Numerical simulation of Corti stimulated by fluid in tunnel of Corti

In this paper, the effect of fluid in a tunnel of Corti(TC) on organ of Corti(OC) is studied. A three-dimensional OC model including basilar membrane(BM),tectorial membrane(TM), inner and outer hair cells(OHCs), and reticular lamina(RL)is established by COMSOL. An initial pressure is applied to the fluid in the TC. The frequency response of the structure is analyzed, and the displacement of the BM is achieved.The results are in good agreement with the experimental data, confirming validity of the finite element model. Based on the model, the effect of fluid in the TC on the OC is studied. The results show that, when the pressure gradient is absent in the fluid, with the increase of the initial fluid pressure, the displacement of the BM increases. However, when the initial fluid pressure increases to a certain value, the increase rate of the displacement of the BM becomes very slow. The movement of the fluid amplifies the BM movement. Furthermore, the movement of the fluid can strengthen the movement of the OHCs and the shear movement of the stereocilia, especially in the vicinity of the characteristic frequency at which the amplification effect reaches a peak. Nevertheless, a pressure gradient in the fluid affects the BM movement.     

Elastic moduli of the piezoelectric cochlear outer hair cell membrane

The outer hair cell is a specialized cell in the mammalian cochlea, believed to amplify incoming sound waves. This amplification is associated with the outer hair cell's electromotility, a unique cellular phenomenon of voltage-dependent length changes. Outer hair cell properties can be described in terms of the piezoelectric relationships, and the elastic moduli are a key part of them. We revisit the problem of estimating the elastic moduli of the outer hair cell composite membrane (wall) where two methods have previously been proposed. We analyze the two methods, while taking into account experimental ranges of the measured parameters. We have shown that cell stiffness is the critical parameter that determines the difference between the method predictions, and we have found a range of stiffness where the results are reasonably close. The elastic moduli corresponding to this range can be recommended for estimation of the characteristics of the piezoelectric model.     

Response suppression and transient behavior in a nonlinear active cochlear model with feed-forward

A nonlinear active cochlear model is used to simulate the steady-state frequency response and transient response to clicks of the basilar membrane. The model includes the three-dimensional viscous fluid effects, an orthotropic cochlear partition with dimensional and material property variation along its length, and a nonlinear active feed-forward mechanism to represent the activity of the outer hair cells. A hybrid asymptotic and numerical method is used to provide a fast and efficient iterative procedure for modeling and simulation of the nonlinear responses in the active cochlea. The simulation results exhibit some of the characteristic nonlinear behavior of the basilar membrane commonly observed in experimental measurements, such as significant amplification and sustained “ringing” in the transient response at low stimulus level. The simple feed-forward mechanism is able to capture the properties of the noncausal active process in the cochlea without a second filter or resonance.     

正弦交流介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器诱导流场研究的进展与展望

正弦交流介质阻挡放电等离子体流动控制技术是基于等离子体激励的主动流动控制技术,具有响应时间短、结构简单、能耗低、不需要额外气源装置等优点,在飞行器增升减阻、抑振降噪、助燃防冰等方面具有广阔的应用前景.针对“激励器消耗的大部分能量尚未被挖掘利用、诱导流场的完整演化过程尚未完全掌握、诱导流场的演化机制尚不明确”这三方面问题,本文首先从激励器诱导流场的空间结构、时空演化过程、演化机制三个方面回顾总结了激励器诱导流场的研究进展.在诱导流场空间结构方面,发现了高电压激励下诱导射流的湍流特性,辨析了壁面拟序结构与无量纲激励参数之间的关联机制;从激励器诱导声能方面挖掘出了激励器潜在的能量,发现了“等离子体诱导超声波与诱导声流”的新现象,提出了声激励机制;在时空演化过程方面,阐明了激励器诱导流场从薄型壁射流发展为“拱形”射流、再演变为启动涡,最终形成准定常射流的完整演化过程;在演化机制方面,结合声学特性提出了以“升推”为主的诱导流场演化机制.其次,围绕激励器诱导流场,进一步凝练出下一步研究重点,为突破等离子体流动控制技术瓶颈,打通“概念创新—技术突破—演示验证”的创新链路,实现工程应用提供支撑.     

Investigation of the effect of filling level on the wear and vibration of a SAG mill by DEM

Semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mill is widely used in the grinding process of coal and ores because of its strong applicability, large capacity and low consumption of grinding media. Therefore, the research of SAG mill is still of great important practical significance. Among those parameters of the SAG mill, the filling level is very important for it is not only directly related to the processing capacity of the mill, but also affects the operation cost and stability of mill. In this paper, combined with shear impact energy model (SIEM) and discrete element method (DEM), the particle collision energy spectrum was applied to analyze the influence of ore filling level and media filling level on the power draw of the mill, the impact energy on ore, and the wear of liner and media in a slice of an industrial SAG mill. It was found that increasing the ore filling level would increase energy consumption and reduce the energy efficiency and the wear of liner and grinding media. Furthermore, the vibration of mill was explored from the collision energy on liner. The results showed that the low frequency but high energy collision between grinding media and liner was the main reason for liner wear and mill vibration.     

