BOILING CHARACTERISTICS OF R-11 IN COMPACT TUBE BUNDLES WITH SMOOTH AND ENHANCED TUBES

This study presents new data on nucleate boiling heat transfer obtained in compact horizontal tube bundles with small tube gaps. The experiment investigates the heat transfer enhancement effects by the restricted spaces comprising the compact tube bundles and the enhanced heat transfer tubes for nucleate boiling heat transfer of R-11 at atmospheric pressure. A roll-worked tube was used as a new type of enhanced heat transfer tube. The experimental results show that the small tube gaps can greatly enhance boiling heat transfer in a smooth tube bundle, while enhancement effects of small gaps were not quite significant for the enhanced tube bundle. There is a compound effect from the enhanced surface and the restricted space only for the enhanced tube bundle with the tube gap of 0.5 mm. The effects of the tube positions within both compact tube bundles on the boiling heat transfer were minor.     

Influence of resonance tube geometry shape on performance of thermoacoustic engine

Based on the linear thermoacoustics, a symmetrical standing-wave thermoacoustic engine is simulated with a cylindrical tube and a tapered one as the resonance tube, respectively. The experiments with both cylindrical and tapered tubes are carried out. The suppression of nonlinear effects due to tapered tube as the resonance tube is discussed. Both simulation and experimental results show that the performance of the tapered tube is better than cylindrical one as the resonance tube.     

低频用周期性结构管道的研究

在扬声器单元的一侧耦合管道是解决声短路,实现低频下潜的有效方法。本文研究了一种周期性结构管道,对其低频辐射特性进行理论分析,提出了使用周期性结构管道代替传统均匀管道以缩短长度。在实际的扬声器单元上分别耦合传统的均匀管道和周期性结构管道,实验结果与理论计算基本吻合。结果表明,为实现相同的低频下潜,合理的周期性结构可以有效地缩短管道长度,从而具有更高的实用价值。     

渐缩型锥形脉管制冷机的二维数值研究

本文开发了二维可压缩交变流动的SIMPLEC计算程序,对渐缩型锥形脉管制冷机进行了二维数值研究,研究了锥度对脉管制冷机性能的影响。数值计算结果表明,对渐缩型锥形脉管,存在一最佳锥度,此时的制冷效果最好,当锥度大于最佳锥度时,制冷效果反而变差。另外本文还从脉管内流场的分布及二次流的角度揭示了锥形脉管能提高制冷机性能的原因及内在机理。一定锥度下的锥形脉管不但可以改变脉管内二次流的大小,还改变了脉管内二次流的分布情况,使脉管冷热端的二次流分布变得不均匀。这是一定锥度下的锥形脉管可以改善脉管制冷机制冷效果的主要原因。     

水平管降膜蒸发器传热优化研究

基于分布参数方法,对大型制冷系统中的水平管外降膜蒸发进行了传热优化数值模拟计算.在计算中,分析了饱和的液态制冷剂R134a在水平的铜管束外流动蒸发的换热特性.模型考虑了不同的管子类型和2流程不同管程布置对蒸发器换热特性的影响,结果表明,蒸发器采用Turbo-EHP管的性能高于其它管;不同管程布置对蒸发器性能的影响比较大,其中,下进上出管程布置的换热性能优于其它管程布置.同时,本文考虑了传热管外"干斑"对换热的影响.本文结论对于大型制冷系统中的降膜蒸发器传热优化设计具有指导性意义.     

吹气抑制气体热效应时管道结构对光传输的影响

 采用吹气抑制气体热效应对光传输的影响时，管道结构会对内通道流场分布产生作用从而影响光传输质量。对比研究了沿几何尺寸相同、光路总长相等的U形和Z形管道轴向吹气的情形。仿真过程中，联合求解标量衍射方程和N-S方程,计算管道对吹气流场的影响以及流场对光束的影响，以远场光斑的峰值功率密度点、能量分布重心点位置的偏移以及Strehl比和b值的变化反映光束质量。结果表明:不吹气时，管道结构对流场的影响远小于气体吸热对流场的影响；吹气时，管道内气体流速较大，管道结构对流场分布的影响比较明显；吹气时，U形管道对光束的影响比Z形管道对光束的影响要小。     

变截面脉管制冷机──一种新型结构的脉管制冷机

变截面脉管制冷机──一种新型结构的脉管制冷机许名尧，何雅玲，陈钟颀（西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院西安７１００４９）关键词脉管制冷机；制冷机；低温工程１引言自从脉管制冷机发明以来，由于其结构简单，没有低温下的运动部件，工作可靠，寿命长等优点，已引起周...     

