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1.
Near infrared spectroscopy as a rapid tool to measure volatile aroma compounds in Riesling wine: possibilities and limits 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Smyth HE Cozzolino D Cynkar WU Dambergs RG Sefton M Gishen M 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2008,390(7):1911-1916
Volatile chemical compounds responsible for the aroma of wine are derived from a number of different biochemical and chemical
pathways. These chemical compounds are formed during grape berry metabolism, crushing of the berries, fermentation processes
(i.e. yeast and malolactic bacteria) and also from the ageing and storage of wine. Not surprisingly, there are a large number
of chemical classes of compounds found in wine which are present at varying concentrations (ng L−1 to mg L−1), exhibit differing potencies, and have a broad range of volatilities and boiling points. The aim of this work was to investigate
the potential use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as a rapid and low-cost technique to measure
volatile compounds in Riesling wines. Samples of commercial Riesling wine were analyzed using an NIR instrument and volatile
compounds by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry. Correlation between the NIR and
GC data were developed using partial least-squares (PLS) regression with full cross validation (leave one out). Coefficients of determination in cross validation (R
2) and the standard error in cross validation (SECV) were 0.74 (SECV: 313.6 μg L−1) for esters, 0.90 (SECV: 20.9 μg L−1) for monoterpenes and 0.80 (SECV: 1658 μg L−1) for short-chain fatty acids. This study has shown that volatile chemical compounds present in wine can be measured by NIR
spectroscopy. Further development with larger data sets will be required to test the predictive ability of the NIR calibration
models developed. 相似文献
2.
A survey of contamination of surface and drinking waters around Lake Maggiore in Northern Italy with polar anthropogenic environmental
pollutants has been conducted. The target analytes were polar herbicides, pharmaceuticals (including antibiotics), steroid
estrogens, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (including perfluorooctanoate PFOA), nonylphenol and
its carboxylates and ethoxylates (NPEO surfactants), and triclosan, a bactericide used in personal-care products. Analysis
of water samples was performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) then liquid chromatography–triple-quadrupole (tandem) mass
spectrometry (LC–MS–MS). By extraction of 1-L water samples and concentration of the extract to 100 μL, method detection limits
(MDLs) as low as 0.05–0.1 ng L−1 were achieved for most compounds. Lake-water samples from seven different locations in the Southern part of Lake Maggiore
and eleven samples from different tributary rivers and creeks were investigated. Rain water was also analyzed to investigate
atmospheric input of the contaminants. Compounds regularly detected at very low concentrations in the lake water included:
caffeine (max. concentration 124 ng L−1), the herbicides terbutylazine (7 ng L−1), atrazine (5 ng L−1), simazine (16 ng L−1), diuron (11 ng L−1), and atrazine-desethyl (11 ng L−1), the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine (9 ng L−1), sulfamethoxazole (10 ng L−1), gemfibrozil (1.7 ng L−1), and benzafibrate (1.2 ng L−1), the surfactant metabolite nonylphenol (15 ng L−1), its carboxylates (NPE1C 120 ng L−1, NPE2C 7 ng L−1, NPE3C 15 ng L−1) and ethoxylates (NPE
n
Os, n = 3-17; 300 ng L−1), perfluorinated surfactants (PFOS 9 ng L−1, PFOA 3 ng L−1), and estrone (0.4 ng L−1). Levels of these compounds in drinking water produced from Lake Maggiore were almost identical with those found in the lake
itself, revealing the poor performance of sand filtration and chlorination applied by the local waterworks. 相似文献
3.
