in the order of the layer thickness. If the laser fluence is high enough so that the upper layer reaches the melting point, this last is broken obtaining a high structured pattern consisting on a large depression and next two consecutive peaks. This threshold value can be estimated using the thermal simulation calculating the laser fluence at which the upper layer starts to melt. For higher laser fluence values, this pattern transforms into a periodical peak–valley structure with high structure depth. In both last two cases, the material at the interference peaks is removed. A model is suggested for explaining this behavior.     

Observation of radiation instabilities of a two-mode He-Ne laser with the help of interference of polarized rays

Instabilities in the operation of a two-mode He-Ne laser are observed with the help of interference of polarized beams. Two interference patterns created by two radiation modes alternatively appear. The contrast of the interference pattern increases under the action of an external constant magnetic field on the laser. If one of the interfering beams is delayed sufficiently long, the instability manifests itself in the motion of interference fringes in a direction that depends on which of the two beams is delayed. The particular features of the evolution of the interference pattern are explained based on interference equations for the two modes that take into account the orthogonality of the linear polarizations of the modes, as well as changes in their amplitudes and frequencies.     

Revolving interference patterns for the rotation of optically trapped particles

Optically trapped objects are rotated controllably in the interference pattern between a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam and a Gaussian beam. In this work the interference pattern is analysed and its properties as it propagates are modelled, showing the important role played by the Guoy-phase of the two interfering beams. An analysis of producing controlled rotation of the interference pattern using a glass plate is presented demonstrating the ease with which the rotation can be controlled.     

Ionization of atoms by few-cycle EUV laser pulses: carrier-envelope phase dependence of the intra-pulse interference effects

We have investigated the ionization of the H atom by intense few-cycle laser pulses, in particular the intra-pulse interference effects, and their dependence on the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of the laser pulse. In the final momentum distribution of the continuum electrons the imprint of two types of intra-pulse interference effects can be observed, namely the temporal and spatial interference. During the spatial interference electronic wave packets emitted at the same time, but following different paths interfere leading to an interference pattern measurable in the electron spectra. This can be also interpreted as the interference between a direct and a scattered wave, and the spatial interference pattern as the holographic mapping (HM) of the target. This HM pattern is strongly influenced by the carrier-envelope phase through the shape of the laser pulse. Here, we have studied how the shape of the HM pattern is modified by the CEP, and we have found an optimal CEP for the observation of HM.     

Ramsey-Bordé interferometer and embedded Ramsey interferometer with molecular matter waves of 39K2

A matter wave interferometer based on a molecular beam of K₂ has been designed for observation of both exits: with molecules in the electronically excited state and in the ground state. In addition to the excited state fluorescence the molecular ground state population is detected with a further laser. Two transitions to different electronic states were employed for this purpose and their usefulness is compared. Under the present experimental conditions both interferometer exits show a superposition of different interference patterns due to the influence of transverse and longitudinal overlaps of the interfering matter waves. The interference patterns have been analyzed to be composed of a contribution caused by a two beam splitter Ramsey interference and Ramsey-Bordé pattern with four beam splitters. This overlap of interference signals influences the suitability of the matter wave interferometer for phase measurements of the interferences.     

Measuring elastic properties of bones and silicon from V(z) curve generated by multiply reflected signals

Acoustic microscopes can be used to measure Rayleigh and longitudinal or P-wave speeds in a specimen at microscopic resolution. The wave speeds are obtained from the interference pattern as a function of the defocus distance or V(z) curve. The received signal voltage amplitude Vis generated by two beams--the normally reflected central beam and a non-specularly reflected beam that strikes the fluid-solid interface at critical angle. It is shown in this paper that instead of analyzing the interference pattern between these two beams if we consider two other beams that follow the same path but travel through the coupling fluid multiple times before interfering then the V(z) curve generated by this higher order interference gives more accurate values for the material properties. The spacing distance between two successive dips of the V(z) curve is smaller for the higher order interference. The higher order interference, although weaker, gives more accurate results. Justification for the greater accuracy of the higher order interference is given in the paper. Material properties of silicon and bone are obtained by the new technique. Bones are microscopically heterogeneous and anisotropic. Anisotropic properties of homogeneous specimens can be obtained by the line focus acoustic microscope; however, it does not work when the specimen is microscopically heterogeneous. An attempt has been made here to obtain anisotropic properties of bones using point focus lens.     