AN EMPIRICAL CORRELATION FOR NATURAL CONVECTION FROM CONFINED ELLIPTIC TUBE

An experimental study was conducted to obtain a correlation for free convection heat transfer from isothermal elliptic tubes of minor to major axis ratios of ∈ = 0.53, 0.67, 0.8, and 1 confined between two adiabatic walls. Local and average Nusselt numbers were determined for several different tube axis ratios, Rayleigh numbers, and wall spacings by means of the Mach-Zehnder Interferometery (MZI) technique. For each tube axis ratio, the Rayleigh number varied from 1,000–2,750 and the wall spacing to tube minor axis ratio from 1.25–∞. For all the tube axis ratios, the periphery and length of the tubes were kept constant. Experimental data are presented with a correlation which gives the average Nusselt number as a function of the tube axis ratio, Rayleigh number, and wall spacing to tube minor axis ratio. As the tube axis ratio decreases the average heat transfer coefficient increases. Also, for a constant Rayleigh number and tube axis ratio there is an optimum wall spacing which maximizes the heat transferred from the tube.     

The periodic magnetic cylinder tube for atom guidance： transport efficiency analysis

We have proposed a model of periodic axial magnetized hollow tube for atom guidance (1999 Opt. Commun. 160 72－4). In the present paper, an analytic solution of the magnetic field inside the tube is obtained and the transport efficiency of the cold atoms in the magnetic tube at different tube intensities of magnetization is discussed. The effect of the curvature of magnetic tube on the atom transport efficiency is also considered. We have found that the tube has a cooling effect on the transverse temperature of the transported atoms.     

梯形管内壁等离子体离子注入鞘层扩展MATLAB-PIC数值模拟

基于MATLAB利用Particle-in-cell模型,对梯形管内壁等离子体离子注入过程,进行了二维数值模拟.计算结果表明在中心电极附近出现了"阳极鞘层",该鞘层内部不存在离子,而且在鞘层边缘离子密度最高.在上下管壁上的离子注入剂量呈现"m"形分布.通过对注入过程中等离子体密度分布和不同时间段管壁不同位置离子注入剂量的跟踪,发现"阳极鞘层"扩展行为是导致"m"形分布的原因.由于梯形管形状的不对称性,"阳极鞘层"的边缘向梯形长底方向扩展较快.在注入初始时刻离子注入的能量很低,随着时间延长离子能量逐渐升高,这是由离子初始位置决定的.可见梯形管自身形状决定了鞘层形状和最终的离子注入能量和剂量分布.     

Construction and performance of an NMR tube with a sample cavity formed within magnetic susceptibility-matched glass

We describe the construction and performance of an NMR tube with a magnetic susceptibility matched sample cavity that confines the solution within the detection zone in the axial direction and in a quasi-rectangular region in the radial direction. The slot-like sample cavity provides both good sample volume efficiency and tolerance to sensitivity loss in the sample space. The signal-to-noise ratio per unit volume of the constructed tube was 2.2 times higher than that of a cylindrical tube of 5mm outer diameter with a sample containing 300 mM NaCl at a static magnetic field of 14.1T. Even the overall signal-to-noise ratio of the slot tube was 35% higher than that of the conventional 5mm tube for a sample containing 300 mM NaCl. Similar improvements over existing sample tube geometries were obtained at 950 MHz. Moreover the temperature rise resulting from RF heating was found to be significantly lower for the slot tube even when compared to 3 and 4mm outer diameter cylindrical tubes as measured in a 5mm cryoprobe. A further advantage of this type of tube is that a sample cavity of any desired size and shape can be formed within a cylindrical tube for use in a single cryogenic probe.     

Stability analysis of thermally induced spontaneous gas oscillations in straight and looped tubes

A gas in a tube spontaneously oscillates when the temperature gradient applied along the wall of the tube is higher than the critical value. This spontaneous gas oscillation is caused by the thermal interaction between the gas and the tube wall. The stability limit of the thermally induced gas oscillation is numerically investigated by using the linear stability theory and a transfer matrix method. It is well known that an acoustic wave excited by the spontaneous gas oscillation occurring in a looped tube is different from that in a straight tube with two ends; a traveling acoustic wave is induced in a looped tube, whereas a standing acoustic wave is caused in a straight tube. The conditions for the stability limits in both tube types were calculated. The calculated and measured conditions were compared and were found to be in good agreement. Calculations performed by varying the value of the Prandtl number of the gas were used to determine the reasons for the existence of the stability limits of the looped and straight tubes.     

