Stoichiometric and catalytic deuterium and tritium labeling of "unactivated" organic substrates with cationic Ir(III) complexes

[reaction: see text] Ir(III) complex [Cp(PMe(3))IrMe(CH(2)Cl(2))][BAr(f)] (1) was used to introduce deuterium stoichiometrically into substituted naphthalene/benzene templates and several "drug-like" entities. The exchange process is tolerant of a wide array of functional groups. Labeling of warfarin using subatmospheric pressures of T(2) led to specific activities and total activities rivaling current functional group directed tritium labeling methods. When paired with the appropriate deuterium donor, Cp(PMe(3))Ir(H(3))OTf (4) was found to deuterate a number of organic compounds catalytically.     

Synthesis and reactivity of the hydrido- and alkylrhenium methylidene complexes Cp*(PMe3)2(R)Re=CH2 (R = H, CH3)

Protonolysis of the dimethylrhenium(III) compound Cp(PMe(3))(2)Re(CH(3))(2) (3) led to formation of the highly reactive hydridorhenium methylidene compound [Cp(PMe(3))(2)Re(CH(2))(H)][OTf] (4), which was characterized spectroscopically at low temperature. Although 4 decomposed above -30 degrees C, reactivity studies performed at low temperature indicated it was in equilibrium with the coordinatively unsaturated methylrhenium complex [Cp(PMe(3))(2)Re(CH(3))][OTf] (2). Methylidene complex 4 was found to react with PMe(3) to afford [Cp(PMe(3))(3)Re(CH(3))][OTf] (6) and with chloride anion to give Cp(PMe(3))(2)Re(Me)Cl (7). When BAr(f) anion was added to 4, the thermally stable methylrhenium methylidene complex [Cp(PMe(3))(2)Re(CH(2))(CH(3))][BAr(f)] (8) was isolated upon warming to room temperature. The mechanisms of formation of both 4 and 8 are discussed in detail, including DFT calculations. The novel carbonyl ligated complex Cp(CO)(2)Re(CH(3))OTf (12) was prepared, isolated, and found to not undergo migration reactions to form methylidene complexes.     

Synthesis and reactivity of the monomeric late-transition-metal parent amido complex [Ir(Cp*)(PMe3)(Ph)(NH2)

The late-transition-metal parent amido compound [Ir(Cp*)(PMe3)(Ph)(NH2)] (2) has been synthesized by deprotonation of the corresponding ammine complex [Ir(Cp*)(PMe3)(Ph)(NH3)][OTf] (6) with KN(SiMe3)2. An X-ray structure determination has ascertained its monomeric nature. Proton-transfer studies indicate that 2 can successfully deprotonate p-nitrophenylacetonitrile, aniline, and phenol. Crystallographic analysis has revealed that the ion pair [Ir(Cp*)(PMe3)(Ph)(NH3)][OPh] (8) exists as a hydrogen-bonded dimer in the solid state. Reactions of 2 with isocyanates and carbodiimides lead to overall insertion of the heterocumulenes into the N--H bond of the Ir-bonded amido group, demonstrating the ability of 2 to act as an efficient nucleophile. Intriguing reactivity is observed when amide 2 reacts with CO or 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide. eta4-Tetramethylfulvene complexes [Ir(eta4-C5Me4CH2)(PMe3)(Ph)(L)] (L=CO (15), CNC6H3-2,6-(CH3)2 (16)) are formed in solution through displacement of the amido group by the incoming ligand followed by deprotonation of a methyl group on the Cp* ring and liberation of ammonia. Conclusive evidence for the presence of the Ir-bonded eta4-tetramethylfulvene moiety in the solid state has been provided by an X-ray diffraction study of complex 16.     

Synthesis and reactivity of Ir(I) and Ir(III) complexes with MeNH2, Me2C=NR (R = H, Me), C,N-C6H4{C(Me)=N(Me)}-2, and N,N'-RN=C(Me)CH2C(Me2)NHR (R = H, Me) ligands

