硬岩中地下爆炸震源函数的数值模拟

利用一维球对称有限差分数值计算源程序模拟了硬岩中地下强爆炸的震源函数,给出了弹性半径处的位移、径向压力波形,得到了地下爆炸的折合位移势及其源频谱。相关计算结果与已有文献给出的结果一致。同时,对介质剪切强度与地下爆炸震源强度之间的关系进行了数值分析。研究结果可为硬岩中地下强爆炸地震耦合效应的计算提供参考。     

一种岩石损伤本构模型在地下强爆炸中的应用

为了描述地下爆炸波的传播,建立了一种考虑塑性硬化、剪胀和损伤软化效应的岩石本构模型,并应用于地下强爆炸自由场的数值计算,获得的速度和位移波形以及峰值速度衰减曲线等与国外地下试验测量数据和同类计算相比十分接近,从而验证了本构模型的有效性。     

岩体中非填实爆炸空腔壁振动状态分析

采用流体动力学模型研究了地下空腔中化学爆炸冲击波的传播过程及空腔壁的运动状态。计算中体现了空气冲击波与空腔壁作用后激发的强谱振幅高频冲击波。在实验中 ,解决了空腔内传感器的防护和抗干扰等技术难题 ,测到了空腔壁的地运动加速度波形。通过对所测波形的时频域分析得出了非填实爆炸在源区和近区激发高频应力波 ,其频率明显高于填实爆炸的频率。这些特征与数值计算相一致。最后简略讨论了数值计算与实验测量中需解决的问题。     

黄土和砂土岩中填实爆炸辐射弹性波的对比研究

研究地下爆炸弹性区的震动特性,关键是获得场地介质与爆炸能量耦合作用下辐射弹性波的实验参数。对于不易加工成大尺寸模型的砂土岩,为研究其填实爆炸下辐射弹性波的特征,采用0.125 g TNT微型炸药球作为爆炸源,以塑性区可置换的?1 370 mm×1 200 mm黄土样品作为提供应力波传播路径的载体,用波阻抗近似相等的重塑黄土和砂土岩样品分别作为源区介质,对比分析了两种介质中微药量填实爆炸辐射的弹性波传播特征。实验结果表明:在测试范围内,两种介质中填实爆炸激发的弹性应力波粒子速度(位移)峰值的衰减规律、波形的主频变化规律一致;砂土岩中爆炸辐射的弹性波粒子速度(位移)峰值整体高于黄土、粒子速度波形的半高宽和主频低于黄土;砂土岩中爆炸耦合的向外传播的弹性波能量比黄土大。实测结果反映,黄土和砂土岩中填实爆炸弹性波能量耦合强度的差别。     

地下强爆炸诱发地表塌陷的试验模拟与应用

地下核爆炸后会在地表产生下陷弹坑、塌陷带等不可逆变形爆炸后效应,利用地表形变信息对地下核试验进行有效监控和评估具有十分重要的意义。基于考虑重力影响的地下强爆炸塌陷成坑相似理论,利用陆军工程大学自主研制的地下爆炸效应真空室模拟试验装置,对2017年9月3日朝鲜地下核试验诱发的地表不可逆变形进行了模型试验。试验结果表明,地表塌陷带半径为257 m,下陷弹坑的半径为154 m,与美国、前苏联等国家已有的地下核试验经验公式的数据结果基本相当,并且符合天基雷达TS-InSar卫星监测数据的估算结果,验证了地下爆炸真空室模型试验在地下强爆炸诱发地表不可逆变形区域模拟和评估的可行性,成为有效补充地震波和卫星监测地下强爆炸的一种研究手段。     

气体爆炸过程的原型实验

在7.2m~2×600m的大断面地下原型坑道中进行了可燃气体的爆炸实验,通过光电火焰传感器和压阻传感器测试爆炸过程中火焰和压力信号,得到了地下原型坑道中气体爆炸过程的基本参数,揭示了爆炸过程中组分、边界扰动、紊流对爆炸发展影响的规律。     