Numerical simulation based on three-dimensional model of inner stereocilia

A three-dimensional inner stereocilium model is established by PATRAN.According to the relevant data, the corresponding pressure is applied to one side of the inner stereocilia. The top displacement of the inner stereocilia along the cross section of the basilar membrane(the x-displacement) is similar to the available data in the literature, which verifies the correctness of the model. Based on Castigliano's theorem,the displacement of a single stereocilium is achieved under the inverted triangle force.The results are in good agreement with the data obtained from the finite element(FE)model, which confirms the validity of the formula. With the FE model, the effects of the movement of the hair cells and fluid in the cochlear duct on the x-displacements of the inner stereocilia are studied. The results show that the movement of the hair cells affects the x-displacements of the inner stereocilia, especially for the shortest stereocilium, and the fluid in the cochlear duct affects the x-displacements of the inner stereocilia, especially for the middle stereocilium. Moreover, compared with the effects of the hair cells on the stereocilia, the effect of the cochlear duct fluid is greater.     

下穿隧道爆破荷载激励下边坡振动预测及能量分析

为解决边坡与下穿近接隧道协同爆破施工安全难题，结合某石油储备基地扩建项目，运用量纲推导、现场实验与信号分析相结合的方法，构建考虑高程影响的振动峰值速度公式，研究隧道爆破振动能量沿坡面的衰减机制。结果显示，边坡同台阶边沿处质点振速峰值大于坡脚处，坡面局部存在振动速度高程放大效应；引入相对坡度H/D的爆破振动模型对坡面质点振速预测精度高，可反映边坡角对高程放大效应的影响；振动速度及能量沿坡面均呈现出近区衰减快、远区衰减慢的传播特性，同时隧道爆破振动能量集中分布在0～300 Hz范围的多个子振频带，且高频能量沿坡面衰减更快，能量卓越频带中值以指数形式衰减，能量最终向低频带集中。     

论心脏功能的“泵说”与“波说”

分析了心脏功能的“泵说”和“波说”。研究表明，心脏扮演的角色实际上不是泵，而是脉搏波发生器，产生一系列携带能量的脉搏波。每个脉搏波由升支和降支组成。前者对应于加载过程:压力、粒子速度、能量和血氧饱和度均随时间升高。而后者则对应于卸载过程:压力、粒子速度、能量以及血氧饱和度都下降，直至为零。因此，“泵说”中诸如Windkessel效应、一机二泵和舒张泵等概念都难以成立。所谓约1.5 W的心脏功率实质上表征了每个脉搏波的功率。针对脉搏波是流-固耦合和纵波-横波耦合的复杂波之特征，研究表明，能量的主要部分(99.99%)由横波携带，它沿固体血管传播,损耗低，效率高。研究还表明，血管分支处广义波阻抗的增大有助于抵消脉搏波传播中的衰减耗散，升高传入血管分支的脉搏波脉压，可视为人体的一种自我调节机制。     

Controlling angular oscillations through mass reconfiguration: a variable length pendulum case

The control of angular oscillations or energy of a system through mass reconfiguration is examined using a variable length pendulum. Control is accomplished by sliding the end mass towards and away from the pivot as the pendulum oscillates. The resulting attenuation or amplification of the angular oscillations are explained using the Coriolis inertia force and by examining the energy variation during an oscillation cycle. Simple rules relating the sliding motion to the angular oscillations are proposed and assessed using numerical simulations. An equivalent viscous damping ratio is introduced to quantify the attenuation/amplification phenomena. Sliding motion profiles for achieving attenuation have been simulated with the results being discussed in detail.     

强脉冲电磁力驱动的冲击载荷

冲击载荷在材料科学与工程领域具有一定的应用。随着研究的深入, 对冲击速度、冲击能量提出了更高的需求, 是落锤所无法达到的。强脉冲磁场可由脉冲大电流产生, 通过合适的装置可产生强脉冲电磁力, 进而可转换为冲击载荷。通过数值模拟, 给出了强脉冲磁场、电磁力及冲头运动过程的数值模拟结果。采用高速摄像对该压缩冲击装置的运动过程进行记录, 通过对影像数据处理获得了冲击速度及冲击能量, 验证了模拟结果。     

