Evaluation of AMP–PAN composite for adsorption of Cs+ ions from aqueous solution using batch and fixed bed operations

Ammonium molybdophosphate–polyacrylonitrile (AMP–PAN) as an organic–inorganic composite ion exchanger was synthesized and investigated for adsorption of cesium from aqueous solutions. The synthesized composite was characterized by various techniques including X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry, specific surface analysis, scanning election microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and CHN elemental analysis. The cesium adsorption on composite adsorbent was studied as a function of contact time, pH, temperature, and presence of various cations. In addition, adsorption thermodynamic parameters were determined and it was observed that the adsorption of cesium on the adsorbent is an endothermic and spontaneous process. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were fitted to the adsorption data and the results showed that the Langmuir model best predicates the cesium adsorption on the adsorbent. The dynamic behavior of cesium adsorption on AMP–PAN ion exchanger was also investigated for a fixed bed column and desorption was carried out.     

Cesium removal from solution using PAN-based potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate (II) composite spheres

A polyacrylonitrile–potassium nickel hexacyanoferrates composite adsorbent was prepared to remove cesium ion in aqueous solution. The dual nozzle technique was applied to prepare a composite sphere. The physicochemical behavior of the ion exchanger was specified with different techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, specific surface analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. The effects of contact time, solution initial pH, presence of various cations and initial cesium concentration on the adsorption was also investigated and the optimum conditions for separation of cesium were determined. In addition, adsorption kinetics and adsorption mechanism were studied by modeling the experimental data and related parameters were also evaluated, which showed that sorption data fitted to pseudo-second-order and film diffusion models. Adsorption isotherm in batch experiments showed that the sorption data were successfully fitted with Langmuir model. Finally the adsorption dynamic capacities of the synthesized composite in column experiments were evaluated at 139.925 and 119.539 mg/g for flow rate of 1 and 3 BV/min, respectively.     

Synthesis and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-cyclodextrin–carboxymethyl cellulose–graphene oxide composite materials and its application for removal of basic fuchsin

A novel β-cyclodextrin–carboxymethyl cellulose–graphene oxide composite material (β-CD–CMC–GO) was synthesized, and its application as excellent adsorbents was carried out for removal basic fuchsin (BF) in aqueous solution. The structure and morphology of β-CD–CMC–GO composite material were characterized by using FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, TG and DSC methods. The composites could remove basic fuchsin from aqueous solution efficiently. The adsorption experiment was carried out and the optimum experimental conditions were ascertained. The highest adsorption efficiency was obtained 97.3% at 0.015 g/mL dosage of β-CD–CMC–GO, the temperature of 25 °C and time of 2.5 h. Adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherm and adsorption thermodynamic were used to analyze the adsorption system. The experimental data of adsorption kinetics of system were well followed by pseudo-second-order equation. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted using Langmuir isotherm model and Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity of basic fuchsin reached 58.65 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. The adsorbent has excellent regeneration ability and reproducibility. The proposed method shows that the β-CD–CMC–GO could be applied to removal of basic fuchsin in wastewater with satisfactory result.     

Facile Synthesis of Prussian Blue Derivate‐Modified Mesoporous Material via Photoinitiated Thiol–Ene Click Reaction for Cesium Adsorption

A novel strategy to synthesize a functional mesoporous material for efficient removal of cesium is reported. Specifically, Prussian blue derivate‐modified SBA‐15 (SBA‐15@FC) was prepared by photoinitiated thiol–ene reaction between thiol‐modified SBA‐15 and pentacyano(4‐vinyl pyridine)ferrate complex. The effects of weight percentage of the Prussian blue derivate, pH, adsorbent dose, co‐existing ions, and initial concentration were evaluated on the adsorption of cesium ions. The adsorption kinetically follows a pseudo‐second‐order model and reaches equilibrium within 2 h with a high adsorption capacity of about 13.90 mg Cs g^?1, which indicates that SBA‐15@FC is a promising adsorbent to effectively remove cesium from aqueous solutions.     

