An interference-based optical authentication scheme using two phase-only masks with different diffraction distances

A new method to eliminate the security risk of the well-known interference-based optical cryptosystem is proposed. In this method, which is suitable for security authentication application, two phase-only masks are separately placed at different distances from the output plane, where a certification image (public image) can be obtained. To further increase the security and flexibility of this authentication system, we employ one more validation image (secret image), which can be observed at another output plane, for confirming the identity of the user. Only if the two correct masks are properly settled at their positions one could obtain two significant images. Besides, even if the legal users exchange their masks (keys), the authentication process will fail and the authentication results will not reveal any information. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the validity and security of the proposed method.     

An improved optical identity authentication system with significant output images

An improved method for optical identity authentication system with significant output images is proposed. In this method, a predefined image is digitally encoded into two phase-masks relating to a fixed phase-mask, and this fixed phase-mask acts as a lock to the system. When the two phase-masks, serving as the key, are presented to the system, the predefined image is generated at the output. In addition to simple verification, our method is capable of identifying the type of input phase-mask, and the duties of identity verification and recognition are separated and, respectively, assigned to the amplitude and phase of the output image. Numerical simulation results show that our proposed method is feasible and the output image with better image quality can be obtained.     

Asymmetric multiple-image hiding using phase retrieval technique based on amplitude- and phase-truncation in fractional Fourier domain

We propose a multiple-image hiding scheme based on the amplitude- and phase-truncation approach, and phase retrieval iterative algorithm in the fractional Fourier domain. The proposed scheme offers multiple levels of security with asymmetric keys. Multiple input images multiplied with random phase masks are independently fractional Fourier transformed with different orders. The individual keys and common keys are generated by using phase and amplitude truncation of fractional spectrum. After using two fractional Fourier transform, the resultant encrypted image is hided in a host image with phase retrieval iterative algorithm. Using the correct universal keys, individual keys, and fractional orders, one can recover the original image successfully. Computer simulation results with four gray-scale images support the proposed method. To measure the validity of the scheme, we calculated the mean square error between the original and the decrypted images. In this scheme, the encryption process and generation of decryption keys are complicated and should be realized using computer. For decryption, an optoelectronic setup has been suggested.     

Information security system based on iterative multiple-phase retrieval in gyrator domain

A novel information security system based on multiple-phase retrieval by an iterative gyrator transform algorithm is proposed. In this method, a series of phase masks are designed and located in the input plane and the gyrator planes, and the phase distributions of all the masks are adjusted simultaneously in each iteration. It can achieve fast convergence and high quality of the recovered image and can provide a higher degree of freedom in key space with more parameters as supplementary keys. Furthermore, the security level of this method is greatly improved by the sensitivity of recovered images with the angles of gyrator transform. Numerical simulations are presented to verify its validity and efficiency.     

Image encryption using fractional Mellin transform,structured phase filters,and phase retrieval

An image encryption scheme has been presented by using two structured phase masks in the fractional Mellin transform (FrMT) plane of a system, employing a phase retrieval technique. Since FrMT is a non-linear integral transform, its use enhances the system security. We also add further security features by carrying out spatial filtering in the frequency domain by using a combination of two phase masks: a toroidal zone plate (TZP) and a radial Hilbert mask (RHM). These masks together increase the key space making the system more secure. The phase key used in decryption has been obtained by applying an iterative phase retrieval algorithm based on the fractional Fourier transform. The algorithm uses amplitude constraints of secret target image and the ciphertext (encrypted image) obtained from multiplication of fractional Mellin transformed arbitrary input image and the two phase masks (TZP and RHM). The proposed encryption scheme has been validated for a few grayscale images, by numerical simulations. The efficacy of the scheme has been evaluated by computing mean-squared-error (MSE) between the secret target image and the decrypted image. The sensitivity analysis of the decryption process to variations in various encryption parameters has also been carried out.     

