Two-dimensional capillary liquid chromatography: pH gradient ion exchange and reversed phase chromatography for rapid separation of proteins

In the present work, an orthogonal two-dimensional (2D) capillary liquid chromatography (LC) method for fractionation and separation of proteins using wide range pH gradient ion exchange chromatography (IEC) in the first dimension and reversed phase (RP) in the second dimension, is demonstrated. In the first dimension a strong anion exchange (SAX) column subjected to a wide range (10.5-3.5) descending pH gradient was employed, while in the second dimension, a large pore (4,000 A) polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) RP analytical column was used for separation of the protein pH-fractions from the first dimension. The separation power of the off-line 2D method was demonstrated by fractionation and separation of human plasma proteins. Seventeen pH-fractions were manually collected and immediately separated in the second dimension using a column switching capillary RP-LC system. Totally, more than 200 protein peaks were observed in the RP chromatograms of the pH-fractions. On-line 2D analysis was performed for fractionation and separation of ten standard proteins. Two pH-fractions (basic and acidic) from the first dimension were trapped on PS-DVB RP trap columns prior to back-flushed elution onto the analytical RP column for fast separation of the proteins with UV/MS detection.     

Column selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography II. Effect of a change in conditions

The isocratic retention of 67 widely-different solutes in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) has been investigated as a function of temperature and mobile phase composition (% B) for three different C18 columns. Similar studies were also carried out in a gradient mode, where temperature, gradient time and solvent type were varied. These results show that changes in retention with these conditions are similar for each of these three columns. This suggests that relative column selectivity as defined by experiments for one set of experimental conditions will be approximately applicable for other conditions, with the exception of changes in mobile phase pH-which can affect values of the column parameter C (a measure of silanol ionization). Column selectivity as a function of pH was explored for several columns.     

Dispersive solid-phase extraction for the determination of sulfonamides in chicken muscle by liquid chromatography

A new, fast and low-cost sample preparation for the determination of sulfonamide (SA) residues in chicken muscle by LC technique has been developed. The procedure involves single extraction of sample with acetonitrile, followed by a rapid clean-up and was called "dispersive solid-phase extraction" (dispersive SPE). Using dispersive SPE 25 mg of octadecyl sorbent was added to 1 ml of acetonitrile extract, mixed and centrifuged. The acetonitrile layer was evaporated and residue was dissolved in acetate buffer (pH 3.5). Analysed compounds were detected by fluorescence detector after pre-column derivatization with fluorescamine. The separation of analytes was performed with gradient elution with mobile phase methanol: 2% acetic acid and RP-LC analytical column. The whole procedure was evaluated for six sulfonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfametoxypirydazine, sulfametoxazole and sulfadimetoxine) according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Specificity, decision limit (CCalpha), detection capacity (CCbeta), trueness and precision were determined during validation process. The dispersive SPE with octadecyl sorbent was found suitable for sample preparation before sulfonamide determination in chicken muscle. As it was found the most of endogenous matrix components were removed and the analytes were isolated from spiked samples with recoveries above 90%. The used analytical conditions allow to successively separate all the tested sulfonamides with the limit of detection at the level of 1-5 microg/kg. The method is simple, rapid and more effective than conventional methods.     

甲基丙烯酸酯毛细管整体柱分离微囊藻毒素的研究

以甲基丙烯酸丁酯为单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,在致孔剂存在的条件下原位聚合制备了甲基丙烯酸丁酯毛细管整体柱(150 μm i.d.)。实验中优化了用此整体柱分离3种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR,-YR和-RR)的色谱条件(流动相种类、缓冲溶液浓度、pH、流动相流速),建立了微囊藻毒素的整体柱毛细管液相色谱分离方法,该法可以在9 min之内实现3种微囊藻毒素的基线分离。将该方法应用于实际水样中微囊藻毒素的分析,成功实现了培养水样和巢湖水样中微囊藻毒素的快速分离,两种样品中均检测到MC-LR。结果表明,所制备的甲基丙烯酸酯毛细管整体柱具有良好的重现性、渗透性,在微囊藻毒素的常规检测中具有很好的应用前景。     