Complexes [Ir(Cp*)Cl(n)(NH2Me)(3-n)]X(m) (n = 2, m = 0 (1), n = 1, m = 1, X = Cl (2a), n = 0, m = 2, X = OTf (3)) are obtained by reacting [Ir(Cp*)Cl(mu-Cl)]2 with MeNH2 (1:2 or 1:8) or with [Ag(NH2Me)2]OTf (1:4), respectively. Complex 2b (n = 1, m = 1, X = ClO 4) is obtained from 2a and NaClO4 x H2O. The reaction of 3 with MeC(O)Ph at 80 degrees C gives [Ir(Cp*){C,N-C6H4{C(Me)=N(Me)}-2}(NH2Me)]OTf (4), which in turn reacts with RNC to give [Ir(Cp*){C,N-C6H4{C(Me)=N(Me)}-2}(CNR)]OTf (R = (t)Bu (5), Xy (6)). [Ir(mu-Cl)(COD)]2 reacts with [Ag{N(R)=CMe2}2]X (1:2) to give [Ir{N(R)=CMe2}2(COD)]X (R = H, X = ClO4 (7); R = Me, X = OTf (8)). Complexes [Ir(CO)2(NH=CMe2)2]ClO4 (9) and [IrCl{N(R)=CMe2}(COD)] (R = H (10), Me (11)) are obtained from the appropriate [Ir{N(R)=CMe2}2(COD)]X and CO or Me4NCl, respectively. [Ir(Cp*)Cl(mu-Cl)]2 reacts with [Au(NH=CMe2)(PPh3)]ClO4 (1:2) to give [Ir(Cp*)(mu-Cl)(NH=CMe2)]2(ClO4)2 (12) which in turn reacts with PPh 3 or Me4NCl (1:2) to give [Ir(Cp*)Cl(NH=CMe2)(PPh3)]ClO4 (13) or [Ir(Cp*)Cl2(NH=CMe2)] (14), respectively. Complex 14 hydrolyzes in a CH2Cl2/Et2O solution to give [Ir(Cp*)Cl2(NH3)] (15). The reaction of [Ir(Cp*)Cl(mu-Cl)]2 with [Ag(NH=CMe2)2]ClO4 (1:4) gives [Ir(Cp*)(NH=CMe2)3](ClO4)2 (16a), which reacts with PPNCl (PPN = Ph3=P=N=PPh3) under different reaction conditions to give [Ir(Cp*)(NH=CMe2)3]XY (X = Cl, Y = ClO4 (16b); X = Y = Cl (16c)). Equimolar amounts of 14 and 16a react to give [Ir(Cp*)Cl(NH=CMe2)2]ClO4 (17), which in turn reacts with PPNCl to give [Ir(Cp*)Cl(H-imam)]Cl (R-imam = N,N'-N(R)=C(Me)CH2C(Me)2NHR (18a)]. Complexes [Ir(Cp*)Cl(R-imam)]ClO4 (R = H (18b), Me (19)) are obtained from 18a and AgClO4 or by refluxing 2b in acetone for 7 h, respectively. They react with AgClO4 and the appropriate neutral ligand or with [Ag(NH=CMe2)2]ClO4 to give [Ir(Cp*)(R-imam)L](ClO4)2 (R = H, L = (t)BuNC (20), XyNC (21); R = Me, L = MeCN (22)) or [Ir(Cp*)(H-imam)(NH=CMe2)](ClO4)2 (23a), respectively. The later reacts with PPNCl to give [Ir(Cp*)(H-imam)(NH=CMe2)]Cl(ClO4) (23b). The reaction of 22 with XyNC gives [Ir(Cp*)(Me-imam)(CNXy)](ClO4)2 (24). The structures of complexes 15, 16c and 18b have been solved by X-ray diffraction methods.     

Facile carbon-fluorine bond activation and subsequent functionalisation of 1,1-difluoroethylene and tetrafluoroethylene promoted by adjacent metal centres

The bridging fluoroolefin ligands in the complexes [Ir(2)(CH(3))(CO)(2)(μ-olefin)(dppm)(2)][OTf] (olefin = tetrafluoroethylene, 1,1-difluoroethylene; dppm = μ-Ph(2)PCH(2)PPh(2); OTf(-) = CF(3)SO(3)(-)) are susceptible to facile fluoride ion abstraction. Both fluoroolefin complexes react with trimethylsilyltriflate (Me(3)SiOTf) to give the corresponding fluorovinyl products by abstraction of a single fluoride ion. Although the trifluorovinyl ligand is bound to one metal, the monofluorovinyl group is bridging, bound to one metal through carbon and to the other metal through a dative bond from fluorine. Addition of two equivalents of Me(3)SiOTf to the tetrafluoroethylene-bridged species gives the difluorovinylidene-bridged product [Ir(2)(CH(3))(OTf)(CO)(2)(μ-OTf)(μ-C=CF(2))(dppm)(2)][OTf]. The 1,1-difluoroethylene species is exceedingly reactive, reacting with water to give 2-fluoropropene and [Ir(2)(CO)(2)(μ-OH)(dppm)(2)][OTf] and with carbon monoxide to give [Ir(2)(CO)(3)(μ-κ(1):η(2)-C≡CCH(3))(dppm)(2)][OTf] together with two equivalents of HF. The trifluorovinyl product [Ir(2)(κ(1)-C(2)F(3))(OTf)(CO)(2)(μ-H)(μ-CH(2))(dppm)(2)][OTf], obtained through single C-F bond activation of the tetrafluoroethylene-bridged complex, reacts with H(2) to form trifluoroethylene, allowing the facile replacement of one fluorine in C(2)F(4) with hydrogen.     

The bridged binding mode as a new, versatile template for the selective activation of carbon-fluorine bonds in fluoroolefins: activation of trifluoroethylene