Popp M Hann S Mentler A Fuerhacker M Stingeder G Koellensperger G 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2008,391(2):695-699
A novel method employing high-performance cation chromatography in combination with inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction
cell mass spectrometry (ICP–DRC–MS) for the simultaneous determination of the herbicide glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) and its main metabolite aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA) is presented. P was measured as 31P16O+ using oxygen as reaction gas. For monitoring the stringent target value of 0.1 μg L−1 for glyphosate, applicable for drinking and surface water within the EU, a two-step enrichment procedure employing Chelex
100 and AG1-X8 resins was applied prior to HPIC–ICP–MS analysis. The presented approach was validated for surface water, revealing
concentrations of 0.67 μg L−1 glyphosate and 2.8 μg L−1 AMPA in selected Austrian river water samples. Moreover, investigations at three waste water-treatment plants showed that
elimination of the compounds at the present concentration levels was not straightforward. On the contrary, all investigated
plant effluents showed significant amounts of both compounds. Concentration levels ranged from 0.5–2 μg L−1 and 4–14 μg L−1 for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. 相似文献
4.
A fully automated method using direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) and headspace on-fiber silylation for
simultaneous determinations of exogenous endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and endogenous steroid hormones in environmental
aqueous and biological samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and compared to a previously
reported manual method. Three EDCs and five endocrine steroid hormones were selected to evaluate this method. The extraction
and derivatization time, ion strength, pH, incubation temperature, sample volume, and extraction solvent were optimized. Satisfactory
results in pure water were obtained in terms of linearity of calibration curve (R
2=0.9932–1.0000), dynamic range (3 orders of magnitude), precision (4–9% RSD), as well as LOD (0.001–0.124 μg L−1) and LOQ (0.004–0.413 μg L−1), respectively. These results were similar to those obtained using a manual method, and moreover, the precision was improved.
This new automated method has been applied to the determinations of target compounds in real samples used in our previous
study on a manual SPME method. Exogenous octylphenol (OP), technical grade nonylphenol (t-NP), and diethylstilbestrol (DES) were at 0.13, 5.03, and 0.02 μg L−1 in river water and 3.76, 13.25, and 0.10 μg L−1 in fish serum, respectively. Natural steroid hormones estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) were at 0.19, 0.11, and 6.22 μg L−1 in river water; and in female fish serum E1, E2, and pregnenolone (PREG) were at 1.37, 1.95, and 6.25 μg L−1, respectively. These results were confirmed by the manual method. The developed fully automated SPME and on-fiber silylation
procedures showed satisfactory applications in environmental analysis and the performances show improved precision and a reduced
analysis time compared to the manual method. 相似文献
5.
Differentiation of certified brands of origins of Spanish white wines by HS-SPME-GC and chemometrics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jurado JM Ballesteros O Alcázar A Pablos F Martín MJ Vilchez JL Navalón A 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2008,390(3):961-970
A headspace solid-phase microextraction gas-chromatographic (HS-SPME-GC) procedure was used to determine the composition of
the volatile fraction of white wine samples from several Spanish certified brands of origin (CBO). The compounds present were
previously identified by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) and quantitative determinations were carried out by
GC-FID. Four CBO, Rueda, Ribeiro, Penedés, and Condado de Huelva, were studied. Rueda wines present the highest concentrations
of ethyl acetate (55.86−125.27 μg mL−1), isoamyl acetate (0.91−6.72 μg mL−1), hexyl acetate (0.09−0.81 μg g mL−1), and 2-phenethyl acetate (0.14−0.66 μg mL−1). Compounds such as ethyl hexanoate (0.88−2.15 μg mL−1) and ethyl decanoate (0.29−0.96 μg mL−1) appeared in higher concentration in Ribeiro, Rueda, and Penedés samples. According to the results obtained and by applying
pattern-recognition procedures differentiation of the considered CBO was attained. Principal-component analysis (PCA), linear
discriminant analysis (LDA), and multilayer perceptrons neural networks (MLP-NN) were used as chemometric tools for pattern-recognition
studies.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
6.
