霍林河褐煤热解甲烷生成反应类型及动力学的热重-质谱实验与量子化学计算

应用开放体系的热重-质谱联用技术(TG/MS)对未成熟的霍林河褐煤(镜质组最大反射率ROmax为0.33%)进行了热解模拟, 获得了甲烷的在线析出速率曲线. 曲线拟合结果表明, 甲烷生成速率曲线可以分解为5个峰, 结合化学动力学分析, 发现低温阶段甲烷的峰为吸附甲烷析出峰, 其余四个峰为热解甲烷的生成峰, 代表四类不同的化学反应. 将煤的结构特征及量子化学的理论计算相结合, 认为甲烷的生成包括4类反应, 类型1为与氧等杂原子相连的脂碳断裂; 类型2包含了两种反应, 一种是短链脂肪烃类官能团β位断裂, 另一种是所形成的长链脂肪烃类物质二次裂解; 类型3是与芳核直接相连的甲基热解脱落; 类型4为存在于煤结构中脂肪类物质的芳香化.     

煤及其含氧基团模拟物的电化学还原

以四丁基溴化铵作支持电解质电化学还原煤及其含氧基团模拟物,用甲醇萃取电化学还原前后的煤.还原产物和萃取物由气相色谱-质谱联用仪定性分析,煤含氧基团模拟物的电还原产物用气相色谱定量分析.结果表明,经电化学还原后,煤表面含氧基团减少,需进一步提高煤含氧基团模拟物的转化率.电化学测试同时给出还原过程中各相关电极反应的动力学方程.     

低煤化度煤低温热解脱氧后结构的变化

采用低温热解脱氧方法对低煤化度煤中含氧官能团化学活性进行了系列研究,测定了ＦＴＩＲ、１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ、１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ及比表面积和孔径分布。得出了煤中含氧官能团的化学活性顺序,并发现低温热解脱氧的同时,煤分子中的Ｏ重新分布,Ｈ分布、Ｃ分布及孔径分布的变化,是低温热解导致煤分子改性的原因所在     

Effects of organic micromolecules in coal on its wettability

Two types of bituminous coal were extracted with tetrahydrofuran solvent using microwave-assisted method at 50°C and atmospheric pressure. Pore structure parameters and wettability of raw coals and their residues were separately tested with nitrogen adsorption and capillary penetration method. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was employed for analysis of surface functional groups of raw coals and their residues. Results showed remarkably degraded wettability of coal, especially gas coal, after extraction, whereas wetting height of raw coal reached more than twice that of residual coal within the same wetting time. Given the different storage characteristics of organic micromolecules in coal, pore volume of coal increased after extraction, and solvent extraction exerted different effects on pores. Pores of gas coal expanded with reduced specific surface area and improvement in hydrophobicity. Pores of coking coal increased with increasing specific surface area and degrading hydrophobicity. Organic micromolecules in coal and several side-chain groups in macromolecular skeleton structure were dissolved, reducing contents of functional groups in coal, decreasing quantities of groups, such as methyl and carbonyl, on coal surface, and modifying microcosmic surface characteristics of coal and improving hydrophobicity. Through comprehensive analysis, pore structure, and microcosmic surface characteristics of coal jointly determined its wettability.     

Reactions of nitrogen and oxygen surface groups in nanoporous carbons under inert and reducing atmospheres

The reactions of surface functional groups have an important role in controlling conversion of char nitrogen to NOx during coal combustion. This study involved an investigation of the thermal stability and reactions of nitrogen surface functional groups in nanoporous carbons. Four suites of carbons, which were used as models for coal chars, were prepared with a wide range of nitrogen and oxygen contents and types of functional groups. The porous structures of the carbons were characterized by gas adsorption methods while chemical analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray near edge structure spectroscopy were used to characterize the surface functional groups. Temperature programmed desorption and temperature programmed reduction methods were used to study the reactivity of the surface functional groups during heat treatment under inert and reducing conditions. Heat treatment studies show that the order of stability of the functional groups is quaternary nitrogen > pyridinic > pyrrolic > pyridine N-oxide. Pyridine N-oxide surface groups desorb NO and form N2 via surface reactions at low temperature. Pyrrolic and pyridinic functional groups decompose and react with surface species to give NH3, HCN, and N2 as desorption products, but most pyrrolic groups are preferentially converted to pyridinic and quaternary nitrogen. The main desorption product is N2. Approximately 15-40 wt % of the original nitrogen was retained in the carbons mainly as quaternary nitrogen after heat treatment to 1673 K. The results are discussed in terms of decomposition ranges for surface functional groups and reaction mechanisms of surface species.     

