纸质活性炭纤维的制备及性能表征

通过KOH活化纸巾制备活性炭纤维, 比表面积高达1388 m²/g. 用制得的活性炭纤维作为吸附剂进行亚甲基蓝吸附实验研究,用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型分析实验数据,并研究pH值对活性炭纤维吸附亚甲基蓝影响. 活性炭纤维吸附速率更适于Pseudo-second-order动力学模型,相关系数高达0.998. 整个浓度变化区间Langmuir吸附等温线比Freundlich吸附等温线更适合实验数据. 所制备活性炭纤维对亚甲基蓝最大平衡吸附量为520 mg/g,实验发现,pH值越高活性炭纤维对亚甲基蓝吸附量越大.     

碳纳米管吸附去除工业废水中亚甲基蓝的研究

研究了碳纳米管作为一种新型吸附剂去除水中亚甲基蓝。考察了溶液pH值、振荡时间、温度等对亚甲基蓝吸附的影响。溶液pH对亚甲基蓝吸附影响较大,动力学数据显示吸附在8h达到平衡。通过对吸附数据拟合,发现在温度为298—338K和浓度为2.5—12.5mg/L的范围内,碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附等温线均符合弗仑德里希（Feundlich）兰缪儿（Langmuir）吸附等温式。     

分光光度法研究膨润土负载型 光催化剂降解亚甲基蓝

以Zn(NO3)2、SnCl4和膨润土为原料,采用沉淀法制备膨润土负载ZnO/SnO2光降解催化剂,用XRD对其结构进行了表征.在可见光下对亚甲基蓝染料废水进行降解实验,讨论了影响亚甲基蓝降解的主要因素.结果表明,光降解催化剂具有优良的光催化活性,在可见光下对浓度为10mg/L亚甲基蓝,30min降解率达到99.5%.     

HPA/MCM-48对水溶性染料的光催化降解

采用浸渍法制备了MCM-48分子筛负载硅钨酸催化剂(HPA/MCM-48),通过红外光谱的方法对试样进行了表征;以紫外灯为光源,研究了HPA/MCM-48对亚甲基蓝、甲基紫、罗丹明B等3种水溶液的光催化脱色性能;讨论了催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对甲基紫降解效果的影响。实验结果表明HPA/MCM-48对染料的最佳催化条件为,10mg/L染料在紫外灯照射下,催化剂用量1.67g/L,光照时间2h;其对甲基紫的降解效果优于对亚甲基蓝和罗丹明B。     

钒酸银的合成与光催化降解亚甲基蓝

采用沉淀法合成了Ag3VO4光催化剂,考察了光催化剂用量和亚甲基蓝初始浓度对催化性能的影响.结果表明：当催化剂用量为0.2g/100mL,亚甲基蓝初始浓度不大于15 mg/L时,亚甲基蓝的降解率可达90％以上.     