Factors affecting the adsorption of ethoxylated nonyl phenol onto synthetic rubber

Adsorption of non‐ionic surfactant (ethoxylated nonyl phenol; ENP) from aqueous solution is studied at 30 °C using butyl rubber (II R) mixed with two types of carbon black: high abrasion furnace (HAF) and general purpose furnace (GPF) as fillers with different concentrations. The results indicate that butyl loaded with HAF is more efficient as adsorbent surface than that loaded with GPF irrespective of the carbon black concentration and the adsorption increases as the immersion time increases. The experimental data of adsorption isotherms could be fitted to the Langmuir equation below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of ENP. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Uranium removal from nitric acid raffinate solution by solvent immobilized PVC cement

The present work deals with uranium removal from a nitric acid raffinate (waste) solution using prepared solvent (tri-butyl phosphate, TBP) immobilizing PVC cement (SIC) as a suitable adsorbent. The studied relevant factors affecting uranium adsorption onto SIC adsorbent involved; contact time, solution molarity, initial uranium concentration and temperature. The obtained adsorption isotherm of uranium onto the SIC adsorbent was fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkviech (D–R) adsorption models. The results showed that the obtained equilibrium data fitted well the Langmuir isotherm. Additionally, it was found that the adsorption process obeys the pseudo second-order kinetic model. On the other hand, the calculated theoretical capacity of our prepared SIC adsorbent reached about 17 g U/kg SIC. Uranium adsorption from the studied raffinate solution was carried out applying the attained optimum conditions. The obtained data showed that 58.4 mg U/5 g SIC were adsorbed. However, using of 2 M HNO₃ solution as an eluent, 93 (54.3 mg U) from the adsorbed amount were eluted.     

Synthesis, characterization, thermodynamic and kinetic investigations on uranium (VI) adsorption using organic-inorganic composites: Zirconyl-molybdopyrophosphate-tributyl phosphate

Zirconyl-molybdopyrophosphate-tributyl phosphate (ZMPP-TBP) was a novel organic-inorganic composite adsorbent prepared by co-precipitation method and used in the adsorption of uranium from aqueous solution in batch adsorption experiments. The as-obtained product was characterized using SEM, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), XRD and BET-N₂ adsorption measurements. The study had been conducted to investigate the effects of solution pH, temperature, contact time, initial concentration and coexisting ions. A maximum removal of 99.31% was observed for an initial concentration 5 mg/L, at pH 6.0 and an adsorbent dose of 1.0 g/L. The isothermal data were fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich equations, but the data fitted the former better than the latter. According to the evaluation using the Langmuir equation, the maximum adsorption capacity of uranium (VI) was 196.08 mg/g at 293 K and pH 6.0. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model were used to describe the kinetic data, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was better. The thermodynamic parameter ΔG was calculated, the negative ΔG values of uranium (VI) at different temperature showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous. The good reusability of ZMPP-TBP also indicated that the ZMPP-TBP was a very promising adsorbent for uranium adsorption from aqueous solution.     

On the use of a natural peat for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions

A natural peat has been used as an adsorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. The peat was firstly characterized in terms of particle size and chemical composition (ash content, pH of the point of zero charge, FT-IR and thermal analysis). Next, the kinetic and equilibrium aspects of the adsorption of Cr(VI) by this adsorbent were studied. The kinetic data were satisfactorily fitted to a kinetic law of partial order in C equal to one. The specific adsorption rates are around 10(-4)s(-1), increasing as temperature does. A noticeable influence of diffusion on the global adsorption process has been demonstrated. Finally, the equilibrium isotherms were satisfactorily fitted to a previously proposed model. The adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) was similar to some other previously reported and the affinity of Cr(VI) towards the active sites of the adsorbent increases as temperature rises.     

Utilization of Waste Biomass (Kitchen Waste) Hydrolysis Residue as Adsorbent for Dye Removal: Kinetic,Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Studies

Kitchen waste hydrolysis residue (KWHR), which is produced in the bioproduction process from kitchen waste (KW), is usually wasted with potential threats to the environment. Herein, experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential of KWHR as adsorbent for dye (methylene blue, MB) removal from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterized using FT-IR and SEM. Adsorption results showed that the operating variables had great effects on the removal efficiency of MB. Kinetic study indicated pseudo-second-order model was suitable to describe the adsorption process. Afterwards, the equilibrium data were well fitted by using Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting a monolayer adsorption. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity was calculated to be 110.13 mg/g, a level comparable to some other low-cost adsorbents. It was found that the adsorption process of MB onto KWHR was spontaneous and exothermic through the estimation of thermodynamic parameters. Thus, KWHR was of great potential to be an alternative adsorbent material to improve the utilization efficiency of bioresource (KW) and lower the cost of adsorbent for color treatment.     

Investigation of coagulation as a pretreatment for microfiltration in cesium removal by copper ferrocyanide adsorption

An adsorption–coagulation–microfiltration (A–C–MF) hybrid process using copper ferrocyanide (CuFC) as the adsorbent was developed in this study for the removal of cesium from water. The effect of coagulant on cesium removal by CuFC adsorption was investigated. A simpler calculation method for determining the CuFC dosage was established based on the Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Although the volume of treated water was 1.32 times higher for the A–C–MF process than the adsorption–microfiltration (A–MF) process, the cake layer and membrane pore resistances in the former were both lower than those in the latter due to the coagulation process.     