Th. Hankemeier J. Rozenbrand M. Abhadur J. J. Vreuls U. A. Th. Brinkman 《Chromatographia》1998,48(3-4):273-283
Summary A procedure is described for the (non-target) screening of hetero-atom-containing compounds in tap and waste water by correlating
data obtained by gas chromatography (GC) using atomic emission (AED) and mass selective (MS) detection. Solid-phase extraction
(SPE) was coupled on-line to both GC systems to enable the determination of microcontaminants at the 0.02–1 μg L−1 level in 7–50 mL of aqueous sample. The screening was limited to compounds present in at least one heteroatom-selective GC-AED
trace above a predetermined concentration level. These compounds were identified by their partial formulae (AED) and the corresponding
mass spectra, which were obtained from the GC-MS chromatogram via the retention index concept. The potential of the approach
was demonstrated by the identification of target compounds as well as all unknowns present in tap and waste water above the
predetermined threshold of 0.05 μg L−1 (tap water) or 0.5 μg L−1 (waste water). 相似文献
7.
Continuous disposal of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) into the environment can lead to serious human health problems
and can affect plants and aquatic organisms. The determination of EDCs in water has become an increasingly important activity
due to our increased knowledge about their toxicities, even at low concentration. The EDCs in water samples from the reclaimed
water plant of Tianjin, northern China, were identified by gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry (MS). Important and contrasting
EDCs including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-nonylphenol (NP),
bisphenol A (BPA), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) were selected as the target compounds.
Concentrations of steroid hormones, alkylphenolic compounds and phthalates ranged from below the limit of detection (LOD)
to 8.1 ng L−1, from <LOD to 14.2 ng L−1, and from 1.00 μg L−1 to 23.8 μg L−1, respectively. The average removal efficiencies for target EDCs varied from 30% to 82%. These results indicate that environmental
endocrine disrupting compounds are not completely removed during reclaimed water treatment and may be carried over into the
general aquatic environment. 相似文献
8.
J. L. Bernal M. J. Nozal L. Toribio M. L. Serna F. Borrull R. M. Marcé E. Pocurull 《Chromatographia》1997,46(5-6):295-300
Summary The eleven Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority phenolic compounds have been determined by solid-phase extraction
(SPE) coupled on-line to supercritical-fluid chromatography (SFC) with diodearray detection. The variables affecting chromatographic
separation were optimized and the analytes were separated at 40 °C in two diol columns connected in series; a gradient of
methanol, as modifier, and CO2 was used as mobile phase. Under these conditions, all the compounds studied were separated to baseline in less than 13 min.
PLRP-S and LiChrolut EN were tested as sorbents in a 10×3 mm i.d. laboratory-packed precolumn for solid-phase extraction.
An ion-pair reagent, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBA), was used in the extraction process to increase break-through volumes.
The performance of the method was checked with tap and river waters and the pre-concentration of 20 mL of sample in a PLRP-S
pre-column enabled phenolic compounds to be determined at low μg L−1 levels with limits of detection ranging between 0.4 and 2 μg L−1. The repeatability and reproducibility between days (n=3) for real samples spiked at 10 μg L−1 were lower than 10%. 相似文献
9.
There is an increasing need to assess the harmful effects of heavy-metal-ion pollution on the environment. The ability to
detect and measure toxic contaminants on site using simple, cost effective, and field-portable sensors is an important aspect
of environmental protection and facilitating rapid decision making. A screen-printed gold sensor in a three-electrode configuration
has been developed for analysis of lead(II) by square-wave stripping voltammetry (SWSV). The working electrode was fabricated
with gold ink deposited by use of thick-film technology. Conditions affecting the lead stripping response were characterised
and optimized. Experimental data indicated that chloride ions are important in lead deposition and subsequent analysis with
this type of sensor. A linear concentration range of 10–50 μg L−1 and 25–300 μg L−1 with detection limits of 2 μg L−1 and 5.8 μg L−1 were obtained for lead(II) for measurement times of four and two minutes, respectively. The electrodes can be reused up to
20 times after cleaning with 0.5 mol L−1 sulfuric acid. Interference of other metals with the response to lead were also examined to optimize the sensor response
for analysis of environmental samples. The analytical utility of the sensor was demonstrated by applying the system to a variety
of wastewater and soil sample extracts from polluted sites. The results are sufficient evidence of the feasibility of using
these screen-printed gold electrodes for the determination of lead(II) in wastewater and soil extracts. For comparison purposes
a mercury-film electrode and ICP–MS were used for validation. 相似文献
10.