东胜长焰煤热解含氧官能团结构演化的13C-NMR和FT-IR分析

以东胜煤田色拉一号井田2号煤层长焰煤为研究对象,利用浮沉离心法富集其镜质组。基于工业分析、元素分析、¹³C-NMR、FT-IR、谱图分峰拟合技术和化学分析测试,求取镜煤及一系列热解煤含氧官能团结构与含量参数,从不同角度研究了含氧官能团的分布规律与演化特点。镜煤中羧基、羰基含量分别为8.91~10.90 mol/kg、1.61~1.79 mol/kg,随热解温度升高羧基显著减少。热解作用促使以端基形式连接在脂肪链或脂肪环结构氧上的甲基和亚甲基首先脱去,且在温度高于350 ℃后基本稳定。氧在热解过程赋存状态的变化是芳香体系与脂肪体系相互竞争的结果,510 ℃热解煤中芳香类氧和脂肪类氧的含量分别为7.49、3.45 mol/kg。羟基的演化过程与热解过程中氧的赋存状态密切相关。随着热解过程的进行,在热解温度低于440 ℃时,各种羟基含量均减少,热解过程对于大分子网络的破坏干扰了各种氢键作用,而羟基π作用则暂时增强,至510 ℃时各种氢键含量均降为最低。东胜长焰煤中含氧官能团化学活性顺序为:[COOH]>[R-O]>[Ar-O-Ar,Ar-O-C,C-O-C]>[C=O]。镜煤非活性醚键含量为0.68 mol/kg,活性醚键为0.48 mol/kg,主要为非活性醚键。     

准东煤水热提质过程中煤质特性变化对CO_2气化影响

选取准东高钠煤为研究对象,在高压反应釜中进行了不同温度(150-350℃)下的水热提质处理实验,依托电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、氮气等温吸附模型(BET)和X射线衍射(XRD)等技术,分析了煤样的煤质特性变化以及对CO_2气化的综合影响规律。结果表明,水热提质处理后煤样成熟度增加,煤阶上升,钠的脱除效果显著,在300-350℃时脱除率均大于95%。煤焦化学结构致密、有序、稳定;煤样CO_2气化曲线向高温区偏移,气化活性指数呈下降趋势且300-350℃时下降明显。水热提质过程中煤样气化反应活性受到煤阶、碱金属钠含量、物理孔隙结构、化学微晶结构等多个因素的综合影响。     

内蒙五牧场矿区11号煤层原煤大分子结构特征及其形成机制

在对内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市伊敏盆地五牧场区11号煤层原煤工业分析、元素分析、¹³C-NMR、FT-IR、XPS等分析基础上,获得了煤大分子结构中碳骨架信息、脂肪结构以及含氧官能团类型及比例、氮原子的存在形式和比例等结构信息。以此为基础,构建了煤的大分子结构模型,并应用 ¹³C-NMR预测软件ACD/CNMR predictor 对其进行了修正, 获得与实验核磁共振谱图吻合较好的大分子结构模型。大分子结构的芳香结构单元以苯、萘、蒽、菲为芳香结构单元,数量分别是1、2、2、1,醚键、氢化芳环以及邻位亚甲基作为连接芳香结构的主要桥键;氧原子以酚羟基、羰基、羧基的形式存在,数量分别是7、3、2;氮原子分别以吡啶和吡咯的形式存在,甲基和脂肪短链分布在芳香单元的边缘。与相邻矿区的褐煤及相近变质程度的神东长焰煤的比较发现,其形成机制主要是在高温低压环境下,热演化过程中快速失去各种含氧官能团,导致短链脂肪类物质的形成,而低压环境则有利于热演化过程中形成的各种小分子物质逸散导致自由基的缩聚,形成较大的芳香结构单元,但是直链脂肪类物质的存在具有位阻效应,不利于芳香结构单元的定向排列,导致所谓的"化学成分成熟超前于其结构成熟"现象。     

煤基和石油基C7-沥青质的结构特征及缔合行为

采用核磁(NMR)、小角散射分析(SAXS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、改进的B-L法等手段,研究了煤基C7-沥青质(CT-asp)和石油基C7-沥青质(M-asp)两类沥青质的化学组成、官能团和分子结构等组成结构特征以及差异性,进而通过极性溶剂中沥青质稳定参数研究两类沥青质的缔合行为和聚集体尺寸以及两者之间的氢键和酸碱作用。结果表明,CT-asp分子芳香环数较少且有较多短烷基侧链,且芳香度较高,较高含量氧杂原子以芳香醚和酚羟基赋存形态为主;而M-asp的芳香核尺寸和平均相对分子质量明显高于CT-asp,芳香环数虽较多且有较多长烷基支链,且芳香度较小;两类沥青质缔合聚集程度关联物质的量比(n_(CT-asp)/n_(M-asp))及其分子结构特征,源于杂原子官能团的氢键和酸碱作用是两类沥青质缔合的主要作用力。     