Reversed phase liquid chromatography with UV absorbance and flame ionization detection using a water mobile phase and a cyano propyl stationary phase Analysis of alcohols and chlorinated hydrocarbons

The development of liquid chromatography with a commercially available cyano propyl stationary phase and a 100% water mobile phase is reported. Separations were performed at ambient temperature, simplifying instrumental requirements. Excellent separation efficiency using a water mobile phase was achieved, for example N=18 800, or 75 200 m(-1), was obtained for resorcinol, at a retention factor of k'=4.88 (retention time of 9.55 min at 1 ml min(-1) for a 25 cmx4.6 mm i.d. column, packed with 5 mum diameter particles with the cyano propyl stationary phase). A separation via reversed phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) with a 100% water mobile phase of six phenols and related compounds was compared to a separation of the same compounds by traditional RP-LC, using octadecylsilane (ODS), i.e. C18, bound to silica and an aqueous mobile phase modified with acetonitrile. Nearly identical analysis time was achieved for the separation of six phenols and related compounds using the cyano propyl stationary phase with a 100% water mobile phase, as compared to traditional RP-LC requiring a relatively large fraction of organic solvent modifier in the mobile phase (25% acetonitrile:75% water). Additional understanding of the retention mechanism with the 100% water mobile phase was obtained by relating measured retention factors of aliphatic alcohols, phenols and related compounds, and chlorinated hydrocarbons to their octanol:water partition coefficients. The retention mechanism is found to be consistent with a RP-LC mechanism coupled with an additional retention effect due to residual hydroxyl groups on the cyano propyl stationary phase. Advantages due to a 100% water mobile phase for the chemical analysis of alcohol mixtures and chlorinated hydrocarbons are reported. By placing an absorbance detector in-series and preceding a novel drop interface to a flame ionization detector (FID), selective detection of a separated mixture of phenols and related compounds and aliphatic alcohols is achieved. The compound class of aliphatic alcohols is selectively and sensitively detected by the drop interface/FID, and the phenols and related compounds are selectively and sensitively detected by absorbance detection at 200 nm. The separation and detection of chlorinated hydrocarbons in a water sample matrix further illustrated the advantages of this methodology. The sensitivity and selectivity of the FID signal for the chlorinated hydrocarbons are significantly better than absorbance detection, even at 200 nm. This methodology is well suited to continuous and automated monitoring of water samples. The applicability of samples initially in an organic solvent matrix is explored, since an organic sample matrix may effect retention and efficiency. Separations in acetonitrile and isopropyl alcohol sample matrices compared well to separations with a water sample matrix.     

A Certified Reference Material for HPLC

A column and test samples have been produced as a Certified Reference Material (CRM) for use in HPLC. A round robin certification procedure has demonstrated that the retention and relative retention properties of the column, measured as the values of shape selectivity, hydrophobicity and ion-exchange activity at pH 7.0, under closely specified separation conditions, are reproducible irrespective of the instrument and laboratory. Concurrence with the CRM values can be used to confirm that an HPLC system is compliant with these specifications, in particular the mobile phase composition and column temperature. This will enable different laboratories to determine that they are operating under equivalent separation conditions, which is a necessary requirement for the efficient interlaboratory transferability of methods.     

Development of the HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Tribenoside Along with Their Impurities Supported by the QSRR Approach