Summary The eleven priority, EPA phenolic pollutants were determined by liquid chromatography followed by two detectors in series;
UV and electrochemical. Three different adsorbents, Envi-Carb (a carbon black) and two functionalized polymeric resins, Bond
Elut PPL and another synthesized in our laboratory with an ocarboxybenzoyl moiety, were compared for solid-phase extraction
(SPE) to detect lower concentrations of the eleven phenolics in natural waters. Higher recoveries were obtained using the
functionalized polymeric adsorbents compared with Envi-Carb. When real samples were analysed, the synthetic adsorbent gave
lower interference than Bond Elut PPL and phenol was determined at low levels with no humic and fulvic acid inter-ference
when Na2SO3 was added. The linearity range for most compounds in tap water was 0.05–20 μg L−1 and the limits of detection were <35 ng L−1. Repeatability and reproducibility between days for real samples spiked at 0.1 μg L−1, expressed as relative standard deviation, were <8% and 10%, respectively. 相似文献
11.
Cantú MD Toso DR Lacerda CA Lanças FM Carrilho E Queiroz ME 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2006,386(2):256-263
Simple, sensitive, and reproducible off-line solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography (SPME/LC) methods are described
for the determination of seven anticonvulsants and tricyclic antidepressants in human plasma. Factorial design and simplex
methodology were applied in the optimization of the SPME procedure for tricyclic antidepressants analyses. Important factors
in the SPME efficiency are discussed, such as the fiber coatings (both lab-made and commercial), extraction time, pH, ionic
strength, influence of plasma proteins, and desorption conditions. The development of the lab-made fiber coatings, namely,
octadecylsilane, aminosilane, and polyurethane, are further described and applied to anticonvulsants analyses. The investigated
plasmatic range for the evaluated anticonvulsants, using CW-TPR fiber, were the following: phenylethylmalonamide (3.00–40.0 μg
mL−1), phenobarbital (5.00–40.0 μg mL−1), primidone (3.00–40.0 μg mL−1), carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide (2.00–24.0 μg mL−1), phenytoin (2.00–40.0 μg mL−1), and lamotrigine (0.50–12.0 μg mL−1). The antidepressants’ linear plasmatic concentration ranged from 75.0 to 500 ng mL−1 for imipramine, amitriptyline, and desipramine, and from 50.0 to 500 ng mL−1 for nortriptyline, being in all cases, the limit of quantification represented by the lowest value. The precision (interassays)
for all investigated drugs in plasma sample spiked with different concentrations of each analyte and submitted to the described
procedures were lower than 15%. The off-line SPME/LC methodologies developed allow anticonvulsants and antidepressants analyses
from therapeutic to toxic levels for therapeutic drug monitoring. 相似文献
12.
Perreau F Bados P Kerhoas L Nélieu S Einhorn J 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2007,388(5-6):1265-1273
Two alternatives for the rapid simultaneous quantification of six sulfonylurea herbicides and five of their main degradation
products in natural water are proposed. For concentration, the compounds were extracted on a polystyrene–divinylbenzene solid
phase under pH and elution conditions that suppressed any hydrolysis. The eluates were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled
to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry within 20 min. The whole method was validated and shown to give no hydrolysis artefacts.
The application of off-line and on-line SPE of sulfonylureas enabled the 0.1 μg L−1 and 1 ng L−1 LOQ levels to be reached, respectively. The on-line SPE–LC–MS–MS method allowed the accurate quantitation of all sulfonylureas
and three degradation products at 0.1 μg L−1 or below in natural water, with an average repeatability of 8%. 相似文献
13.