We report the selective activation of carbon-fluorine bonds in trifluoroethylene using the diiridium complex [Ir(2)(CH(3))(CO)(2)(dppm)(2)][OTf] (1). Coordination of trifluoroethylene in a bridging position between the two metals in 1 results in facile fluoride ion loss in three different ways. Attack by strong fluorophiles such as Me(3)SiOTf and HOTf results in F(-) removal from one of the geminal fluorines to give the cis-difluorovinyl-bridged product [Ir(2)(CH(3))(OTf)(CO)(2)(μ-κ(1):η(2)-C(F)═CFH)(dppm)(2)][OTf]. A second activation can also be accomplished by addition of excess Me(3)SiOTf to give the fluorovinylidene-bridged product [Ir(2)(CH(3))(OTf)(CO)(2)(μ-C(2)FH)(dppm)(2)][OTf](2). Interestingly, activation of the trifluoroethylene-bridged precursor by water also occurs, yielding [Ir(2)(CH(3))(CO)(2)(κ(1)-C(H)═CF(2))(μ-OH)(dppm)(2)][OTf], in which the lone vicinal fluorine is removed, leaving a geminal arrangement of fluorines in the product. A [1,2]-fluoride shift can also be induced in the trifluoroethylene-bridged precursor upon the addition of CO to give the 2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene-bridged product [Ir(2)(CH(3))(CO)(3)(μ-C(H)CF(3))(dppm)(2)][CF(3)SO(3)]. Addition of hydrogen to the cis-difluorovinyl-bridged product results in the quantitative elimination of cis-difluoroethylene, while its reaction with CO yields a mixture of cis-difluoropropene and 2,3-difluoropropene by reductive elimination of the methyl and difluorovinyl groups with an accompanying isomerization in the case of the second product. Finally, protonation of the 2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene-bridged product liberates 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, in which one hydrogen (H(+)) is from the acid while the other hydrogen (H(-)) is derived from activation of the methyl group.     

A mechanistic investigation of the carbon-carbon bond cleavage of aryl and alkyl cyanides using a cationic RhIII silyl complex

Cationic Rh(III) complex [Cp(PMe(3))Rh(SiPh(3))(CH(2)Cl(2))]BAr(4)' (1) activates the carbon-carbon bond of aryl and alkyl cyanides (R-CN, where R = Ph, (4-(CF(3))C(6)H(4)), (4-(OMe)C(6)H(4)), Me, (i)Pr, (t)Bu) to produce complexes of the general formula [Cp*(PMe(3))Rh(R)(CNSiPh(3))]BAr(4)'. With the exception of the (t)BuCN case, every reaction proceeds at room temperature (t(1/2) < 1 h for aryl cyanides, t(1/2) < 14 h for alkyl cyanides). A general mechanism is presented on the basis of (1) an X-ray crystal structure determination of an intermediate isolated from the reaction involving 4-methoxybenzonitrile and (2) kinetic studies performed on the C-C bond cleavage of para-substituted aryl cyanides. Initial formation of an eta(1)-nitrile species is observed, followed by conversion to an eta(2)-iminoacyl intermediate, which was observed to undergo migration of R (aryl or alkyl) to rhodium to form the product [Cp*(PMe(3))Rh(R)(CNSiPh(3))]BAr(4)'.     

Ir(PPh3)2(H)2(ClCH2CH2Cl)][BArF4]: a well characterised transition metal dichloroethane complex

Reaction of [Ir(PPh(3))(2)(COD)][BAr(F)(4)] with H(2) in dichloroethane solution results in [Ir(PPh(3))(2)(H)(2)(ClCH(2)CH(2)Cl)][BAr(F)(4)], which has been fully characterised by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS. Its activity towards alkene hydrogenation has been compared with analogous CH(2)Cl(2) complexes.     

C-H activation on a diphosphine and hydrido-bridged diiridium complex: generation and detection of an active IrII-IrII species [(Cp*Ir)2(micro-dmpm)(micro-H)]+

Reaction of [Cp*Ir(micro-H)](2) (5) (Cp* = eta(5)-C(5)Me(5)) with bis(dimethylphosphino)methane (dmpm) gives a new neutral diiridium complex [(Cp*Ir)(2)(micro-dmpm)(micro-H)(2)] (3). Treatment of 3 with methyl triflate at -30 degrees C results in the formation of [(Cp*Ir)(H)(micro-dmpm)(micro-H)(Me)(IrCp*)][OTf] (6). Warming a solution of above 0 degrees C brings about predominant generation of 32e(-) Ir(II)-Ir(II) species [(Cp*Ir)(micro-dmpm)(micro-H)(IrCp*)][OTf] (7). Further heating of the solution of 7 up to 30 degrees C for 14 h leads to quantitative formation of a new complex [(Cp*Ir)(H)(micro-Me(2)PCH(2)PMeCH(2))(micro-H)(IrCp*)][OTf] (8), which is formed by intramolecular oxidative addition of the methyl C-H bond of the dmpm ligand. Intermolecular C-H bond activation reactions with 7 are also examined. Reactions of 7 with aromatic molecules (benzene, toluene, furan, and pyridine) at room temperature result in the smooth sp(2) C-H activation to give [(Cp*Ir)(H)(micro-dmpm)(micro-H)(Ar)(IrCp*)][OTf] (Ar = Ph (9); Ar = m-Tol (10a) or p-Tol (10b); Ar = 2-Fur (11)) and [(Cp*Ir)(H)(micro-dmpm)(micro-C(5)H(4)N)(H)(IrCp*)][OTf] (12), respectively. Complex also reacts with cyclopentene at 0 degrees C to give [(Cp*Ir)(H)(micro-dmpm)(micro-H)(1-cyclopentenyl)(IrCp*)][OTf] (13). Structures of 3, 8 and 12 have been confirmed by X-ray analysis.     