A new liquid chromatographic (LC) method for simultaneous determination of lidocaine hydrochloride (LH) and tribenoside (TR) along with their related compounds in pharmaceutical preparations is described. Satisfactory LC separation of all analytes after the liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) procedure with ethanol was performed on a C₁₈ column using a gradient elution of a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1 % orthophosphoric acid as the mobile phase. The procedure was validated according to the ICH guidelines. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 4.36 and 13.21 μg mL^?1 for LH, 7.60 and 23.04 μg mL^?1 for TR, and below 0.11 and 0.33 μg mL^?1 for their impurities, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision was below 1.97 %, whereas accuracy for all analytes ranged from 98.17 to 101.94 %. The proposed method was sensitive, robust, and specific allowing reliable simultaneous quantification of all mentioned compounds. Moreover, a comparative study of the RP-LC column classification based on the quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRR) and column selectivity obtained in real pharmaceutical analysis was innovatively applied using factor analysis (FA). In the column performance test, the analysis of LH and TR in the presence of their impurities was carried out according to the developed method with the use of 12 RP-LC stationary phases previously tested under the QSRR conditions. The obtained results confirmed that the classes of the stationary phases selected in accordance with the QSRR models provided comparable separation for LH, TR, and their impurities. Hence, it was concluded that the proposed QSRR approach could be considered a supportive tool in the selection of the suitable column for the pharmaceutical analysis.     

Development and validation of a pre-column reversed phase liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection for the determination of primary phenethylamines in dietary supplements and phytoextracts

A sensitive and selective reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method was developed and validated to determine octopamine, tyramine and Tyrosine (Tyr) in complex matrices as formulations and phytoextracts (Citrus aurantium), after pre-column derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) reagent. The chromatographic separations were performed at room temperature on a Phenomenex Luna C18 column using methanol and sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) by varying composition gradient elution as mobile phase and detected flurometrically at λ(em)=455 nm with λ(ex)=340 nm. The results obtained by the proposed method were compared with those achieved by a validated direct RP-LC method with fluorescence detection at λ(em)=310 nm with λ(ex)=275 nm, as reference method, using a Phenomenex Gemini C18 column under isocratic elution conditions with acetonitrile and sodium 1-heptanesulphonate (pH 3), as mobile phase. The higher sensitivity of the derivatization method (detection limit about 0.06 pmol) allowed the sure determination of octopamine present in traces in the examined samples. The repeatability of method (RSD) was ≤1.90% and there was no significant difference between repeatability and intermediate precision data. Recovery studies showed good results 99.5-101.3% with RSD ranging from 0.8 to 1.2%. All analyses were performed by mild conditions in absence of preliminary difficult extraction methodologies or laborious step of sample pre-treatment.     

Characterization of grape seed procyanidins by comprehensive two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction × reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry

In this work, the development and optimization of a new methodology to analyze grape seed procyanidins based on the application of two-dimensional comprehensive LC is presented. This two-dimensional method involves the use of a microbore column containing a diol stationary phase in the first dimension coupled to either a C₁₈ partially porous short column or a C₁₈ monolithic column in the second dimension. The orthogonal hydrophilic interaction?×?reversed phase liquid chromatography (HILIC×RP-LC) system is interfaced through a ten-port two-position switching valve. The optimized HILIC×RP-LC separation followed by diode array and tandem mass spectrometry detection (HILIC×RP-LC-DAD-MS/MS) made possible the direct analysis of a complex grape seed extract and allowed the tentative identification of 43 flavan-3-ols, including monomers and procyanidin oligomers till a polymerization degree of 7 units with different galloylation degrees. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that this powerful analytical technique is employed to characterize complex procyanidin samples. This work successfully demonstrates the great capabilities of the HILIC×RP-LC-DAD-MS/MS coupling for the direct analysis of very complex natural samples like grape seeds.

Selecting an "orthogonal" column during high-performance liquid chromatographic method development for samples that may contain non-ionized solutes

Several reasons can exist for a change in reversed-phase selectivity, and several separation conditions can be changed for this purpose. In the present investigation, a change in column is considered for the improved separation of non-ionized solutes only. Differences in column selectivity (and the selection of "orthogonal" columns) can be predicted on the basis of the hydrophobic-subtraction model. For ionized solutes, the F(s)-parameter is used to predict orthogonality. For use with non-ionized solutes, it is suggested that the cation-exchange term of the model be dropped [F(s)(-C)] for better predictions. For samples containing both ionized and non-ionized solutes, F(s) and F(s)(-C) should be used together for the best results. Predicted separations involving 64 non-ionized solutes and maximally different columns from a 400-column database were used to validate this procedure.     