De Souza D de Toledo RA Galli A Salazar-Banda GR Silva MR Garbellini GS Mazo LH Avaca LA Machado SA 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2007,387(6):2245-2253
The use of a copper solid amalgam electrode (CuSAE) for the analytical determination of triazine herbicides (atrazine and
ametryne) instead of the conventional hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) is reported. The results obtained using electroanalytical
methods utilizing each of these electrodes were also compared with those provided by the HPLC technique. The results indicated
that the CuSAE electrode can be used to detect the herbicides studied, since the detection limits reached using the electrode
(3.06 μg L−1 and 3.78 μg L−1 for atrazine and ametryne, respectively) are lower than the maximum values permitted by CONAMA (Brazilian National Council
for the Environment) for wastewaters (50 μg L−1) and by the US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency of the United States) in natural water samples (10.00 μg L−1). An electroanalytical methodology employing CuSAE and square wave voltammetry (SWV) was successfully applied to the determination
of atrazine and ametryne in natural water samples, yielding good recoveries (70.30%–79.40%). This indicates that the CuSAE
provides a convenient substitute for the HMDE, particularly since the CuSAE minimizes the toxic waste residues produced by
the use of mercury in HDME-based analyses. 相似文献
14.
Summary A simple and sensitive method for the determination of trace amounts of bisphenol-A (BPA), bisphenol-A diglycidyl dimethacrylate
(bis-GMA), bisphenol-A dimethacrylate (bis-DMA) and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) in human saliva is proposed.
These materials are used in dental restorations, as composites and sealants, and are sometimes detected in human saliva after
dental treatment. The proposed method involves protein precipitation using acetonitrile followed by acidification, evaporation
of the solvent and dissolution with dichloromethane prior to injection into a GC-MS.
Thermal derivatization in the injection system was used for the identification and quantification of bis-GMA. Clean-up is
not necessary using SIM mode. Bisphenol-F (BPF) was used as internal standard. The linear range was 15 to 1000 μg·L−1 for BPA, 50 to 10 000 μg·L−1 for bis-GMA, 50 to 1000 μg·L−1 for bis-DMA and 1 to 100 μg·L−1 for TEGDMA.
The detection limits were 3,15,10 and 0.3 μg·L−1 for BPA, bis-GMA, bis-DMA and TEGD-MA, respectively. Validation of the proposed method was carried out by using the standard
addition methodology.
Samples of 10 mL of human saliva collected 1 h after dental treatment were analysed in order to assess the applicability of
the method to detect and quantify such compounds originated from methacrylic resins used in odontological treatment. 相似文献
15.
A rapid and inexpensive method for simultaneous quantification of terbumeton (TER), and its major potential metabolites (TED;
terbumeton-desethyl, TOH; terbumeton-2-hydroxy and TID; terbumeton-deisopropyl) in soil bulk water (SBW) samples is proposed.
The analytical method involves extraction–concentration from SBW samples using a graphitized carbon black (GCB) cartridge
followed by their separation–detection by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis using a C18 column and a diode array detector. A mobile phase of acetonitrile−0.005 mol L−1 phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) (35:65, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL min−1 in isocratic elution mode has been used. After optimization of the extraction and separation conditions, this method can be
used for the simultaneous determination of investigated compounds in the range of the international limits of 0.1 μg L−1. For TER the detection limit was 0.009 μg L−1 and it was 0.100, 0.550, and 0.480 μg L−1 for TED, TOH, and TID, respectively. The recoveries of TER, TED, TOH, and TID from SBW samples, measured at three levels of
concentration range, were found to be between 48.0 and 102.0%. The intra-day precision measured by relative standard deviation
(RSD) was always lower than 9.0%. 相似文献
16.
Lutz I Kloas W Springer TA Holden LR Wolf JC Krueger HO Hosmer AJ 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2008,390(8):2031-2048
Xenopus laevis has been introduced as a model to study effects of endocrine-active compounds (EAC) on development and sexual differentiation.