Asymmetric multiple-image encryption based on the cascaded fractional Fourier transform

A multiple-image cryptosystem is proposed based on the cascaded fractional Fourier transform. During an encryption procedure, each of the original images is directly separated into two phase masks. A portion of the masks is subsequently modulated into an interim mask, which is encrypted into the ciphertext image; the others are used as the encryption keys. Using phase truncation in the fractional Fourier domain, one can use an asymmetric cryptosystem to produce a real-valued noise-like ciphertext, while a legal user can reconstruct all of the original images using a different group of phase masks. The encryption key is an indivisible part of the corresponding original image and is still useful during decryption. The proposed system has high resistance to various potential attacks, including the chosen-plaintext attack. Numerical simulations also demonstrate the security and feasibility of the proposed scheme.     

Multiple images encryption based on Fourier transform hologram

A new optical encryption method is proposed in this paper to achieve multiple images encryption. We introduce reference waves with different incident angles and random amplitude masks into a Fourier transform hologram configuration to encrypt multiple images. In the encryption procedure, different random amplitude masks (RAMs) which are placed into the reference arm vertically admit the multiplexing capability. When decrypting one of the original images, reference wave with the same incident angle as encrypting the target image is used to illuminate the encrypted hologram with the insertion of random amplitude mask whose transmissivity is reciprocal of that of the encrypting random amplitude mask in the reference arm. We also simulate and analyze the influence of partly wrong decrypting key on the decrypted results. Numerical simulation proves that the proposed encryption method is valid and of high security level.     

Optical multiple-image encryption based on phase encoding algorithm in the Fresnel transform domain

A novel method of the optical multiple-image encryption based on the modified Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm (MGSA) is presented. This proposed method with an architecture of two adjacent phase only functions (POFs) in the Fresnel transform (FrT) domain that can extremely increase capacity of system for completely avoiding the crosstalk between the decrypted images. Each encrypted target image is separately encoded into a POF by using the MGSA which is with constraining the encrypted target image. Each created POF is then added to a prescribed fixed POF composed of a proposed MGSA-based phase encoding algorithm. Not only the wavelength and multiple-position parameters in the FrT domain as keys to increase system security, the created POFs are also served mutually as the encryption keys to decrypt target image based on cascading two POFs scheme. Compared with prior methods [23], [24], the main advantages of this proposed encryption system is that it does not need any transformative lenses and that makes it very efficient and easy to implement optically. Simulation results show that this proposed encryption system can successfully achieve the multiple-image encryption with multiple-position keys, which is more advantageous in security than previous work [24] for its decryption process with only two POFs keys to accomplish this task.     

Double image encryption using double pixel scrambling and random phase encoding

A novel double image encryption method is proposed by utilizing double pixel scrambling technique and random fractional Fourier domain encoding. One of the two original images is encoded into the phase of a complex signal after being scrambled by one matrix, and the other original image encoded into its amplitude after being scrambled by another matrix. The complex signal is then encrypted into stationary white noise by utilizing double random phase encoding in fractional Fourier domain. By applying the correct keys with fractional orders, the random phase masks and the pixel scrambling operation, the two original images can be retrieved without cross-talk. Numerical simulations have been done to prove the validity and the security of the proposed encryption method.     

前向迭代多随机相位光学图像加密方法的研究

基于光学4f级联系统,采用前向迭代算法和通过产生多个随机相位板对图像进行了加密和解密。给出了该方法的原理和迭代实现的过程。对该方法在收敛速度、解密图像质量、相位板数目和相位量化阶数对解密图像质量的影响以及保密和安全性能等方面进行了分析和研究。模拟结果表明,该方法收敛速度快,解密图像质量好,可以降低相位板相位量化阶数有限所引起的误差对解密图像质量的影响,图像的安全和保密性能也得到了很大的提高。     