岩石爆破破碎能耗随抵抗线的变化规律

针对爆炸荷载下岩体破碎块度和有用功能耗及能耗利用率问题,运用断裂力学、分形基础理论分析和模型实验等方法,对爆炸荷载下岩体破碎块度和能耗利用率随最小抵抗线的变化规律开展了系统的分析研究。研究结果表明:在模型实验条件下,破碎块度分形维数在1.2～1.7之间,随最小抵抗线增大呈现较好的线性衰减趋势;破碎能耗随最小抵抗线呈现先增加后降低的趋势,爆炸能量利用率在4.57%～12.51%之间,趋势与能耗值一致,模型实验中能耗利用率存在最大值;破碎块度与能耗利用率变化趋势相反,说明在最小抵抗线变化过程中存在一个最佳值,使得破碎块度和能耗利用率均处于最优状态,模型实验中这一最佳值为160 mm,是装药直径的26.7倍。该研究结果可为提高爆炸能利用率理论分析及工程中降低大块率的设计和施工提供理论依据。     

风沙运动力学机理研究的历史、进展与趋势

回顾了风沙运动力学机理研究历史,阐述了中国在风沙运动力学机理研究方 面所取得的最新进展，提出了目前存在的问题和今后发展的趋势.     

Mechanics of water pore formation in lipid membrane under electric field

Transmembrane water pores are crucial for sub-stance transport through cell membranes via membrane fusion, such as in neural communication. However, the molecular mechanism of water pore formation is not clear. In this study, we apply all-atom molecular dynamics and bias-exchange metadynamics simulations to study the pro-cess of water pore formation under an electric field. We show that water molecules can enter a membrane under an electric field and form a water pore of a few nanometers in diame-ter. These water molecules disturb the interactions between lipid head groups and the ordered arrangement of lipids. Fol-lowing the movement of water molecules, the lipid head groups are rotated and driven into the hydrophobic region of the membrane. The reorientated lipid head groups inside the membrane form a hydrophilic surface of the water pore. This study reveals the atomic details of how an electric field influences the movement of water molecules and lipid head groups, resulting in water pore formation.     

INVESTIGATION ON THE ATTENUATION OF A ROTATING LIQUID MOTION IN A CYLINDER WITH BOUNDARY RESISTANCE

为了分析圆柱形容器内同步旋转液面在边界阻力作用下的衰减机理，采用层流摩阻与湍流摩阻的理论模型和实验测试的方法对同步旋转液面在边壁阻力作用下的衰减规律进行了研究. 通过分析壁面阻力的特性，采用当量湿周对圆柱形容器中旋转液体运动的能量损失进行模拟，建立了壁面糙率、旋转半径，静水深度和液体旋转速度之间的本构方程. 通过对圆柱容器中的同步旋转液面在边界阻力作用下的层流和湍流形态的衰减过程进行实验测试，验证了理论模型的正确性. 基于验证后的理论方法，获得了圆柱容器中旋转液体的角速度、高度等随时间的变化过程，分析了摩阻形态、糙率和直径对旋转液面衰减过程的影响. 结果表明，边壁糙率和容器半径是决定旋转液面的衰减过程主要因素，边壁糙率越大液体旋转速度衰减越快，圆柱形容器半径越大液体旋转的衰减越慢.     

旋转液体在边界阻力作用下的衰减特性分析

为了分析圆柱形容器内同步旋转液面在边界阻力作用下的衰减机理,采用层流摩阻与湍流摩阻的理论模型和实验测试的方法对同步旋转液面在边壁阻力作用下的衰减规律进行了研究. 通过分析壁面阻力的特性,采用当量湿周对圆柱形容器中旋转液体运动的能量损失进行模拟,建立了壁面糙率、旋转半径,静水深度和液体旋转速度之间的本构方程. 通过对圆柱容器中的同步旋转液面在边界阻力作用下的层流和湍流形态的衰减过程进行实验测试,验证了理论模型的正确性. 基于验证后的理论方法,获得了圆柱容器中旋转液体的角速度、高度等随时间的变化过程,分析了摩阻形态、糙率和直径对旋转液面衰减过程的影响. 结果表明,边壁糙率和容器半径是决定旋转液面的衰减过程主要因素,边壁糙率越大液体旋转速度衰减越快,圆柱形容器半径越大液体旋转的衰减越慢.      