C-H activation and C=C double bond formation reactions in iridium ortho-methyl arylphosphane complexes

The Vaska-type iridium(I) complex [IrCl(CO){PPh(2)(2-MeC(6)H(4))}(2)] (1), characterized by an X-ray diffraction study, was obtained from iridium(III) chloride hydrate and PPh(2)(2,6-MeRC(6)H(3)) with R=H in DMF, whereas for R=Me, activation of two ortho-methyl groups resulted in the biscyclometalated iridium(III) compound [IrCl(CO){PPh(2)(2,6-CH(2)MeC(6)H(3))}(2)] (2). Conversely, for R=Me the iridium(I) compound [IrCl(CO){PPh(2)(2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3))}(2)] (3) can be obtained by treatment of [IrCl(COE)(2)](2) (COE=cyclooctene) with carbon monoxide and the phosphane in acetonitrile. Compound 3 in CH(2)Cl(2) undergoes intramolecular C-H oxidative addition, affording the cyclometalated hydride iridium(III) species [IrHCl(CO){PPh(2)(2,6-CH(2)MeC(6)H(3))}{PPh(2)(2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3))}] (4). Treatment of 2 with Na[BAr(f) (4)] (Ar(f)=3,5-C(6)H(3)(CF(3))(2)) gives the fluxional cationic 16-electron complex [Ir(CO){PPh(2)(2,6-CH(2)MeC(6)H(3))}(2)][BAr(f) (4)] (5), which reversibly reacts with dihydrogen to afford the delta-agostic complex [IrH(CO){PPh(2)(2,6-CH(2)MeC(6)H(3))}{PPh(2)(2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3))}][BAr(f)(4)] (6), through cleavage of an Ir-C bond. This species can also be formed by treatment of 4 with Na[BAr(f)(4)] or of 2 with Na[BAr(f)(4)] through C-H oxidative addition of one ortho-methyl group, via a transient 14-electron iridium(I) complex. Heating of the coordinatively unsaturated biscyclometalated species 5 in toluene gives the trans-dihydride iridium(III) complex [IrH(2)(CO){PPh(2)(2,6-MeC(6)H(3)CH=CHC(6)H(3)Me-2,6)PPh(2)}][BAr(f) (4)] (7), containing a trans-stilbene-type terdentate ligand, as result of a dehydrogenative carbon-carbon double bond coupling reaction, possibly through an iridium carbene species.     

Mono(sulfido)-bridged mixed-valence nitrosyl complex: protonation and oxidative addition of iodine across the Ir(II)-Ir(0) bond

Treatment of [Cp*IrH(SH)(PMe3)] (Cp* = eta5-C5Me5) with [IrCl2(NO)(PPh3)2] in the presence of triethylamine yielded the sulfido-bridged Ir(II)Ir0 complex [Cp*Ir(PMe3)(mu-S)Ir(NO)(PPh3)], which further reacted with I2 and triflic acid to give the diiodo complex [Cp*Ir(PMe3)(mu-I)(mu-S)IrI(NO)(PPh3)] and the hydrido complex [Cp*Ir(PMe3)(mu-H)(mu-S)Ir(NO)(PPh3)][OSO2CF3], respectively.     

Octahedral Ru(II) amido complexes TpRu(L)(L')(NHR) (Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate; L = L' = P(OMe)3 or PMe3 or L = CO and L' = PPh3; R = H,Ph, or tBu): synthesis,characterization, and reactions with weakly acidic C-H bonds

The octahedral Ru(II) amine complexes [TpRu(L)(L')(NH(2)R)][OTf] (L = L' = PMe(3), P(OMe)(3) or L = CO and L' = PPh(3); R = H or (t)Bu) have been synthesized and characterized. Deprotonation of the amine complexes [TpRu(L)(L')(NH(3))][OTf] or [TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(NH(2)(t)Bu)][OTf] yields the Ru(II) amido complexes TpRu(L)(L')(NH(2)) and TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(NH(t)Bu). Reactions of the parent amido complexes or TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(NH(t)Bu) with phenylacetylene at room temperature result in immediate deprotonation to form ruthenium-amine/phenylacetylide ion pairs, and heating a benzene solution of the [TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(NH(2)(t)Bu)][PhC(2)] ion pair results in the formation of the Ru(II) phenylacetylide complex TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(C[triple bond]CPh) in >90% yield. The observation that [TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(NH(2)(t)Bu)][PhC(2)] converts to the Ru(II) acetylide with good yield while heating the ion pairs [TpRu(L)(L')(NH(3))][PhC(2)] yields multiple products is attributed to reluctant dissociation of ammonia compared with the (t)butylamine ligand (i.e., different rates for acetylide/amine exchange). These results are consistent with ligand exchange reactions of Ru(II) amine complexes [TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(NH(2)R)][OTf] (R = H or (t)Bu) with acetonitrile. The previously reported phenyl amido complexes TpRuL(2)(NHPh) [L = PMe(3) or P(OMe)(3)] react with 10 equiv of phenylacetylene at elevated temperature to produce Ru(II) acetylide complexes TpRuL(2)(C[triple bond]CPh) in quantitative yields. Kinetic studies indicate that the reaction of TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(NHPh) with phenylacetylene occurs via a pathway that involves TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(OTf) or [TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(NH(2)Ph)][OTf] as catalyst. Reactions of 1,4-cyclohexadiene with the Ru(II) amido complexes TpRu(L)(L')(NH(2)) (L = L' = PMe(3) or L = CO and L' = PPh(3)) or TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(NH(t)Bu) at elevated temperatures result in the formation of benzene and Ru hydride complexes. TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(H), [Tp(PMe(3))(2)Ru[double bond]C[double bond]C(H)Ph][OTf], [Tp(PMe(3))(2)Ru=C(CH(2)Ph)[N(H)Ph]][OTf], and [TpRu(PMe(3))(3)][OTf] have been independently prepared and characterized. Results from solid-state X-ray diffraction studies of the complexes [TpRu(CO)(PPh(3))(NH(3))][OTf], [TpRu(PMe(3))(2)(NH(3))][OTf], and TpRu(CO)(PPh(3))(C[triple bond]CPh) are reported.     

Heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen promoted by sulfido-bridged tungsten-ruthenium dinuclear complexes

A series of sulfido-bridged tungsten-ruthenium dinuclear complexes Cp*W(mu-S)(3)RuX(PPh(3))(2) (4a; X = Cl, 4b; X = H), Cp*W(O)(mu-S)(2)RuX(PPh(3))(2) (5a; X = Cl, 5b; X = H), and Cp*W(NPh)(mu-S)(2)RuX(PPh(3))(2) (6a; X = Cl, 6b; X = H) have been synthesized by the reactions of (PPh(4))[Cp*W(S)(3)] (1), (PPh(4))[Cp*W(O)(S)(2)] (2), and (PPh(4))[Cp*W(NPh)(S)(2)] (3), with RuClX(PPh(3))(3) (X = Cl, H). The heterolytic cleavage of H(2) was found to proceed at room temperature upon treating 5a and 6a with NaBAr(F)(4) (Ar(F) = 3, 5-C(6)H(3)(CF(3))(2)) under atmospheric pressure of H(2), which gave rise to [Cp*W(OH)(mu-S)(2)RuH(PPh(3))(2)](BAr(F)(4)) (7a) and [Cp*W(NHPh)(mu-S)(2)RuH(PPh(3))(2)](BAr(F)(4)) (8), respectively. When Cp*W(O)(mu-S)(2)Ru(PPh(3))(2)H (5b) was treated with a Br?nstead acid, [H(OEt(2))(2)](BAr(F)(4)) or HOTf, protonation occurred exclusively at the terminal oxide to give [Cp*W(OH)(mu-S)(2)RuH(PPh(3))(2)](X) (7a; X = BAr(F)(4), 7b; X = OTf), while the hydride remained intact. The analogous reaction of Cp+W(mu-S)(3)Ru(PPh(3))(2)H (4b) led to immediate evolution of H(2). Selective deprotonation of the hydroxyl group of 7a or 7b was induced by NEt(3) and 4b, generating Cp*W(O)(mu-S)(2)Ru(PPh(3))(2)H (5b). Evolution of H(2) was also observed for the reactions of 7a or 7b with CH(3)CN to give [Cp*W(O)(mu-S)(2)Ru(CH(3)CN)(PPh(3))(2)](X) (11a; X = BAr(F)(4), 11b; X = OTf). We examined the H/D exchange reactions of 4b, 5b, and 7a with D(2) and CH(3)OD, and found that facile H/D scrambling over the W-OH and Ru-H sites occurred for 7a. Based on these experimental results, the mechanism of the heterolytic H(2) activation and the reverse H(2) evolution reactions are discussed.     

Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-iridium(III) complexes with pyridylamino ligands: synthesis and applications as asymmetric catalysts for Diels-Alder reactions

Reaction of the dimer [(Cp*IrCl)2(P-Cl)2] with chiral pyridylamino ligands (pyam, L1-L5) in the presence of NaSbF6 gave complexes [Cp*IrCl(pyam)][SbF6] 1-5 as diastereomeric mixtures, which have been fully characterised, including the X-ray molecular structure determination of the complexes (S(Ir),R(N),R(C))-[Cp*IrClL1][SbF6] 1a and (R(Ir),S(N),S(C))-[Cp*IrClL5][SbF6] 5a. Treatment of these cations with AgSbF6 affords the corresponding aqua species [Cp*Ir(pyam)(H2O)][SbF6]2 6-10 which have been also fully characterised. The molecular structure of the complex (S(Ir),R(N),R(C))-[Cp*IrL,(H2O)][SbF6]2 6 has been determined by X-ray diffractometric methods. The aqua complexes [Cp*Ir(pyam)(H2O)][SbF6]2 (6, pyam = L2 (7), L3 (8)) evolve to the cyclometallated species [Cp*Ir{kappa3(N,N',C)-(R)-(C6H4)CH(CH3)NHCH2C5NH4}][SbF6] (11), [Cp*Ir{kappa3(N,N',C)-(R)-(C10H6)CH(CH3)-NHCH2C5NH4)}][SbF6] (12), and [Cp*Ir{kappa3(N,N',C)-(R)-(C10H6)CH(CH3)NHCH2C9NH6)}][SbF6] (13) respectively, via intramolecular activation of an ortho C-H aryl bond. Complexes 6-10 are enantioselective catalysts for the Diels-Alder reaction between methacrolein and cyclopentadiene. Reaction occurs rapidly at room temperature with good exo : endo selectivity (from 81 : 19 to 98 : 2) and moderate enantioselectivity (up to 72%). The involved intermediate Lewis acid-dienophile compounds [Cp*Ir(pyam)(methacrolein)][SbF]2 (pyam = L4 (14), L5 (15)) have been isolated and characterised.     