Image encoding based on coherent superposition and basic vector operations

A new method for image encryption based on optical coherent superposition and basic vector operations is proposed in this paper. In this encryption, the original image can be directly separated into two phase masks (PMs). One is a random phase mask (RPM) and the other is a modulation of the RPM by the original image. The mathematical calculation for obtaining the two PMs is quite simple and direct resulting from the simple principle of optical coherent superposition. The arbitrarily selected RPM can be treated as the encrypted result while the PM can be taken as the key for decryption. With this technique, the same encrypted result can be obtained for different images with the same size while the keys for decryption are different. The encryption can be performed digitally and the decryption can be performed optically or digitally. The security of the proposed method is discussed and computer simulation results are presented to verify the validity of proposed method.     

一种基于双光束干涉的分级身份认证方法

提出一种基于双光束干涉的分级身份认证方法. 本方法通过同时验证用户的"口令"和"相位钥"以实现对用户身份的双重安全认证. 它不仅可以判断某个用户是否合法, 还能鉴别出其相应的身份级别, 从而确定并授予其相应的系统访问权限. 认证过程的核心功能组件是一个基于干涉的光学装置, 用户"口令" 控制的"相位锁" 和用户携带的"相位钥" 被分别加载至此装置中的两个空间光调制器(spatial light modulator, SLM), 两束相干光分别经过这两个SLMs的调制后, 在输出面得到一幅干涉图, 它被传送至计算机并与系统数据库中的"认证图像" 进行匹配, 以完成身份的鉴别. 系统的设计则是一个逆向的迭代求解问题, 本文根据事先给定的某个用户的身份级别(对应着某个认证图像)和随机给定的 "相位锁", 利用一种修正的相位恢复算法确定出其对应的"相位钥". 理论分析和仿真实验都证明了此方案是可行而有效的. 关键词： 干涉 傅里叶光学 相位恢复 身份认证     

Cascaded Fresnel holographic image encryption scheme based on a constrained optimization algorithm and Henon map

We propose an image encryption scheme using chaotic phase masks and cascaded Fresnel transform holography based on a constrained optimization algorithm. In the proposed encryption scheme, the chaotic phase masks are generated by Henon map, and the initial conditions and parameters of Henon map serve as the main secret keys during the encryption and decryption process. With the help of multiple chaotic phase masks, the original image can be encrypted into the form of a hologram. The constrained optimization algorithm makes it possible to retrieve the original image from only single frame hologram. The use of chaotic phase masks makes the key management and transmission become very convenient. In addition, the geometric parameters of optical system serve as the additional keys, which can improve the security level of the proposed scheme. Comprehensive security analysis performed on the proposed encryption scheme demonstrates that the scheme has high resistance against various potential attacks. Moreover, the proposed encryption scheme can be used to encrypt video information. And simulations performed on a video in AVI format have also verified the feasibility of the scheme for video encryption.     

Optical image conversion and encryption by diffraction,phase retrieval algorithm and incoherent superposition

In this paper, an optical encryption system is proposed based on tricolor principle, Fresnel diffraction, and phase iterative algorithms. Different from the traditional encryption system, the encrypted image of this system is a color image and the plaintext of it is a gray image, which can achieve the combination of a color image and a gray image and the conversion of one image to another image. Phase masks can be generated by using the phase iterative algorithms in this paper. The six phase masks and the six diffracting distances are all essential keys in the process of decryption, which can greatly enhance the system security. Numerical simulations are shown to prove the possibility and safety of the method.     

Securing color image by using phase-only encoding in Fresnel domains

We propose a novel color image hiding scheme with three channels of cascaded Fresnel domain phase-only filtering. The original color image is encoded into three phase masks by using the Gerchberg–Saxton iterative phase retrieval algorithm with another predefined phase key. The individual phase masks are placed in the inputs of the Fresnel domains of the red–green–blue channels and the phase key in the public channel, during the optical retrieval. The physical parameters in the optical system will be regarded as the additional keys for security enhancement. Numerical simulation is performed to test the validity of our scheme.     