基于镍基修饰的铁矿石载氧体煤化学链燃烧实验

使用1 kW_th串行流化床反应器,研究了以铁矿石为载氧体以及对铁矿石进行镍基修饰情况下煤化学链燃烧特性,对两种修饰方法(机械混合和浸渍)进行了对比评价。结果表明,铁矿石载氧体具有良好的反应性能和稳定性,是实现煤化学链燃烧的一种比较理想的载氧体。向矿石中机械添加少量NiO/Al₂O₃载氧体,能够有效改善其反应活性,提高系统CO₂捕集率;采用浸渍法修饰的铁矿石载氧体煅烧后,总体微观孔隙结构变差,导致煤气化产物与载氧体间的反应无法充分进行,系统CO₂捕集率显著下降。浸渍修饰的方法和过程需要进一步的研究和改善。     

水热法改性褐煤及含氧官能团与水相互作用的研究

利用水热法对蒙东褐煤进行了改性。通过微量热仪测定和分析了煤炭表面骨架大分子和各种官能团与水结合能的大小。结果表明,水热法改性后,褐煤中的羧基和羰基随温度升高显著降低,而羟基的变化比较复杂。计算得到了低阶煤中含氧官能团和煤炭表面骨架大分子亲水能力由大到小的顺序是羧基酚羟基羰基煤炭表面骨架大分子。     

Chemical ionization mass spectrometry. i-Butane reactant gas modified by ethanolamine or ethylenediamine

1,2-Diaminoethane and 2-aminoethanol-1 were added to the isobutane plasma of a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. The resulting reactant gas mixture did not react with additives containing a single oxygen functional group. Addition reactions were observed with some additives containing multiple oxygen functions. Additives containing nitrogen functions were protonated by the reactant mixture. The relative proportion of protonation to addition depended on the ability of the additive to chelate the reactant ion and on the basicity of the additive. This use of 1,2-diaminoethane and 2-aminoethanol-1 provides a convenient method of varying the reactivity of the plasma in a chemical ionization source.     

神木煤显微组份的表面特性

煤表面亲水性是影响水煤浆(CWS)流变性能的重要因素。关于表面活性剂和煤岩组成对煤亲水性影响的研究比较少,本文在这方面进行了一些工作,旨在弄清神木煤配CWS的制约因素。1.实验部分煤样采自神府煤田神木区四门沟矿3~(-1)层。用手选法选出镜煤和丝炭,经破碎、筛分制成80—180目研究样品。     

风化中焦煤结构的变化

用低温氧化模拟焦煤在自然界的风化过程,借助付里叶变换红外发射光谱法,原位观察了过程中煤结构的变化,并和其成焦性质的下降相关联。所得谱图表明,脂肪族基减少、醚桥键的增多以及羧酸基的出现是氧化焦煤的结构特征。由于脂肪族基的损失以及含氧链的增多,导致用氧化焦煤炼焦时产生的液体产物减少和所形成的胶质体热稳定性降低,以致难以使芳核颗粒间产生良好的熔融缩聚反应,结果使得到的焦饼松散不均一     

吸湿预氧化对提质褐煤自燃倾向性的影响

为探究提质褐煤露天储存仍易自燃的规律和机制,选用自燃倾向性测定装置测定交叉点温度(CPT)等参数求得FCC,判定105-900℃提质褐煤在空气中吸湿预氧化前后的自燃倾向性变化;采用红外光谱仪、氮吸附仪、微量热仪等测定了各样品的化学结构变化、孔结构及吸湿性差异。结果表明,随提质温度的升高,提质新鲜样的自燃倾向性降低,但吸湿预氧化使200-500℃提质煤的自燃倾向性比其新鲜样显著增加,甚至接近原煤。预氧化增加了表面氧元素含量和氧化活性基团数量;脂肪侧链、含氧官能团和(提质后产生的)新自由基等氧化活性基团的存在及比表面积的增大,共同强化了提质样品的预氧化和自燃。吸湿不仅产生润湿热进一步加深预氧化,而且吸湿程度越大的提质样品,其自燃倾向性增强越显著。     

基于钾基修饰铁矿石载氧体的煤化学链燃烧循环实验

对天然的铁矿石加以钾基修饰,在流化床上进行了煤化学链燃烧循环实验。研究了改性后的铁矿石对气体产物浓度及含碳气体体积分数影响的持续力。钾基铁矿石缩短了反应时间并明显提高了CO₂浓度;在20次循环中,钾基铁矿石能明显提高CO₂体积分数并降低CO体积分数,11次循环后,CO₂体积分数稍有减少,CO体积分数略有增加。借助于扫描电镜与电子能谱(SEM-EDX)和X射线衍射(XRD),对不同循环后的载氧体进行表征。与纯铁矿石相比,前10次循环钾基铁矿石载氧体表面严重烧结,20次循环之后烧结减轻,恢复多孔结构。结果表明,钾基铁矿石载氧体中KFe₁₁O₁₇或其衍生物对煤气化有催化作用;在20次循环中存在钾流失现象;20次循环后钾基铁矿石载氧体能完全氧化为Fe₂O₃。     