Efficient Removal of Pb(II) from Aqueous Medium Using Chemically Modified Silica Monolith

The adsorptive removal of lead (II) from aqueous medium was carried out by chemically modified silica monolith particles. Porous silica monolith particles were prepared by the sol-gel method and their surface modification was carried out using trimethoxy silyl propyl urea (TSPU) to prepare inorganic–organic hybrid adsorbent. The resultant adsorbent was evaluated for the removal of lead (Pb) from aqueous medium. The effect of pH, adsorbent dose, metal ion concentration and adsorption time was determined. It was found that the optimum conditions for adsorption of lead (Pb) were pH 5, adsorbent dose of 0.4 g/L, Pb(II) ions concentration of 500 mg/L and adsorption time of 1 h. The adsorbent chemically modified SM was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET/BJH and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The percent adsorption of Pb(II) onto chemically modified silica monolith particles was 98%. An isotherm study showed that the adsorption data of Pb(II) onto chemically modified SM was fully fitted with the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. It was found from kinetic study that the adsorption of Pb(II) followed a pseudo second-order model. Moreover, thermodynamic study suggests that the adsorption of Pb(II) is spontaneous and exothermic. The adsorption capacity of chemically modified SM for Pb(II) ions was 792 mg/g which is quite high as compared to the traditional adsorbents. The adsorbent chemically modified SM was regenerated, used again three times for the adsorption of Pb(II) ions and it was found that the adsorption capacity of the regenerated adsorbent was only dropped by 7%. Due to high adsorption capacity chemically modified silica monolith particles could be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.     

Study of congo red adsorption on the polyaniline and polypyrrole

Polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPY) were synthesized via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization and are used as adsorbents for removal of Congo Red (CR) dye from aqueous solution. The effects of various experimental parameters including pH of the solution, contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on adsorption of CR by PANI and PPY were systematically investigated. The experimental results showed that the adsorption efficiency was increased with contact time and adsorbent dosage. The maximum removal efficiency was found after 45 minutes of solid/liquid contact with adsorbent doses of 0.4 and 1.73?g/L for PANI and PPY, respectively. The kinetic data were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption equilibrium results were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model. These results suggest that the PANI and PPY can be used as alternative adsorbents for the treatment of wastewaters containing dyes.     

氨基功能化纳米Fe3O4磁性高分子吸附剂对废水中Cr(VI)的吸附研究

采用分散聚合法通过共聚、开环反应, 对纳米Fe3O4进行表面功能化修饰, 得到富含NH2官能团的纳米磁性高分子复合材料. 通过透射电镜(TEM)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)、热重差热分析(TGA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)等对其进行表征, 着重研究了其作为吸附剂对Cr(VI)的吸附性能. 结果表明: 该吸附剂对Cr(VI)的吸附能在10 min内达到平衡; 废水溶液pH值能显著影响吸附剂对Cr(VI)的吸附效果, pH为2.5时效果最佳. 废水中Cr(VI)的初始浓度、吸附时间、温度等因素对吸附效果均有不同程度的影响. 结合相应pH值下Cr(VI)的形态分布, 探讨了这种新型材料对Cr(VI)的吸附机理. 结果表明: 其吸附机理及吸附容量与废水中Cr(VI)的离子形式有关; 吸附过程以离子交换与静电引力为主. 等温吸附数据符合Langmuir模型, T＝308 K, pH＝2.5, V＝40 mL时, 吸附剂的饱和吸附容量qm＝25.58 mg/g. 吸附为吸热过程, 焓变ΔH＝8.64 kJ/mol.     

Removal of nickel ions by adsorption on nano-bentonite: Equilibrium,kinetics, and thermodynamics

Nano-bentonite was used as an adsorbent to remove nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Experimental investigation was carried out to identify the effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration, and adsorbent dose of Ni(II). Equilibrium data were described by and fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich models. Results showed that the optimum conditions for the removal of the Ni(II) are initial concentration 100 mg/L, adsorbent dose 0.5 g, and pH 6. Surface morphology and functionality of nano-bentonite were characterized by SEM and FTIR. The kinetics data were more accurately described by pseudo-second-order model. The intra-particle diffusion model gave multi-linear curves, so more than one step controlled the adsorption process. Nano-bentonite removed nickel with maximum adsorption capacity of 39.06 mg/g (30°C, pH) and thermodynamic data indicated that adsorption reaction is spontaneous and of an endothermic nature.     