Carbon-carbon bond activation of R-CN (R = Me, Ar, iPr, tBu) using a cationic Rh(III) complex

Addition of 1.0 equiv of Ph3SiH to [Cp*(PMe3)Rh(Me)(CH2Cl2)]+BAr'4- (1) resulted in release of methane and quantitative formation of [Cp*(PMe3)Rh(SiPh3)(CH2Cl2)]+BAr'4- (2). Subsequent addition of 1.0 equiv of MeCN to 2 caused immediate displacement of dichloromethane to form the eta1-nitrile adduct [Cp*(PMe3)Rh(SiPh3)(NCMe)]+BAr'4- (3). Upon standing at room-temperature overnight, complex 3 converted quantitatively to another product which has been characterized as the C-C activation product, [Cp*(PMe3)Rh(Me)(CNSiPh3)]+BAr'4- (5). Addition of other nitrile substrates (R-CN, R = Ph, (4-CF3)Ph, (4-MeO)Ph, iPr, tBu) to 2 also resulted in C-C activation of the R-CN bond to form [Cp*(PMe3)Rh(R)(CNSiPh3)]+BAr'4-. Evidence for an eta2-iminoacyl intermediate complex, [Cp*(PMe3)Rh(eta2-C(R)=N(SiPh3)]+BAr'4-, is also presented.     

New cationic and zwitterionic Cp*M(kappa2-P,S) complexes (M = Rh, Ir): divergent reactivity pathways arising from alternative modes of ancillary ligand participation in substrate activation

Treatment of 0.5 equiv of [Cp*IrCl(2)](2) with 1/3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-S(t)Bu-indene afforded Cp*Ir(Cl)(kappa(2)-3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-S-indene) (1) in 95% yield (Cp* = eta(5)-C(5)Me(5)). Addition of AgOTf or LiB(C(6)F(5))(4) x 2.5 OEt(2) to 1 gave [Cp*Ir(kappa(2)-3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-S-indene)](+)X(-) ([2](+)X(-); X = OTf, 78%; X = B(C(6)F(5))(4), 82%), which represent the first examples of isolable coordinatively unsaturated [Cp'Ir(kappa(2)-P,S)](+)X(-) complexes. Exposure of [2](+)OTf(-) to CO afforded [2 x CO](+)OTf(-) in 91% yield, while treatment of [2](+)B(C(6)F(5))(4)(-) with PMe(3) generated [2 x PMe(3)](+)B(C(6)F(5))(4)(-) in 94% yield. Treatment of 1 with K(2)CO(3) in CH(3)CN allowed for the isolation of the unusual adduct 3 x CH(3)CN (41% isolated yield), in which the CH(3)CN bridges the Lewis acidic Cp*Ir and Lewis basic indenide fragments of the targeted coordinatively unsaturated zwitterion Cp*Ir(kappa(2)-3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-S-indenide) (3). In contrast to the formation of [2 x CO](+)OTf(-), exposure of 3 x CH(3)CN to CO did not afford 3 x CO; instead, a clean 1:1 mixture of (kappa(2)-3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-S-indene)Ir(CO)(2) (4) and 1,2,3,4-tetramethylfulvene was generated. Treatment of [2](+)OTf(-) with Ph(2)SiH(2) resulted in the net loss of Ph(2)Si(OTf)H to give Cp*Ir(H)(kappa(2)-3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-S-indene) (5) in 44% yield. In contrast, treatment of [2](+)B(C(6)F(5))(4)(-) with Ph(2)SiH(2) or PhSiH(3) proceeded via H-Si addition across Ir-S to give the corresponding [Cp*Ir(H)(kappa(2)-3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-S(SiHPhX)-indene)](+)B(C(6)F(5))(4)(-) complexes 6a (X = Ph, 68%) or 6b (X = H, 77%), which feature a newly established S-Si linkage. Compound 6a was observed to effect net C-O bond cleavage in diethyl ether with net loss of Ph(2)Si(OEt)H, affording [Cp*Ir(H)(kappa(2)-3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-SEt-indene)](+)B(C(6)F(5))(4)(-) (7) in 77% yield. Furthermore, 6a proved capable of transferring Ph(2)SiH(2) to acetophenone, with concomitant regeneration of [2](+)B(C(6)F(5))(4)(-); however, [2](+)X(-) did not prove to be effective ketone hydrosilylation catalysts. Treatment of 1/3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-S(t)Bu-indene with 0.5 equiv of [Cp*RhCl(2)](2) gave Cp*Rh(Cl)(kappa(2)-3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-S-indene) (8) in 94% yield. Combination of 8 and LiB(C(6)F(5))(4) x 2.5 Et(2)O produced the coordinatively unsaturated cation [Cp*Rh(kappa(2)-3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-S-indene)](+)B(C(6)F(5))(4)(-) ([9](+)B(C(6)F(5))(4)(-)), which was transformed into [Cp*Rh(H)(kappa(2)-3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-S(SiHPh(2))-indene)](+)B(C(6)F(5))(4)(-) (10) via net H-Si addition of Ph(2)SiH(2) to Rh-S. Unlike [2](+)X(-), complex [9](+)B(C(6)F(5))(4)(-) was shown to be an effective catalyst for ketone hydrosilylation. Treatment of 3 x CH(3)CN with Ph(2)SiH(2) resulted in the loss of CH(3)CN, along with the formation of Cp*Ir(H)(kappa(2)-3-P(i)Pr(2)-2-S-(1-diphenylsilylindene)) (11) (64% isolated yield) as a mixture of diastereomers. The formation of 11 corresponds to heterolytic H-Si bond activation, involving net addition of H(-) and Ph(2)HSi(+) fragments to Ir and indenide in the unobserved zwitterion 3. Crystallographic data are provided for 1, [2 x CO](+)OTf(-), 3 x CH(3)CN, 7, and 11. Collectively, these results demonstrate the versatility of donor-functionalized indene ancillary ligands in allowing for the selection of divergent metal-ligand cooperativity pathways (simply by ancillary ligand deprotonation) in the activation of small molecule substrates.     