面内压电振动能量采集动力学设计与性能研究

压电振动能量采集将环境中普遍存在的机械能转换为电能，可以实现自供能传感、控制与驱动，具备灵活、节能环保、可持续的优势，具有广阔的应用前景。为了促进压电振动能量采集器件的集成与融合，提出面内压电振动能量采集，将压电振动能量采集器进行扁平化设计，使其在二维平面内采集振动能量，在保证较大功率输出下能够显著减小器件所需三维空间。为了提高输出功率与工作频宽，设计了具有双稳态与力放大机制的面内压电振动能量采集器。考虑弯张小变形，通过能量法建立了面内压电振动能量采集器的机电耦合动力学模型。分析了关键设计参数对面内压电振动能量采集器性能的影响。数值仿真了面内压电振动能量采集器在简谐激励下的俘能性能，结果表明，通过合理的设计，面内压电振动能量采集器可以低频、宽频弱激励下有效俘获能量。面内压电振动能量采集设计方法有利于推动便携式、可穿戴式自供能等方面的应用和产业化。     

Bifurcation and chaos analysis of torsional vibration in a PMSM-based driven system considering electromechanically coupled effect

The rotor of PMSM-based electromechanically driven system is a typical electromechanically coupled system. In this paper, we analyzed the nonlinear magnetic interaction torque of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and deduced the nonlinear electromechanically coupled equation of PMSM-based electromechanical driven system using Lagrange–Maxwell theory. We determined the equation of the movement of the dynamic system from his asymmetric double well potential. The unperturbed system was classified to several categories based on the shapes of potential functions and phase portraits. An analytical criterion for homoclinic chaos is written in terms of the system parameters by means of Melnikov’s method. Detailed numerical studies including phase portrait, Poincare map, and bifurcation diagram confirm the analytical prediction and reveal the effect of excitation amplitude and damp on the system transition to chaos. The conclusion can provide reference for deeply research the dynamic behaviors of mechanical drive system.     

压电与摩擦电复合型旋转能量采集动力学协同调控机制研究

低转速激励下能量采集性能差是目前制约旋转能量采集技术应用的瓶颈问题. 本文提出了动力学协同调控机制, 并用于调控系统的动力学行为, 可以使器件在低转速激励下有效工作, 提高了旋转能量采集系统的电学性能. 旋转刚度软化、非线性磁力、几何边界的协同调控既可以增加系统在低速下的振动位移以及压电材料的形变, 也可调控系统的最大位移, 使其振动可控并限制位移过大提高可靠性. 此外, 几何边界可以方便地集成摩擦纳米发电机, 实现压电与摩擦两种机电转换机制在振动和碰撞过程中协同发电, 有效利用空间和提高输出电能. 基于哈密顿原理建立了系统的机电耦合动力学模型并进行了实验验证. 实验结果表明系统能够在0~250 r/min的低转速范围内有效工作, 在转速为250 r/min时, 压电单元和摩擦纳米发电机的最大峰峰值电压分别为132 V和1128 V, 总平均功率为1426 μW. 本文提出的动力学协同调控机制为能量采集系统动力学和电学性能改进提供新的途径, 有益于促进自供能物联网技术的发展与应用.      

Optimal disturbances above and upstream of a flat plate with an elliptic-type leading edge

Adjoint-based iterative methods are employed to compute linear optimal disturbances in a spatially growing boundary layer around an elliptic leading edge. The Lagrangian approach is used where an objective function is chosen and constraints are assigned. The optimisation problem is solved using power iterations combined with a matrix-free formulation, where the state is marched forward in time with a standard direct numerical simulation solver and backward with the adjoint solver until a chosen convergence criterion is fulfilled. We consider the global and, more relevant to receptivity studies, the upstream localised optimal initial condition leading to the largest possible energy amplification at time T. We find that the two-dimensional initial condition with the largest potential for growth is a Tollmien–Schlichting-like wave packet that includes the Orr mechanism and is located inside the boundary layer downstream of the leading edge. Three-dimensional optimal disturbances induce streaks by the lift-up mechanism. Requiring the optimal initial condition to be localised upstream of the plate enables us to better study the effects of the leading edge on the boundary layer receptivity mechanisms. Two-dimensional upstream disturbances are inefficient at triggering unstable eigenmodes, whereas three-dimensional disturbances induce streamwise streaks with significant growth.     

细胞内吞纳米颗粒药物的数值模拟研究

受体介导的内吞是细胞与外界物质交换的常见方式. 采用配体修饰表面的纳米脂质体颗粒,将药物有针对性地投放到肿瘤细胞 以提高药物传输的效率,是药物传 输系统设计中的核心问题之一. 本文假设内吞是准静态过程,采用三维数学模型来模拟球状纳米颗粒的内吞,建立了包含绑定键的系统变形能方程,通过求 解能量方程的最小值,得到药物在每个内吞包裹阶段的变形以及药物的被动内吞所需最小能量,分析不同药物半径对内吞所 需最小能量的影响. 研究表明,细胞膜变形能与绑定键变形能占总能量的绝大部分,各组分随着包裹区域增加均有变化;在给定细胞膜和药物颗 粒的硬度、绑定键强度等物理特性下存在最优药物尺寸,使得内吞过程中总能耗最小;在药物内吞进行的后期,包裹区域边 缘的绑定键因伸长过大发生断裂,影响内吞的顺利完成. 本研究为受体介导的高效药物设计提供了理论支撑.