ICP-OES研究活性炭无纺布对镉的吸附

重金属污染是一个相当严重的环境问题。镉具有很强的生物毒性和不可降解性,对生态环境和人体健康有极大威胁,被列为优先控制污染物。环境中镉的主要污染源是电镀、采矿和化学工业等部门的废水,如何简单高效去除水中的镉,有重要的社会意义和经济意义。目前,水中重金属的去除方法有化学沉淀、膜分离、离子交换、吸附、电解等,其中吸附法因简单高效而广泛应用。活性炭纤维是一种新型活性炭,孔径小且均匀,表面官能团发达,吸附性能好,逐步应用于水处理领域。以电感耦合等离子体光谱为检测手段,佐以比表面积分析,X射线衍射,元素分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱,研究比较了三种活性炭纤维(纤维炭网、活性炭无纺布、活性炭纤维毡)的结构特点及其对水中镉的吸附性能。三种活性炭纤维结构基本类似,具有较发达的孔隙结构。活性炭无纺布极性较强,表面有丰富的羟基、羧基、醛基等含氧官能团,对水中镉的吸附作用最大。因此,选择活性炭无纺布为吸附剂进行后续实验。研究了活性炭无纺布吸附镉的影响因素,如溶液pH,吸附时间等。溶液pH影响吸附剂表面电荷及水中镉的存在状态。水中镉的去除效率随溶液初始pH的增大而增大,在较低pH时,吸附剂与Cd2+间存在静电斥力,同时H+和Cd2+存在竞争吸附,pH>9时,镉的去除是吸附与沉淀协同作用的结果,选择pH为6～7。在吸附的初始阶段,活性炭无纺布对Cd2+的吸附量迅速增加,10 min时,吸附率达到72%。随着吸附位点逐渐被Cd2+所填充,吸附速率逐渐变慢,300 min时,吸附容量基本无变化,吸附趋于平衡。优化了镉的吸附条件后,进行等温吸附实验和动力学实验。结果表明,25 ℃时,吸附时间为300 min,pH 6.0条件下,当镉的平衡浓度在20.00 mg·L-1时,活性炭无纺布对镉的单位质量吸附量和单位比表面积吸附量分别是3.04 mg·g-1和0.035 mg·m-2。用Langmuir方程(R2=0.997, K_L =1.796 L·mg-1)和Freundich方程(R2=0.895, K_F=0.918 L·mg-1, n=2.12)拟合活性炭无纺布对镉的等温吸附数据,Langmuir方程计算的理论吸附量为3.07 mg·g-1,与实验值相当,并且线性系数更高,说明该体系的吸附符合Langmuir方程,主要为单分子层吸附。Langmuir分离因子介于0和1之间,表明活性炭无纺布对镉的吸附容易进行。用准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程、颗粒内扩散方程和Elovich方程四种动力学模型拟合吸附过程。在吸附的前5 min,镉在活性炭无纺布上的吸附符合颗粒内扩散方程(R2=0.985),吸附主要受颗粒内扩散控制。在吸附的5～300 min,颗粒内扩散方程拟合较差。整个吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程(R2=0.999,k₂=0.367 g·mg-1·min-1),Elovich方程(R2=0.981,a=0.271 mg·g-1, b=0.083 mg·g-1·(lg min)-1)和准一级动力学方程(R2=0.927,k₁=0.008 8 min-1)次之,颗粒内扩散方程(R2=0.785)最差。活性炭无纺布对镉的吸附过程是一种化学作用为主的吸附过程。对5.00 mg·L-1含镉水样,活性炭无纺布投放量为10 g·L-1时,吸附后水中镉的浓度小于0.10 mg·L-1,符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)。活性炭无纺布可同时吸附镉,铜,铅,铬等重金属离子,选择性较差。但在电镀、采矿等实际废水中重金属种类复杂,适当提高吸附剂投放量,可同时去除多种重金属。利用活性炭无纺布吸附处理含镉水样,处理效果好、操作简单,可以作为去除水中镉的吸附剂,为含镉废水的处理提供了技术支持和理论基础。     

马丙共聚物吸附剂的制备及吸附性能的ICP-AES法研究

以马来酸酐和丙烯酰胺为功能单体,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂合成了马来酸酐、丙烯酰胺共聚物吸附剂P(MA-AM)。用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析对共聚物进行了表征,并采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法研究了共聚物的吸附性能和选择性;结果表明,在pH 3.5时,P(MA-AM)对Fe3+具有很高的选择性,1 h达吸附平衡,其饱和吸附量为78.81 mg·g-1;Fe3+的吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学模型,吸附模型可以用Freundlich等温吸附来描述,该吸附为吸热过程。     

亚甲基蓝化学吸附动力学的SERS研究

用硝酸刻蚀银表面ＳＥＲＳ技术研究了亚甲基蓝在较稀浓度时的化学吸附动力学，对不同振动模式计算了吸附动力学参数，结果表明，亚甲基蓝在银表面上吸附均匀，吸附过程中没有吸附形态间的转化。在亚甲基蓝浓度较高时，我们观察到了与浓度较稀时明显不同的行为，并提出了可能的解释。另外，还考察了Ｃｌ＾－离子对亚甲基蓝在银表面上吸附形态的影响，观察到由“平躺”方式向“独立”方式的转变。     

原子吸收光谱法研究纳米纤维膜对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

利用静电纺丝技术制备了醋酸纤维素和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮纳米纤维膜.此纤维膜材料经水和NaOH处理后,除去了聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,脱乙酰化后进一步在表面接枝氨基(-NH2).用红外光谱图和扫描电镜图表征了合成的功能化纳米纤维膜,然后将胺基化纳米纤维膜用于Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附研究,重点用火焰原子吸收光谱法分析了溶液酸度和吸附时间对吸附容量的影响;同时通过Langmuir、弗兰德列希等吸附模型和一级、二级动力学方程对吸附行为进行线性拟合,发现改性后的纳米纤维膜材料对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的最大吸附量为55.55mg/g;符合二级动力学模型,化学吸附是主要的吸附方式.     