Preparation and characterization of L-glutamic acid-functionalized graphene oxide for adsorption of Pb(II)

An efficient adsorbent (L-Glu/GO) was successfully synthesized by the reaction between L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) and graphene oxide (GO). The structure and morphology of this adsorbent were characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA. The SEM result indicated that the adsorbent was a nanomaterial with a size of about 50–400 nm. The adsorption experiments of various heavy ions on L-Glu/GO demonstrated that the adsorption performance of Pb(II) was better than others. Various variables affecting the adsorption of L-Glu/GO for Pb(II) were systematically explored. The experimental results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity and equilibrium time of Pb(II) on L-Glu/GO were 513.4 mg g^?1 and 40 minute, respectively. The sorption kinetics and isotherm fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir model, respectively. The sorption mainly was a chemical process. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption was a spontaneous and exothermic process. The adsorbent could be regenerated with HCl solution. Hence, it was suggested that the L-Glu/GO could be applied in the removal of Pb(II) from wastewaters.     

Novel self assembled magnetic Prussian blue graphene based aerogel for highly selective removal of radioactive cesium in water

A novel self-assembled Magnetic Prussian Blue/Reduced Graphene Oxide (3D-MPBRGO) aerogel was prepared by an easy and cost effective process for elimination of radioactive Cesium from contaminated aqueous solution selectively. The 3D-MPBRGO displayed excellent adsorption capability of 3.64 mmol per g or (484.12 mg/g) for Cs (initial 50 mM cesium concentration, pH 7 and 30 °C) and quick separation from solution by applying magnetic field as compared to previously published results for graphene based adsorbents. This excellent removal efficiency of nanocomposite can be ascribed to enlarged adsorbent surface area (402.68 m²/g) and uniform distribution of nanoparticles on RGO which removes aggregation of sheets as well. The thermodynamic analysis displayed exothermic and spontaneous nature of Cs ion adsorption. The experimental data of adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir isotherm model than that of Tempkin and Freundlich while adsorption kinetics followed pseudo second order.     

The starch modified montmorillonite for the removal of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions

In the present study, we attempted to synthesize a novel sorbent from the starch modified montmorillonite for the removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Structure and properties of the adsorbent were characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) techniques. Batch experiments were confirmed through the effect of different conditions including pH, contact time, initial metal concentration and adsorbent dose. Specifically, the optimum value of adsorbent dose was achieved as 20 g/l for the removal of almost metal ions. The adsorption data was fitted with the optimum pH value as 5 for all experiments. The contact time at which the uptake of maximum metal adsorption was observed within 45 min for Pb(II), 90 min for Cd(II), and 60 min for Ni(II). In addition, it was revealed in our study that the equilibrium data obeyed the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetic followed a pseudo second-order rate model. Obtained results were noticeable for a modified phyllosilicate adsorbent, and with such a simple and low-cost modification for montmorillonite, the potential of this material as an economical and effective adsorbent for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solution was considerably elevated.     

Synthesis and radioiodination of new dipeptide coupled with biologically active pyridine moiety

The adsorption of uranium (VI), cesium and strontium ions from aqueous solutions onto a commercial activated carbon obtained by physical activation of coconut shell has been studied in batch systems. In particular the adsorption of uranium, studied as a function of contact time and metal ion concentration, followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Equilibrium adsorption data were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and the maximum adsorption capacity of the activated carbon resulted to be 55.32 mg/g. The study showed that the considered activated carbon could be successfully used for uranium adsorption from aqueous solutions. Feasibility of cesium and strontium adsorption onto the same activated carbon has been also investigated. Results showed that no affinities with both of these ions exist.     

Cellulose nanocrystals as promising adsorbents for the removal of cationic dyes

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) prepared from cellulose fibre via sulfuric acid hydrolysis was used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, ionic strength, initial dye concentration were studied to optimize the conditions for the maximum adsorption of dye. Adsorption equilibrium data was fitted to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, where the Langmuir model better described the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity was 118 mg dye/g CNC at 25 °C and pH 9. Calculated thermodynamic parameters, such as free energy change (ΔG = ?20.8 kJ/mol), enthalpy change (ΔH = ?3.45 kJ/mol), and entropy change (ΔS = 0.58 kJ/mol K) indicates that MB adsorption on CNCs is a spontaneous exothermic process. Tunability of the adsorption capacity by surface modification of CNCs was shown by oxidizing the primary hydroxyl groups on the CNC surface with TEMPO reagent and the adsorption capacity was increased from 118 to 769 mg dye/g CNC.     

交联壳聚糖多孔微球对染料的吸附平衡及吸附动力学分析

研究了交联壳聚糖多孔微球对染料的吸附平衡规律,探讨了染料溶液在不同的初始浓度、pH值及不同吸附剂用量条件下吸附动力学规律及吸附动力学控制机理。结果表明,壳聚糖微球对染料的吸附规律可较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温式,吸附动力学模型可以用表观二级速率方程来描述。