Rapid separation and determination of process-related substances of paracetamol using reversed-phase HPLC with photo diode array as a detector.

A simple and rapid gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous separation and determination of paracetamol and its related compounds in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations has been developed. As many as nine process impurities and one degradation product of paracetamol have been separated on a Symmetry C18 column (4.6 x 250 mm i.d., particle size 5 microm) with gradient elution using 0.01 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) and acetonitrile as mobile phase and photo diode array detection at 215 nm. The chromatographic behavior of all the compounds was examined under variable compositions of different solvents, temperatures, buffer concentrations and pH values. The correlation coefficients for calibration curves for paracetamol as well as impurities were in the range of 0.9951 - 0.9994. The proposed RP-LC method was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial formulations; the recoveries of paracetamol were in the range of 99-101%. The method could be of use not only for rapid and routine evaluation of the quality of paracetamol in bulk drug manufacturing units but also for detection of its impurities in pharmaceutical formulations.     

Stability-indicating reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of simvastatin and ezetimibe from their combination drug products

A simple, precise, and rapid stability-indicating reversed-phase column liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method has been developed and subsequently validated for simultaneous estimation of simvastatin (SIM) and ezetimibe (EZE) from their combination drug product. The proposed RP-LC method utilizes a LiChrospher 100 C18, 5 microm, 250 x 4.0 mm id column at ambient temperature; optimum mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water-methanol (60 + 25 + 15, v/v/v) with apparent pH adjusted to 4.0 +/- 0.1; mobile phase flow rate of 1.5 mL/min; and ultraviolet detection at 238 nm. SIM, EZE, and their combination drug product were exposed to thermal, photolytic, hydrolytic, and oxidative stress conditions, and the stressed samples were analyzed by the proposed method. There were no other coeluting, interfering peaks from excipients, impurities, or degradation products due to variable stress conditions, and the method is specific for the estimation of SIM and EZE in the presence of degradation products. The described method was linear over the range of 1-80 and 3-80 microg/mL for SIM and EZE, respectively. The mean recoveries were 99.17 and 100.43% for SIM and EZE, respectively. The intermediate precision data were obtained under different experimental conditions, and the calculated value of the coefficient of variation was found to be less than the critical value. The proposed method can be useful in the quality control of bulk manufacturing and pharmaceutical dosage forms.     

溶剂诱导相变萃取法用于高效液相色谱-质谱分析的血浆样品前处理

在匀相的乙腈-水体系中添加一种疏水但与乙腈互溶的有机溶剂(如氯仿), 能诱导乙腈-水体系分相, 基于此现象建立了一种血浆样品处理方法溶剂诱导相变萃取(SIPTE). 与传统的液-液萃取法相比, 该法最大的优势为新形成的有机相为乙腈(仅含少量氯仿), 与常用的反相C₁₈柱兼容, 能直接进行高效液相色谱-质谱分析. 此外, 通过减少乙腈及氯仿的用量还可实现样品的自动浓缩. 本文通过测定血浆中尼群地平, 验证了该方法的有效性. 使用反相C₁₈柱, 以V(乙腈)∶V(水)=70∶30(含20 mmol/L甲酸铵)为流动相, 尼莫地平为内标, ESI正离子模式下选择离子监测(SIM)测定了血浆中尼群地平的浓度. 实验所得的线性、精密度和准确度结果良好, 表明所建立的方法灵敏、准确、简单、快速, 可用于药物代谢动力学研究.     