分光光度法研究插层膨润土负载掺氮TiO2光催化剂对亚甲基蓝的光降解

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了具有高活性的可见光响应插层膨润土负载掺氮TiO₂光催化剂（以下简称光催化剂）。利用IR对光催化剂的微观结构进行表征,并以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物,讨论了光催化剂在可见光下的催化活性。结果表明:氮掺杂TiO₂成功负载于插层膨润土片层表面。在尿素掺杂量为0.35g和催化剂用量为40mg条件下,光催化剂对25mL初始浓度为5mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液的降解率可达99%。     

Adsorption isotherms and kinetics of methylene blue on a low-cost adsorbent recovered from a spent catalyst of vinyl acetate synthesis

A regenerated activated carbon used as catalyst support in the synthesis of vinyl acetate has been tested as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of dyes. After a thorough textural characterization of the regenerated activated carbon, its adsorption isotherms and kinetics were determined using methylene blue as model compound at different initial concentrations. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were developed and then compared. It was found that the equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetic data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models, and it was found that the best fitting corresponded to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results showed that this novel adsorbent had a high adsorption capacity, making it suitable for use in the treatment of methylene blue enriched wastewater.     

Adsorption of methylene blue onto sonicated sepiolite from aqueous solutions

The aim of the present study is to enhance the methylene blue (MB) adsorption of sepiolite by ultrasonic treatment. The natural sepiolite was pretreated by sonication to improve the surface characteristics and enhance the dye uptake capacity. Sonication process resulted in a significant increase in the specific surface area (SSA) of sepiolite. The FTIR spectrum of the sonicated sepiolite indicates that the tetrahedral sheet is probably distorted after sonication process. The effect of various parameters such as sonication, pH, initial dye concentration and temperature on dye adsorption has been investigated. The adsorbed amount of MB on sepiolite increased after sonication as well as with increasing pH and temperature. The experimental data were evaluated by applying the pseudo-first- and second-order, and the intraparticle diffusion adsorption kinetic models. Adsorption process of MB onto sepiolite followed the pseudo-second-order rate expression. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and found that the isotherm data were reasonably well correlated by Langmuir isotherm. Maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of sepiolite for MB increased from 79.37 to 128.21 mg/g after the sonication. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG⁰, ΔH⁰ and ΔS⁰ were calculated. The thermodynamics of MB/sepiolite system indicated spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. Adsorption measurements showed that the process was very fast and physical in nature.     

分光光度法研究改性粉煤灰对有机磷的吸附性能

常温下,用硫酸铝为改性剂制得改性粉煤灰,以此作为有机磷废水的吸附剂,用分光光度法分析改性粉煤灰对有机磷的吸附性能,并通过XRD对其结构进行表征。结果表明:改性时,盐灰质量比为1∶12;吸附时,改性粉煤灰用量为35g/L、溶液的pH值为8、振荡时间为30min、吸附温度为30℃时,磷的去除率可达97.0%。     

Cr(VI) adsorption mechanism on rice husk ash burned at low temperature by method of IR spectra

Boehm titration method was used to analyze functional groups on cell surface of rice husk ash burned at low temperature in the present paper. Effects of initial pH value and temperature on Cr(VI) adsorption were studied, adsorption capacity was tested with the help of kinetic models and adsorption isotherms, instruments of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to check characteristics and adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI). The results indicated that optimal removing rate was achieved at initial pH value 5, and pH values of aqueous solution changed little be fore and after adsorption process. The adsorbent of rice husk ash could remove Cr(VI) effectively, and the maximum removing rate could be 95% with Cr(VI) concentration 20 mg x L(-1) and achieve 1-2 level of state standard(GB8978-1996). The adsorption process fits pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm better, the maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) was 3.2776 mg x g(-1). Results of FTIR showed that amide II band, Si--O--Si, O--Si--O were important for Cr(VI) removal. SEM micrographs revealed that series of needle-shaped precipitation appeared on cell surface, and inorganic precipitation mechanism and redox mechanism might work in the test. As a kind of low cost adsorbent, rice husk ash can be applied to remove heavy metals in environment with great potential.     

光度法研究壳聚糖交联粉煤灰对Mn2＋的吸附性能

常温下,以壳聚糖和酸性粉煤灰为原料,制备壳聚糖交联酸性粉煤灰吸附剂;用光度法分析其对Mn2＋的吸附性能.结果表明：交联时,当壳聚糖与酸性粉煤灰的质量比为1∶11,交联剂用量为2mL/g;吸附时,废水pH为6,吸附时间为90min,吸附剂用量为10g/L时,Mn2＋去除率为97.6％.     