Hydride transfer reactivity of tetrakis(trimethylphosphine)(hydrido)(nitrosyl)molybdenum(0)

The tetrakis(trimethylphosphine) molybdenum nitrosyl hydrido complex trans-Mo(PMe(3))(4)(H)(NO) (2) and the related deuteride complex trans-Mo(PMe(3))(4)(D)(NO) (2a) were prepared from trans-Mo(PMe(3))(4)(Cl)(NO) (1). From (2)H T(1 min) measurements and solid-state (2)H NMR the bond ionicities of 2a could be determined and were found to be 80.0% and 75.3%, respectively, indicating a very polar Mo--D bond. The enhanced hydridicity of 2 is reflected in its very high propensity to undergo hydride transfer reactions. 2 was thus reacted with acetone, acetophenone, and benzophenone to afford the corresponding alkoxide complexes trans-Mo(NO)(PMe(3))(4)(OCHR'R') (R' = R' = Me (3); R' = Me, R' = Ph (4); R' = R' = Ph (5)). The reaction of 2 with CO(2) led to the formation of the formato-O-complex Mo(NO)(OCHO)(PMe(3))(4) (6). The reaction of with HOSO(2)CF(3) produced the anion coordinated complex Mo(NO)(PMe(3))(4)(OSO(2)CF(3)) (7), and the reaction with [H(Et(2)O)(2)][BAr(F)(4)] with an excess of PMe(3) produced the pentakis(trimethylphosphine) coordinated compound [Mo(NO)(PMe(3))(5)][BAr(F)(4)] (8). Imine insertions into the Mo-H bond of 2 were also accomplished. PhCH[double bond, length as m-dash]NPh (N-benzylideneaniline) and C(10)H(7)CH=NPh (N-1-naphthylideneaniline) afforded the amido compounds Mo(NO)(PMe(3))(4)[NR'(CH(2)R')] (R' = R' = Ph (9), R' = Ph, R' = naphthyl (11)). 9 could not be obtained in pure form, however, its structure was assigned by spectroscopic means. At room temperature 11 reacted further to lose one PMe(3) forming 12 (Mo(NO)PMe(3))(3)[N(Ph)CH(2)C(10)H(6))]) with agostic stabilization. In a subsequent step oxidative addition of the agostic naphthyl C-H bond to the molybdenum centre occurred. Then hydrogen migration took place giving the chelate amine complex Mo(NO)(PMe(3))(3)[NH(Ph)(CH(2)C(10)H(6))] (15). The insertion reaction of 2 with C(10)H(7)N=CHPh led to formation of the agostic compound Mo(NO)(PMe(3))(3)[N(CH(2)Ph)(C(10)H(7))] (10). Based on the knowledge of facile formation of agostic compounds the catalytic hydrogenation of C(10)H(7)N=CHPh and PhN=CHC(10)H(7) with 2 (5 mol%) was tested. The best conversion rates were obtained in the presence of an excess of PMe(3), which were 18.4% and 100% for C(10)H(7)N=CHPh and PhN=CHC(10)H(7), respectively.     

Synthesis, structures, and properties of group 9- and group 10-group 6 heterodinuclear nitrosyl complexes

The reaction of the group 9 bis(hydrosulfido) complexes [Cp*M(SH)2(PMe3)] (M=Rh, Ir; Cp*=eta(5)-C 5Me5) with the group 6 nitrosyl complexes [Cp*M'Cl2(NO)] (M'=Mo, W) in the presence of NEt3 affords a series of bis(sulfido)-bridged early-late heterobimetallic (ELHB) complexes [Cp*M(PMe3)(mu-S)2M'(NO)Cp*] (2a, M=Rh, M'=Mo; 2b, M=Rh, M'=W; 3a, M=Ir, M'=Mo; 3b, M=Ir, M'=W). Similar reactions of the group 10 bis(hydrosulfido) complexes [M(SH)2(dppe)] (M=Pd, Pt; dppe=Ph 2P(CH2) 2PPh2), [Pt(SH)2(dppp)] (dppp=Ph2P(CH2) 3PPh2), and [M(SH)2(dpmb)] (dpmb=o-C6H4(CH2PPh2)2) give the group 10-group 6 ELHB complexes [(dppe)M(mu-S)2M'(NO)Cp*] (M=Pd, Pt; M'=Mo, W), [(dppp)Pt(mu-S)2M'(NO)Cp*] (6a, M'=Mo; 6b, M'=W), and [(dpmb)M(mu-S)2M'(NO)Cp*] (M=Pd, Pt; M'=Mo, W), respectively. Cyclic voltammetric measurements reveal that these ELHB complexes undergo reversible one-electron oxidation at the group 6 metal center, which is consistent with isolation of the single-electron oxidation products [Cp*M(PMe3)(mu-S)2M'(NO)Cp*][PF6] (M=Rh, Ir; M'=Mo, W). Upon treatment of 2b and 3b with ROTf (R=Me, Et; OTf=OSO 2CF 3), the O atom of the terminal nitrosyl ligand is readily alkylated to form the alkoxyimido complexes such as [Cp*Rh(PMe3)(mu-S)2W(NOMe)Cp*][OTf]. In contrast, methylation of the Rh-, Ir-, and Pt-Mo complexes 2a, 3a, and 6a results in S-methylation, giving the methanethiolato complexes [Cp*M(PMe3)(mu-SMe)(mu-S)Mo(NO)Cp*][BPh 4] (M=Rh, Ir) and [(dppp)Pt(mu-SMe)(mu-S)Mo(NO)Cp*][OTf], respectively. The Pt-W complex 6b undergoes either S- or O-methylation to form a mixture of [(dppp)Pt(mu-SMe)(mu-S)W(NO)Cp*][OTf] and [(dppp)Pt(mu-S) 2W(NOMe)Cp*][OTf]. These observations indicate that O-alkylation and one-electron oxidation of the dinuclear nitrosyl complexes are facilitated by a common effect, i.e., donation of electrons from the group 9 or 10 metal center, where the group 9 metals behave as the more effective electron donor.     