斜翅型冷凝强化换热管传热性能的实验研究

对一种斜翅型外翅片带内螺纹的冷凝强化换热管进行传热性能的实验研究。管外冷凝换热的制冷剂为R134a,管内对流换热的介质为水。分别在定热流密度与定水流速的条件下进行一系列工况的实验,得到相应的实验数据。在定热流密度条件下,利用Wilson图解法得到管内的换热系数数据及相应的计算关联式。在定水流速的条件下,利用分离方法得到管外冷凝换热系数数据及相应的计算关联式。将强化管换热系数数据与光管换热系数的理论计算值进行了比较,结果表明:冷凝强化换热管管内对流换热的强化倍率为2.4,管外凝结换热系数随壁面过冷度的增加而增大,管外凝结换热的强化倍率为:1.78～3.92。     

一种筒弹测试故障模拟器系统设计

为了测试人员能在平时使用模拟器系统进行测试训练。本文设计了一种筒弹测试故障模拟器系统,介绍了它的工作原理、系统的软硬件设计。该系统能对筒弹基本电气性能和测试接口进行模拟,在软件的控制下,实现模拟筒弹测试项目和模拟筒弹测试故障等功能,可以很好的完成筒弹测试设备测试人员对筒弹测试的操作训练。     

Glareless light-emitting diode lighting tube

We develop a novel light bar waveguide design to produce a glareless light-emitting diode (LED) lighting tube. We design optimal parameters, such as the gap y between the tube and the reflective surface, the relative distance x between the lens and the LED, and so on. Using these parameters, we fabricate an illumination system consisting of LED light bulb installed at both ends of lighting tube. The lighting tube is shaped the same as a traditional fluorescent lighting tube in order to replace traditional lighting tubes without the modification of the lighting stand. The LED lighting tube is glareless to the observer from the side view.     

Experimental investigation on the self-ignition of pressurized hydrogen released by the failure of a rupture disk through tubes

Hydrogen is expected to be used as a clean energy carrier. However, when high-pressure hydrogen is suddenly released into the air through tubes, self-ignition can occur by a diffusion ignition mechanism. In this paper, the phenomena of self-ignition and flame propagation during the sudden release of high-pressure hydrogen were investigated experimentally. Experimental results show that self-ignition can occur when bursting pressure is sufficiently high in spite of the shortness of the tube. For example, self-ignition was observed at a bursting pressure as high as 23.5 MPa with 50 mm long tube. When self-ignition successfully occurs, a hydrogen jet flame is produced by the ignition. The flame is then stabilized at the tube outlet. From photodiode signals and flame images, the propagation of a flame inside the tube is confirmed and the flame is detected near the rupture disk as the bursting pressure increases. When the tube length is not long enough to produce self-ignition, a hydrogen flame is observed in the only boundary layer at the end of tube and it quenches after the flame exits the tube. Consequently, the formation of a complete flame across the tube is important to initiate self-ignition, which sustains a diffusion flame after jetting out of the tube into the air. Also, in order to establish a complete flame across the tube, it is necessary to have sufficient length such that the mixing region is generated by multi-dimensional shock–shock interactions.     

三维微肋螺旋管内流动沸腾流型与传热性能

采用三维微肋螺旋管进行了制冷剂R134a在管内的流动沸腾传热与流型可视化实验。随着流量和干度的变化,流型可划分为泡状流、塞状流、分层波状流、间歇流以及环状流。在Taitel-Dukler流型图上给出了流型的分区及其转变曲线,讨论了螺旋管内两相流动流型转变的特性。传热实验揭示了质量流量、热流密度及蒸汽干度对传热性能的影响,三维微肋螺旋管的强化因子为1.5-2.1。     

基于分布参数模型的CO_2蒸发器结构参数研究

在设计工况下,建立了用于跨临界二氧化碳热泵热水器的套管式蒸发器的稳态分布参数模型,对其结构参数进行了敏感性分析,指出了它们的合理变化范围:管内套1根管时,内管外径应至少大于11.00mm,低于13.00mm,外管内径应在20.00mm以上,23.00mm以下;管内套多根管时,以管内套3根管的性能为最优。优化设计结果对开发二氧化碳蒸发器产品具有一定的指导意义。     

圆管内插入螺旋片状多孔介质的换热性能及场协同分析

采用数值计算的方法,以水为流动介质,研究了圆管内插入螺旋片状多孔介质在充分发展的层流区的换热及流动综合性能,并与环状和圆柱状多孔介质插入物进行了对比,此外,利用场物理量协同原理对计算结果进行了分析。结果表明,在圆管内插入螺旋片状多孔介质可以有效提高换热与流动的综合性能,其PEC达到3.60～3.95.