基于散斑干涉光谱分布变化量探测瞬态高温的研究

为了提高瞬态高温检测的精度,利用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)对散斑干涉条纹进行光谱分析,提出了通过光谱分布的偏移及幅值变化反演温度的方法。当激光照射应变材料时,瞬态高温使材料发生形变从而使散斑干涉条纹改变,被测表面形变前后获得的干涉条纹由面阵CCD采集。由于其对应的光谱密度分布函数也会发生相应的改变,即中心波长位置偏移及振幅变化,通过其改变反演材料的瞬态温度。在分析推导了瞬态温度变化、材料应变及干涉条纹变化之间的函数关系后,仿真分析得到了瞬态温度正比于压强系数、反比于温度系数。实验采用660 nm半导体激光器,SI6600型面阵CCD探测器,从获得的光谱分布函数中提取中心波长的偏移量,经计算和标定所得数据与传统的干涉测温方法进行对比,探测精度可达0.3%。相比传统的直接检测干涉条纹的变化量,由被测面形变量推导温度的方法精度提高近3倍。     

Double-mode Two-photon Absorption and Enhanced Photon Antibunching Due to Interference

Inspired by results of interfering signal and idler from a nondegenerate parametric amplifier we investigate the photon statistics of the resulting field after interference of two components subjected to double-mode two-photon absorption. This absorption process leads to a strong correlation of the participating modes, which can be used to generate fields with photon antibunching in interference experiments. In addition the photon number can be made small, which produces enhanced antibunching.     

Effect of interference pattern on femtosecond laser-induced ripple structure

Combined structures composed of a micron-sized periodic structure and a nano-sized quasi-periodic ripple structure were generated by a single process of multiple shots of an interfering femtosecond laser. The former structure was generated by an interference pattern and controlled by a number of beams. The latter structure was generated by a multiple shot method. As a result, multiple periodic structures were generated. The periodicity of the structures was analyzed by two-dimensional (2D) fast Fourier transform (FFT). The most probable period of ripple structure was downsized to 177 nm by restricting irradiated region by a TM wave interference pattern. The smallest period was 105 nm. The dispersion angle of a ripple decreased to about 50%. The period and direction of the ripples were for a first time controlled by using interference.     

Contrast enhancement of pulsed ESPI addition fringes

In this paper, the contrast enhancement produced by the subtraction of two sets of double pulse electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) addition fringes is investigated. It is shown that in most practical cases this process will produce a second set of interference fringes in addition to those which can be directly related to the vibration mode of interest. The formation of this second fringe pattern is explained by theory and computer simulation. Finally, the results are verified using an ESPI system with a pulsed Nd: YAG laser.     

Photodetachment microscopy of a hydrogen negative ion in an electric field near a metal surface

According to the semi-classical theory, we study the photodetachment microscopy of H- in the electric field near a metal surface. During the photodetachment, the electron is photo-detached by a laser and the electron is drawn toward a position-sensitive detector. The electron flux distribution is measured as a function of position. Two classical paths lead the ion to any point in the classically allowed region on the detector, and waves traveling along these paths produce an interference pattern. If the metal surface perpendicular to the electric field is added, we find that the interference pattern is related not only to the electron energy and the electric-field strength, but also to the ion-surface distance. In addition, the laser polarization also has a great influence on the electron flux distribution. We present calculations predicting the interference pattern that may be seen in experiment. We hope that our study can provide a new understanding of the electron flux distribution of negative ions in an external field and surface, and can guide future experimental research on negative ion photo-detachment microscopy.     