Bio-Adsorbent from Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Tannin for Dye Adsorption

A bio-adsorbent was prepared by the crosslinking reaction of a tannin based phenolic resin and carboxymethyl cellulose with epichlorohydrin as crosslinker. The water absorption ratio of the adsorbent decreased due to the introduction of the phenolic resin based on tannin but the adsorption properties of the adsorbent for methylene blue were improved due to the introduction of the phenolic hydroxyl groups from the tannin in comparison with the carboxymethyl cellulose based adsorbent cross-linked with epichlorohydrin. The maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for methylene blue was 1300mg/g and the adsorption process for methylene blue was exothermic. The adsorption ratio of the adsorbent for methylene blue was over 98% for an adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g/L when the concentration of methylene blue in solution was lower than 2000mg/L. The adsorbent can process wastewater containing methylene blue in the pH range of 4–12.     

Effect of biotite content of hydrogels on enhanced removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution

A series of chitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid)/biotite (CTS-g-PAA/BT) hydrogels with unique clay biotite (BT) were prepared and used to remove cationic dye methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by batch adsorption experiments. Variables of the system including BT content, initial pH, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature affecting the adsorption efficiency of MB by CTS-g-PAA/BT hydrogels were investigated. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption data well followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to experimental equilibrium data of MB adsorption depending on temperature. The adsorption equilibrium data obeyed Langmuir isotherm, and the monolayer adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was 2,125.70 mg/g for CTS-g-PAA/10% BT at 30 °C. The adsorption capacity was much higher compared with other hydrogels with the same content of other clays. The introduction of BT into the hydrogel could effectively improve its adsorption properties and reduce the cost. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated for the dye-adsorbent systems and revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. All the information gave an indication that CTS-g-PAA/10% BT could potentially be applied as an efficient adsorbent for cationic dye removal from aqueous solution.     

燃煤底灰-微波法降解亚甲基蓝的研究

燃煤底灰中含有丰富的金属,这些金属在微波作用下可以对有机物进行有效降解,燃煤底灰-微波法降解亚甲基蓝溶液主要是通过羟基自由基来降解有机物的。底灰中的金属及稀有金属可以作为深度氧化有机物的催化剂,可降低处理成本、减少环境污染。考查了燃煤底灰用量、H₂O₂用量、以及微波时间对亚甲基蓝降解效率的影响,并测定了亚甲基蓝溶液处理前后的紫外可见光谱。结果表明,亚甲基蓝在燃煤底灰与H₂O₂微波条件下降解率接近100%。燃煤底灰的用量增加可以加快反应进程,增加亚甲基蓝的降解;H₂O₂的增加可以提供更多的·OH,加快反应进程,但当增加到一定量后,对反应进程的影响减弱;微波时间的加长可以提高反应温度,促使亚甲基蓝完全降解。对于0.125 g·L-1的亚甲基蓝,加入1.0 g燃煤底灰、5 mL H₂O₂在中温微波下反应4 min即可全部降解。     

Application of mixed order rate equations to adsorption of methylene blue on mesoporous carbons

Static and kinetic studies on adsorption of methylene blue on four synthesized mesoporous carbons are presented. The carbon properties are analyzed by means of nitrogen adsorption. The static experiments are analyzed by means of Langmuir-Freundlich and Freundlich isotherms. The Lagergren, pseudo-second-order and mixed order as well as the multi-exponent equations are used in analysis of kinetic equilibria. The properties of rate equations are compared and analyzed.     

Preparation of activated carbon from Enteromorpha prolifera and its use on cationic red X-GRL removal

Enteromorpha prolifera was pyrolyzed to prepare activated carbon using chemical activation by zinc chloride. The effect of activation parameters such as activation temperature, weight ratio (Enteromorpha prolifera to ZnCl₂), and activation time was investigated. The BET results showed that the surface area and pore volume of activated carbons were achieved as high as 1722 m²/g and 1.11 cm³/g, respectively, in the optimal activation conditions. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to study the adsorption properties of cationic red X-GRL onto activated carbon by varying the parameters like initial solution pH, contact time, and temperature. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption data followed a pseudo second-order model. The isotherm analysis indicated that the adsorption data could be represented by the Langmuir isotherm model. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of cationic red X-GRL was estimated as 263.16 mg/g at pH 6.0.