Dissociation of carbanions from acyl iridium compounds: an experimental and computational investigation

Instead of reductive elimination of aldehyde, or decarbonylation to give a trifluoroalkyl hydride, heating Cp(PMe(3))Ir(H)[C(O)CF(3)] (1) leads to the quantitative formation of Cp(PMe(3))Ir(CO) (2) and CF(3)H. Kinetic experiments, isotope labeling studies, solvent effect studies, and solvent-inclusive DFT calculations support a mechanism that involves initial dissociation of trifluoromethyl anion to give the transient ion-pair intermediate [Cp(PMe(3))Ir(H)(CO)](+)[CF(3)](-). Further evidence for the ability of CF(3)(-) to act as a leaving group came from the investigation of the analogous methyl and chloride derivatives Cp(PMe(3))Ir(Me)[C(O)CF(3)] and Cp(PMe(3))Ir(Cl)[C(O)CF(3)]. Both of these compounds undergo a similar loss of trifluoromethyl anion, generating an iridium carbonyl cation and CF(3)D in CD(3)OD. Three additional acyl hydrides, Cp(PMe(3))Ir(H)[C(O)R(F)] (where R(F) = CF(2)CF(3), CF(2)CF(2)CF(3), or CF(2)(CF(2))(6)CF(3)) undergo R(F)-H elimination to give 2 at a faster rate than CF(3)H elimination from 1. Stereochemical studies using a chiral acyl hydride with a stereocenter at the beta-position reveal that ionization of the carbanion occurs to form a tight ion-pair with high retention of configuration and enantiomeric purity upon proton transfer from iridium.     

Coordination features of a hybrid scorpionate/phosphane ligand exemplified with Iridium

Although the pentacoordinated complex [Ir{(allyl)B(CH(2)PPh(2))(pz)(2)}(cod)] (1; pz=pyrazolyl, cod=1,5-cyclooctadiene), isolated from the reaction of [{Ir(mu-Cl)(cod)}(2)] with [Li(tmen)][B(allyl)(CH(2)PPh(2))- (pz)(2)] (tmen=N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine), shows behavior similar to that of the related hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate complex, the carbonyl derivatives behave in a quite different way. On carbonylation of 1, the metal--metal-bonded complex [(Ir{(allyl)B(CH(2)PPh(2))(pz)(2)}CO)(2)(mu-CO)] (2) that results has a single ketonic carbonyl bridge. This bridging carbonyl is labile such that upon treatment of 2 with PMe(3) the pentacoordinated Ir(I) complex [Ir(CO){(pz)B(eta(2)-CH(2)CH=CH(2))(CH(2)PPh(2))(pz)}(PMe(3))] (3) was isolated. Complex 3 shows a unique fac coordination of the hybrid ligand with the allyl group eta(2)-bonded to the metal in the equatorial plane of a distorted trigonal bipyramid with one pyrazolate group remaining uncoordinated. This unusual feature can be rationalized on the basis of the electron-rich nature of the metal center. The related complex [Ir(CO){(pz)B(eta(2)-CH(2)CH=CH(2))(CH(2)PPh(2))(pz)}(PPh(3))] (4) was found to exist in solution as a temperature-dependent equilibrium between the cis-pentacoordinated and trans square planar isomers with respect to the phosphorus donor atoms. Protonation of 3 with different acids is selective at the iridium center and gives the cationic hydrides [Ir{(allyl)B(CH(2)PPh(2))(pz)(2)}(CO)H(PMe(3))]X (X=BF(4) (5), MeCO(2) (6), and Cl (7)). Complex 7 further reacts with HCl to generate the unexpected product [Ir(CO)Cl{(Hpz)B(CH(2)PPh(2))(pz)CH(2)CH(Me)}(PMe(3))]Cl (9; Hpz=protonated pyrazolyl group) formed by the insertion of the hydride into the Ir-(eta(2)-allyl) bond. In contrast, protonation of complex 4 with HCl stops at the hydrido complex [Ir{(allyl)B(CH(2)PPh(2))(pz)(2)}(CO)H(PPh(3))]Cl (8). X-ray diffraction studies carried out on complexes 2, 3, and 9 show the versatility of the hybrid scorpionate ligand in its coordination.