大当量浅埋地下爆炸抛掷成坑效应的缩比模拟实验装置

针对当前地下爆炸物理模型实验无法模拟大当量地下爆炸抛掷弹坑和疏松鼓包现象的难题,基于相似理论,采用地下爆炸效应真空室模型实验方法,研制了考虑重力影响的大当量地下爆炸效应模拟实验装置。整套装置由容器罐体、快开门密闭机构、爆源系统、真空泵组、量测控制系统等组成,提出的新型爆源模拟装置可以实现精确起爆控制。该装置可模拟0.1~100 kt TNT、埋深20~400 m范围内不同比尺的地下核爆炸成坑和隆起实验,同时也能够模拟不同装药配置方案、不同地质条件下的大当量地下浅埋化爆抛掷实验。典型的核爆抛掷成坑模型实验结果表明,装置实验参数精确可调,实验过程可控,实验结果可信,为钻地核武器地下爆炸毁伤效应分析和大型工程爆破效果预测预报提供了实验室模拟和科学研究设备,填补了爆炸离心机无法模拟大当量地下爆炸抛掷成坑效应的空白。     

煤体中爆炸应力波传播与衰减规律模拟实验研究

在岩石爆破理论的基础上分析了煤体中爆炸应力波的作用机理,借助损伤力学理论探讨了煤体在 爆炸应力波作用下的损伤断裂准则。煤体中爆炸应力波传播与衰减规律模拟实验结果表明:煤体中爆炸应力 波一般包含2段波形,第1段由压缩相和拉伸相组成简单波形,第2段是由多种作用形成的复杂波形;爆炸应 力波作用下,煤体首先承受压应力,而后承受拉应力,且压缩相的作用时间较拉伸相作用时间短;煤体中爆炸 应力波的衰减速度较一般岩体中的快,实验条件下应力波衰减因数符合=3-/(1-),爆炸应力波的主要 作用是在煤体中形成少量新裂隙、激活煤体中原生裂隙并打破煤体中瓦斯气体的平衡状态。     

黏弹性固体中地下爆炸辐射地震波能量的演化

地下爆炸与介质的能量耦合和介质中的波传播机制是理解地下爆炸源物理的重要基础。为研究地下爆炸辐射地震波能量的传播衰减规律,分析了黏弹性介质中地下爆炸地震波能量的组成。基于无限介质中黏弹性球面波理论,给出了速度、位移、应力、应变等物理量Laplace域的理论解。利用Laplace数值逆求解方法,建立了黏弹性介质中地下爆炸辐射地震波场的计算方法。以干黄土作为典型黏弹性材料,计算给出了地震波能量的传播特征,分析了地下爆炸辐射能量的传播衰减规律。结果表明:（1）在黏弹性介质中,某球面处流入的能量随半径增加而逐渐降低。在理想弹性介质中,某球面处流入的能量在几倍弹性半径外即可稳定到某一定值;（2）在某一固定的有限观测区域内,当观测时间足够长时,势能和耗散能均趋于某一定值,辐射动能趋于零;（3）当有限的观测区域能容纳一个完整波长的地震波时,地震波辐射动能的稳态值随波传播距离的增大而减小,总体上可以用指数函数和幂函数进行分段拟合。     

水中电爆炸的实验研究

利用冲击大电流通过水中的一段金属丝进行水中电爆炸实验 ,通过对水中电爆炸的放电电压、电流波形测量以及高速阴影摄影和扫描摄影 ,记录了冲击波的传播、汽泡增长和等离子体半径的时间特性 ;由不同充电参数的实验 ,得到了一些基本规律。比较了水中电爆炸和空中电爆炸的异同 ,揭示了水中电爆炸存在的放电模式。     