However, variable and inconsistent data have raised questions about the reliability of the test methods applied. The current
study was conducted in two laboratories to develop, refine, and standardize procedures and protocols. Larvae were exposed
in flow-through systems to 17β-estradiol (E2), at concentrations from 0.2 to 6.0 μg E2 L−1 in Experiment 1A, and 0.015 to 2.0 μg E2 L−1 in Experiment 1B. In both studies survival (92%, 99%) and percentage of animals that completed metamorphosis (97%, 99%) indicated
reproducible biological performance. Furthermore, minor variations in husbandry led to significant differences in snout-to-vent
length, weight, and gonad size. In Experiment 1A, almost complete feminization occurred in all E2 treatment groups whereas
a concentration response was observed in Experiment 1B resulting in an EC50 of 0.12 μg E2 L−1. The final verified protocol is suitable for determining effects of EAC on development and sexual differentiation in X. laevis. 相似文献
17.
Summary An ion-chromatographic procedure is described for the determination of selenium (VI) at μg L−1 level in the presence of anions and heavy metal ions. Maximum permissible concentrations and effects from each interfering
substance were investigated for the Se concentration range 12.5–1,000 μg L−1. The method, optimized for the detection of SeO
4
2−
, gives results suitable for speciation analysis. Total selenium can be determined after complete conversion to selenate ion
by oxidation with KMnO4. The detection limit of selenium is 4.8 μg L−1 (0.96 ng for 200 μL sample).
Paper presented at the 41st Pittsburgh Conference, New York, March 5–9, 1990. 相似文献
18.
Summary In this study a high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the determination of procyanidin dimers B1,
B2, B3, B4 and procyanidin trimers C1 and T2 in white wine using fluorescence detection. This method allowed analysis of white
wine with no prior treatment. Limits of quantification were form 12 μg.L−1 to 16 μg.L−1. Reproductibility data for replicate analysis was measured and the CV was less than 4.5%. This method was used for the determination
of these compounds in six French white wines. 相似文献
19.
Kolosova AY Shim WB Yang ZY Eremin SA Chung DH 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2006,384(1):286-294
A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on a monoclonal antibody has been developed and optimized
for detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and an ELISA kit has been designed. This immunoassay was highly specific, sensitive, rapid, simple, and suitable for aflatoxin
monitoring. AFB1 concentrations determinable by ELISA ranged from 0.1 to 10 μg L−1. The IC50 value was 0.62 μg L−1. Recovery from spiked rice samples averaged between 94 and 113%. The effect of different reagents on the stability of HRP–AFB1 conjugate solution was studied. The performance of a stabilized enzyme tracer in ELISA was determined and compared with that
of a freshly prepared control solution of HRP–AFB1 conjugate. The results showed that stabilizing media containing 0.02% BSA, 0.1% Kathon CG, and 0.05 mol L−1 calcium chloride in 0.05 mol L−1 Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2) maintained the activity of HRP–AFB1 at a dilution of 1:1000 for a period of at least 12 months at room temperature whereas the reference conjugate solution without
the additives lost its activity within a few days. Several additives were tested for their stabilizing effect on a monoclonal
antibody (MAb) immobilized on the surface of polystyrene microtitre plates. It was shown that immobilized MAb, treated with
post-coating solutions containing PVA, BSA, and combinations of these substances with trehalose, retained its activity for
at least 4 months at 4°C, whereas the untreated MAb-coated plate lost its activity within 2 days. 相似文献
20.
By alternate use of two different extraction solvents, n-hexadecane and benzyl alcohol, a headspace-solvent microextraction (HSME)–GC–FID/MS method has been established for characterization
of the volatile components of an orange juice beverage. The method avoids two disadvantages of conventional HSME—difficulty
identifying components obscured by the solvent peak and inefficient extraction of some of the compounds if one solvent only
is used. The optimum conditions (droplet volume, equilibration temperature and time, extraction time, and ionic strength)
were determined by the factor-rotation method. The volatile components of the beverage were mainly terpenes, terpenols, fatty
acids, and alcohols, for example limonene (114.71 mg L−1), phellandrene (4.50 mg L−1), terpineol (p-menth-1-en-8-ol; 3.12 mg L−1), α-pinene (0.33 mg L−1), n-hexadecanoic acid (0.28 mg L−1), and terpinol (0.13 mg L−1). 相似文献