Enantiomeric Separation of Moxifloxacin and Its (R,R)-Isomer by Ligand-Exchange Chiral Chromatography

A new stereospecific LC method for the separation and quantification of moxifloxacin and its (R,R)-enantiomer in bulk drug was developed and validated by ligand-exchange liquid chromatography on a reversed phase column using aqueous mobile phase containing the chiral reagent l-isoleucine-Cu(II). The UV detector was operated at 293 nm. The flow rate of mobile phase was set at 0.9 mL min^?1. The achiral ODS column offers good separation of the two enantiomers in less than 20 min. The test concentration was 1,000 μg mL^?1 in the mobile phase. This method was capable of detecting the (R,R)-enantiomer of moxifloxacin up to 0.1 μg mL^?1 for a 20 μL injection volume. The drug was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation. There was no interference of degradants with the (R,R)-enantiomer in the developed method. The developed chiral RP-LC method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. The percentage recovery for the (R,R)-enantiomer in bulk drug samples ranged from 98.1 to 104.4%. The test solution was found to be stable in the mobile phase for 48 h after preparation.     

Stability-indicating reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and ezetimibe from their combination drug products

A simple, precise, and rapid stability-indicating reversed-phase column liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method has been developed and subsequently validated for simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin (ATV) and ezetimibe (EZE) from their combination drug product. The proposed RP-LC method utilizes a LiChrospher 100 C18, 5 microm, 250 x 4.0 mm id column at ambient temperature; the optimum mobile phase consists of acetonitrile-water-methanol (45 + 40 + 15, v/v/v) with apparent pH adjusted to 4.0 +/- 0.1; mobile phase flow rate of 1.0 mL/min; and UV detection at 250 nm. ATV, EZE, and their combination drug product were exposed to thermal, photolytic, hydrolytic, and oxidative stress conditions, and the stressed samples were analyzed by the proposed method. There were no other coeluting, interfering peaks from excipients, impurities, or degradation products due to variable stress conditions, and the method is specific for the estimation of ATV and EZE in the presence of degradation products. The response was linear over the concentration range of 1-80 microg/mL for ATV and EZE. The mean recoveries were 99.27 and 98.5% for ATV and EZE, respectively. The intermediate precision data were obtained under different experimental conditions, and the calculated value of the coefficient of variation was found to be less than the critical value. The proposed method can be useful in the quality control of bulk manufacturing and pharmaceutical dosage forms.     

在高效离子交换色谱上蛋白质累加进样分离法的研究

研究了离子交换色谱上的累加进样法，并用选择性累加进样法在ＳＣＸ－６柱上经了尿激酶粗品，结果较好。     

Separation of o-phthalaldehyde-mercaptoethanol derivatives of amino acids from blood plasma on reversed-phase Nova-Pak C18 cartridges.

A separation of 25 o-phthalaldehyde-mercaptoethanol derivatives of primary amino acids in plasma prepared from human blood has been developed for Waters 10 cm x 0.8 cm I.D., 4-microns Nova-Pak C18 Radial-Pak cartridges. A binary gradient system with solvent-switching capability for the A pump is required. Computer methodologies have been utilized to develop mobile phase mixtures of phosphate buffer (pH 6.9), water, methanol and tetrahydrofuran. Advantages of the method include simple sample preparation, fast turnover time (67 min including the pre-column Autotag derivatization procedure) and exceptional column durability (several hundred analyses).     

A Sensitive and Selective RP-LC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of the Antihypertensive Drugs, Enalapril, Lercanidipine, Nitrendipine and Their Validation

A RP-LC method is presented, which is sensitive and selective for the simultaneous determination of enalapril–lercanidipine and enalapril–nitrendipine binary mixtures in their pharmaceutical dosage forms. The analyte peaks were detected using the LC method with the mobile phase ratio of methanol: water (70:30 v/v, pH 3.0) and a 1.0 mL min^?1 flow rate. The detection wavelength was selected at 210 nm using photo diode array detector and column temperature was optimized to 30 °C. Linearity was obtained at different concentration ranges for all working pharmaceutically active compounds between 0.5 and 25 μg mL^?1. The proposed methods were extensively validated according to USP 27 requirements and ICH guidelines. The methods were applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms containing binary mixtures of enalapril–lercanidipine and enalapril–nitrendipine. Moreover, the proposed methods were applied for the degradation studies of the selected compounds. Degradation studies were conducted using stress conditions such as UV light, acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation and heat in oven, to evaluate the ability of the separation of the response of standard compounds from their degradation products.