Super-Resolution of Interference Pattern with Independent Laser Beams

We propose a scheme to achieve super-resolution of interference pattern with independent laser beams. We perform an experimental observation of a double-slit interference with two orthogonally polarized laser beams. The resolution of the interference pattern measured by a two-photon detection is doubled provided the two beams illuminate the double-slit with certain incident angles. The scheme is simple and can favour both high intensity and perfect visibility.     

Structuring of photosensitive material below diffraction limit using far field irradiation

In this paper, we report on in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies of topographical changes in azobenzene-containing photosensitive polymer films that are irradiated with light interference patterns. We have developed an experimental setup consisting of an AFM combined with two-beam interferometry that permits us to switch between different polarization states of the two interfering beams while scanning the illuminated area of the polymer film, acquiring corresponding changes in topography in-situ. This way, we are able to analyze how the change in topography is related to the variation of the electrical field vector within the interference pattern. It is for the first time that with a rather simple experimental approach a rigorous assignment can be achieved. By performing in-situ measurements we found that for a certain polarization combination of two interfering beams [namely for the SP (?, ?) polarization pattern] the topography forms surface relief grating with only half the period of the interference patterns. Exploiting this phenomenon we are able to fabricate surface relief structures with characteristic features measuring only 140 nm, by using far field optics with a wavelength of 491 nm. We believe that this relatively simple method could be extremely valuable to, for instance, produce structural features below the diffraction limit at high-throughput, and this could significantly contribute to the search of new fabrication strategies in electronics and photonics industry.     

噪声间关联对原子激光谱密度的影响

在描述原子激光强度的速率方程中，考虑了量子噪声和热噪声、以及它们的关联以后，计算了原子激光的关联函数和功率谱密度。发现不仅噪声对原子激光的统计性质有影响，而且，噪声间的关联会使得原子激光的谱密度发生从单峰到双峰、或三峰的相变。这种相变可以用凝聚体干涉条纹间距的变化来观察。进一步又讨论了噪声的关联时间对原子激光谱密度的影响。     

Some remarks concerning the equivalence principle of general relativity with respect to quantum mechanical one-particle state

We discuss a recent experiment with interfering neutron beams in the gravitational field of the earth, and show how the explanation of the interference pattern can be obtained by an application of the equivalence principle to the one-particle states. The calculation is carried out in the coordinate system where the gravitational field has been transformed away.     

啁啾飞秒激光脉冲形成的光纤光栅的Bragg反射特性

在800nm飞秒脉冲激光照射下光敏玻璃As₂S₃光纤具有双光子吸收 现象，当一束超短激光脉冲与另一束啁啾超短激光脉冲在As₂S₃光纤相遇时，干涉图案将 永久地记录一个空间啁啾光栅.研究了该光栅结构与入射超短脉冲激光脉冲参数的关系，数值计算表明该光栅具有较大的Bragg反射带宽. 关键词： 啁啾光纤光栅 飞秒激光脉冲 双光子吸收效应     

反射率测量中的热辐射影响及其消除方法

 反射率测量过程中,被激光加热的材料发出热辐射光,对探测器测量存在明显干扰,给测量结果带来了较大误差,该现象普遍存在于以往的测试工作中。通过深入分析热辐射特性,在反射率测量装置中加入透过波长不同于加载激光波长的探测器,探测热辐射在该透过波长下的光强信号,并利用比对法消除了反射率测量过程中的热辐射干扰,使高温段的反射率测量精度得到较大提高。     

迈克尔逊干涉仪干涉环纹光电计数器的研制

利用干涉环纹明暗交替变化的原理,设计制作了可以用于迈克尔逊干涉仪的干涉环纹计数的光电计数器,利用此仪器可以精确高效地实现干涉环纹的计数,减少了由于人眼进行干涉环纹计数的误差,提高了实验稳定度和精度。我们将制作的干涉环纹光电计数器用于基于迈克尔逊干涉仪的激光波长实验,结果表明采用光电计数器之后,实验精度比裸眼探测明显提高,百分差缩小37.5倍,标准差缩小近3倍。