Seismic excitation by space shuttles

Shock waves generated by the space shuttles Columbia (August 13, 1989), Atlantis (April 11, 1991) and Discovery (September 18, 1991) on their return to Edwards Air Force Base, California, were recorded by TERRAscope (Caltech's broadband seismic network), the Caltech-U.S.G.S Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN), and the University of Southern California (USC) Los Angeles Basin Seismic Network. The spatial pattern of the arrival times exhibits hyperbolic shock fronts from which the path, velocity and altitude of the space shuttle could be determined. The shock wave was acoustically coupled to the ground, converted to a seismic wave, and recorded clearly at the broadband TERRAscope stations. The acoustic coupling occurred very differently depending on the conditions of the Earth's surface surrounding the station. For a seismic station located on hard bedrock, the shock wave (N wave) was clearly recorded with little distortion. Aside from the N wave, very little acoustic coupling of the shock wave energy to the ground occurred at these sites. The observed N wave record was used to estimate the overpressure of the shock wave accurately; a pressure change of 0.5 to 2.2 mbars was obtained. For a seismic station located close to the ocean or soft sedimentary basins, a significant amount of shock wave energy was transferred to the ground through acoustic coupling of the shock wave and the oceanic Rayleigh wave. A distinct topography such as a mountain range was found effective to couple the shock wave energy to the ground. Shock wave energy was also coupled to the ground very effectively through large man made structures such as high rise buildings and offshore oil drilling platforms. For the space shuttle Columbia, in particular, a distinct pulse having a period of about 2 to 3 seconds was observed, 12.5 s before the shock wave, with a broadband seismograph in Pasadena. This pulse was probably excited by the high rise buildings in downtown Los Angeles which were simultaneously hit by the space shuttle shock waves. The proximity of the natural periods of the high rise buildings and the modal periods of the Los Angeles basin enabled efficient energy transfer from shock wave to seismic wave.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Seismic behaviour of industrial masonry chimneys

This paper deals with the seismic behaviour of an unreinforced masonry chimney representative of the large number of chimneys currently in existence in many European areas which were built during the period of the industrial revolution. Maximum seismic intensity value that can be resisted in terms of peak ground acceleration and failure mode are the main goals. A 3D finite element model capable of reproducing cracking and crushing phenomena have been used in a non-linear analysis in order to obtain lateral displacements, crack pattern and failure mode for this type of construction. Earthquakes artificially generated for a low to moderate seismic intensity area from the response spectrum proposed by the codes have been tested on the structure obtaining failure mode, maximum stresses and displacements. Subsequently, the accelerograms generated were scaled until non-failure earthquakes were obtained.     

应用地运动数据反演地下爆炸震源函数

应用近场（震中距为几公里至几十公里）的地表地运动测试数据来研究爆炸震源特性，将近场地震波传播介质近似为均匀半空间模型，通过去除地表响应，反演了硬岩介质中的地下爆炸震源函数折合速度势RVP（reduced velocity potential），得到了描述地下爆炸震源的折合速度势RVP振幅谱及其参数稳态值、特征频率、过冲特征量，通过回归分析，得到稳态值和特征频率与爆炸当量的关系。     

大雁塔地震可靠性分析

本文采用双参数地震破坏模型，对大雁塔的地震可靠性进行了分析研究，给出了塔体各层在不同地震烈度下的破坏指标均值和条件破坏概率，并对破坏指标均值较大的顶层计算了不同年限内的破坏概率。     

Seismic base isolation by nonlinear mode localization

Summary In this paper, the performance of a nonlinear base-isolation system, comprised of a nonlinearly sprung subfoundation tuned in a 1∶1 internal resonance to a flexible mode of the linear primary structure to be isolated, is examined. The application of nonlinear localization to seismic isolation distinguishes this study from other base-isolation studies in the literature. Under the condition of third-order smooth stiffness nonlinearity, it is shown that a localized nonlinear normal mode (NNM) is induced in the system, which confines energy to the subfoundation and away from the primary or main structure. This is followed by a numerical analysis wherein the smooth nonlinearity is replaced by clearance nonlinearity, and the system is excited by ground motions representing near-field seismic events. The performance of the nonlinear system is compared with that of the corresponding linear system through simulation, and the sensitivity of the isolation system to several design parameters is analyzed. These simulations confirm the existence of the localized NNM, and show that the introduction of simple clearance nonlinearity significantly reduces the seismic energy transmitted to the main structure, resulting in significant attenuation in the response. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant CMS 00-00060. The authors are grateful for this support.     