氢气压力对煤加氢反应影响的热重-气相色谱实验研究

采用加压热重分析仪和气相色谱仪联用的方法研究了府谷烟煤和海拉尔褐煤加氢反应过程中的失重规律和主要气体产物析出规律,升温速率15℃/min,压力0.1~5.0MPa,反应终温1000℃。实验结果表明,煤粉加氢反应主要分为初始干燥脱气、热分解及挥发分加氢,半焦加氢气化和焦炭加氢气化四个阶段。氢气压力的提高促进了挥发分自由基的加氢反应,抑制了含氧官能团脱除形成碳氧化物。在热分解及挥发分加氢阶段,府谷烟煤失重速率随氢气压力的升高而减小,氢气压力对海拉尔褐煤失重速率的影响不大。在半焦加氢气化阶段,CH₄生成速率随氢气压力的升高而增大,当氢气压力较高时(3~5MPa),海拉尔褐煤CH₄生成速率随氢气压力的升高不再增大。海拉尔褐煤O_daf较高,其半焦中含氧官能团提供的活性位较多。府谷烟煤H/C原子比较高,能提供更多的内部氢。府谷烟煤和海拉尔褐煤焦炭加氢反应动力学参数分别为k₀=2.38×10⁷ (min^-1·MPa^-1),E=231kJ/mol,n=1和k₀=2.64×10³ (min^-1·MPa^-0.736),E=127kJ/mol,n=0.736。     

13C固体核磁共振分析煤中含氧官能团的研究

采用 ¹³C交叉极化/魔角旋转-核磁共振（¹³C CP/MAS NMR）技术对四种煤进行分析，结合化学分析方法，考察了含氧官能团的分布规律，尤其是非活性醚键的含量。结果表明，¹³C CP/MAS NMR方法可以定量分析煤中部分含氧官能团，四种煤中羧基和羰基的含量分别为0.00~1.41和0.45~1.91 mol/kg；¹³C CP/MAS NMR与化学分析方法结合，可以定量解析煤中非活性醚键的含量，四种煤的醚键含量值为5.33~10.54 mol/kg，而活性醚键含量仅为0.04~0.13 mol/kg，煤中醚键的赋存状态以非活性醚键为主。     

Study on the kinetics and reactivity at the ignition temperature of Jurassic coal in North Shaanxi

Thermal analysis of seven Jurassic coal samples from North Shaanxi in West China and three permo-carboniferous coal samples from East China was studied to identify ignition temperatures in the process of the oxidation and spontaneous combustion. The experiments were carried out under non-isothermal heating conditions up to 700 °C at the heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C min^?1 in an air atmosphere. Through the FTIR spectrometer experiments, the absorbance peaks of functional groups of coal samples were analyzed at the ignition temperatures, pre-ignition of the 10 °C, post-ignition of the 10 °C at the heating rate of 10 °C min^?1. By the differential spectrum method, the changes of functional groups were discussed with the aim to determine characteristics and reactivity of the ignition temperature around. The results showed that ignition temperatures of experimental coal samples increased with the rising heating rates, and ignition temperatures of Jurassic coals were lower than that of the permo-carboniferous coal samples at the same heating rate. Apparent activation energy of experimental Jurassic coals at the ignition temperatures was calculated by Ozawa method based on the non-isothermal and differential heating rates, ranging from 80 to 105 kJ mol^?1, which were lower than that of the eastern permo-carboniferous samples. On the basis of Pearson correlation coefficient method which can signify the degree of correlations ranging from ?1 to 1, the correlation analyses were conducted between activation energy and functional groups variation within 10 °C before and after ignition temperature. It was concluded that the key functional groups of Jurassic coals in the oxidation and ignition reaction were methyl and alkyl ether within 10 °C before ignition temperature, and carboxyl and carbonyl within 10 °C after ignition temperature.     

Extraction of information attributes from the mass spectrometric signals of air

The paper describes a new method of the extraction of information attributes from the processed signals, generalized spectral analysis in an adapted basis. Studies of the functional structure of mathematical foundations and an adaptable classification system of different signal types, including the quadrupole mass spectra of air, were carried out. Algorithms for the synthesis of basis functions adapted to orthogonal transforms of process signals were developed. The use of the method for analytical instrumentation was demonstrated by the processing of mass spectra recorded on a quadrupole mass spectrometer in the analysis of gases exhaled by humans.