Optical encryption and verification technique for information coding in multiple-wavelengths in Fresnel domain

We propose a new optical encryption and verification technique in which multiple frames of images recorded by different wavelengths can be synchronously encrypted into double pure phase masks (PMs). The height distributions of the two surface-relief PMs are designed by using an iterative phase-retrieval algorithm in combination with the conjugate-gradient method. Two PMs are located at the predesigned positions in the verification system. When a plane wave with a correct wavelength illuminates the optical verification system, the corresponding image is extracted to display on the output plane. Another incident plane wave with other different wavelength which was used in recording can produce another image. Only when all the frames of images recorded by different wavelengths are obtained, the user can then pass through the verification procedure. Compared with the previous encryption and verification technique, these predesigned wavelengths can be used as additional verification keys, which should significantly enhance the security of system. Numerical simulation shows that the proposed technique can successfully reconstruct the verification images for the authorized user having all the correct keys, but never for any unauthorized intruder.     

基于gyrator变换和矢量分解的非对称图像加密方法

本文结合矢量分解和gyrator变换的数学实现得到了一种新的非对称图像加密算法,它将待加密图像先通过矢量分解加密到两块纯相位板中,然后利用从gyrator变换的数学实现中推导出来的加密算法加密其中一块相位板,获得最终的实值密文.另一块相位板作为解密密钥.算法的解密密钥不同于加密密钥,实现了非对称加密,加密过程中产生的两个私钥增大了算法的安全性.数值模拟结果验证了该算法的可行性和有效性.     

Linear exchanging operation and random phase encoding in gyrator transform domain for double image encryption

We present an optical method for double image encryption by using linear exchanging operation and double random phase encoding (DRPE) in the gyrator transform (GT) domain. In the linear exchanging operation, two primitive images are linearly recombined via a random orthogonal transform matrix. The resultant blended images are employed to constitute a complex-valued image, which is then encoded into a noise-like encrypted image by a DRPE structure in the GT domain. One can recover the primitive images exactly with all decryption keys correctly applied, including the transform orders, the random phase masks and random angle function used for linear exchanging operation. Computer simulations have been given to demonstrate that the proposed scheme eliminates the difference in key spaces between the phase-based image and the amplitude-based image encountered in the previous schemes. Moreover, our scheme has considerably high security level and certain robustness against data loss and noise disturbance.     

基于离散余弦变换与二维Ushiki混沌的图像加密

提出了一种基于离散余弦变换与混沌随机相位掩模的图像加密方法。起密钥作用的两块混沌随机相位掩模由二维Ushiki混沌系统生成,Ushiki混沌系统的初值和控制参数可以替代随机相位掩模作为加解密过程中的密钥,因此便于密钥管理和传输。通过对密钥敏感性、图像相邻像素间的相关性、抗噪声攻击及抗剪切攻击等分析表明,图像加密方法具有较强的抵抗暴力攻击、统计攻击、噪声攻击和剪切攻击能力。     

Color image encryption and decryption for twin images in fractional Fourier domain

We propose a method for the encryption of twin color images using fractional Fourier transform (FRT). The color images to be encrypted are converted into the indexed image formats before being processed through twin image encryption algorithm based on the FRT. The proposed algorithm uses one random code in the image domain and one random phase code in the FRT domain to perform double image encryption. The conversion of both the input RGB images into their indexed formats facilitates single-channel processing for each image, and is more compact and robust as compared to multichannel techniques. Different fractional orders, the random masks in image- and FRT domain are the keys to enhance the security of the proposed system. The algorithms to implement the proposed encryption and decryption schemes are discussed, and results of digital simulation are presented. We examine sensitivity of the proposed scheme against the use of unauthorized keys (e.g. incorrect fractional orders, incorrect random phase mask etc.). Robustness of the method against occlusion and noise has also been discussed.