大跨空间结构地震反应分析方法研究应用现状

大跨度空间结构动力特性复杂,在基于性能的空间结构抗震设计背景下,发展和完善大跨度空间结构的地震反应分析方法至关重要．在阐述大跨度空间结构动力特性的基础上,归纳了振型分解反应谱法、动力时程分析法、增量动力分析法、静力推覆分析法和随机振动分析法的研究与应用现状,分析并指出了每种方法在应用中面临的主要问题．最后,指出了大跨度空间结构地震反应分析方法研究中应注意的问题．     

不同类型地震波作用下地下综合体结构地震反应分析

为探究不同类型地震波作用下地下综合体结构的地震反应特征,本文以上海某地下综合体为工程背景,采用ABAQUS软件建立土-地下综合体结构相互作用体系三维有限元模型,利用Davidenkov模型模拟土的非线性,以不同类型的单向地震波和双向地震波（含水平向和竖向）作为输入,对软土场地中地下综合体结构进行了地震反应分析,比较了不同类型地震波作用下地下综合体结构地震反应的差异,探讨了地下综合体结构的竖向地震动效应问题．本文的算例结果表明：在长周期地震波作用下地下综合体结构的位移响应和内力响应峰值均明显大于普通地震波作用下的结果;考虑竖向地震动时地下综合体结构的柱轴力较单一水平向地震动作用情形有明显增大;在本文地下综合体结构算例中,地下三层柱底、四层柱顶、五层柱底、以及底板与侧墙连接处为受力较大部位．     

Low-Frequency Asymptotic Analysis of Seismic Reflection from a Fluid-Saturated Medium

Reflection of a seismic wave from a plane interface between two elastic media does not depend on the frequency. If one of the media is poroelastic and fluid-saturated, then the reflection becomes frequency-dependent. This paper presents a low-frequency asymptotic formula for the reflection of seismic plane p-wave from a fluid-saturated porous medium. The obtained asymptotic scaling of the frequency-dependent component of the reflection coefficient shows that it is asymptotically proportional to the square root of the product of the reservoir fluid mobility and the frequency of the signal. The dependence of this scaling on the dynamic Darcy’s law relaxation time is investigated as well. Derivation of the main equations of the theory of poroelasticity from the dynamic filtration theory reveals that this relaxation time is proportional to Biot’s tortuosity parameter.     

Numerical simulation and experimental study of Parallel Seismic test for piles

The theoretical capabilities of the Parallel Seismic (PS) test for determining the length of piles and characterizing possible defects are investigated in this paper. In deriving the theory, a correction factor is proposed in this paper to enhance the accuracy of the prediction. An axisymmetric finite element (FE) model was developed to carry out a series of parametric studies which included the effects of the pile length, the pile-to-borehole distance and the stiffness of surrounding soil. A miniature experiment using an aluminum bar embedded in epoxy prism was also designed and tested in the lab to verify the theory and to demonstrate the use of the correction factor. The results from the experiment and the numerical FE model were also compared to expose the potential of this nondestructive method to in situ application. The model was further modified to simulate the PS test on defective piles with axisymmetric necks and bulges. It can be concluded that the geometric configuration of a pile and the possible significant defect can be characterized with this nondestructive test.     

预扭转钨合金杆弹侵彻能力的细观研究

对预扭转和未扭转钨合金杆弹弹道实验后的残余弹体和碎片进行了细观金相分析 ,发现钨合金预扭转后钨晶粒变形方向与最大剪应力方向接近 ,因此在弹靶冲击过程中有利于绝热剪切变形和剪切破坏的发生。钨弹残余弹头上观察到的绝热剪切带说明 ,预扭转弹在侵彻过程中要比未扭转弹更易于自锐 ,这是预扭转杆弹侵彻能力得到提高的根本原因。