Synthesis and structural properties of patellamide A derivatives and their copper(II) compounds

The synthesis, characterization and copper(II) coordination chemistry of three new cyclic peptide ligands, PatJ(1) (cyclo-(Ile-Thr-(Gly)Thz-Ile-Thr-(Gly)Thz)), PatJ(2) (cyclo-(Ile-Thr-(Gly)Thz-(D)-Ile-Thr-(Gly)Thz)), and PatL (cyclo-(Ile-Ser-(Gly)Thz-Ile-Ser-(Gly)Thz)) are reported. All of these cyclic peptides and PatN (cyclo-(Ile-Ser-(Gly)Thz-Ile-Thr-(Gly)Thz)) are derivatives of patellamide A and have a [24]azacrown-8 macrocyclic structure. All four synthetic cyclic peptides have two thiazole rings but, in contrast to patellamide A, no oxazoline rings. The molecular structure of PatJ(1), determined by X-ray crystallography, has a saddle conformation with two close-to-coparallel thiazole rings, very similar to the geometry of patellamide D. The two coordination sites of PatJ(1) with thiazole-N and amide-N donors are each well preorganized for transition metal ion binding. The coordination of copper(II) was monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy, and this reveals various (meta)stable mono- and dinuclear copper(II) complexes whose stoichiometry was confirmed by mass spectra. Two types of dinuclear copper(II) complexes, [Cu(2)(H(4)L)(OH(2))(n)](2+) (n=6, 8) and [Cu(2)(H(2)L)(OH(2))(n)] (n=4, 6; L=PatN, PatL, PatJ(1), PatJ(2)) have been identified and analyzed structurally by EPR spectroscopy and a combination of spectra simulations and molecular mechanics calculations (MM-EPR). The four structures are similar to each other and have a saddle conformation, that is, derived from the crystal structure of PatJ(1) by a twist of the two thiozole rings. The small but significant structural differences are characterized by the EPR simulations.     

Rational assembly of soluble copper(II) phosphonates: synthesis, structure and magnetism of molecular tetranuclear copper(II) phosphonates

The reactions of the dinuclear copper complexes [Cu(2)(L)(OAc)] [H(3)L = N,N'-(2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl)bis(salicylaldimine) or [Cu(2)(L')(OAc)] (H(3)L' = N,N'-(2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl)bis(4,5-dimethylsalicylaldimine)] with various phosphonic acids, RPO(3)H(2) (R = t-Bu, Ph, c-C(5)H(9), c-C(6)H(11) or 2,4,6-i-Pr(3)-C(6)H(2)), leads to the replacement of the acetate bridge affording tetranuclear copper(II) phosphonates, [Cu(4)(L)(2)(t-BuPO(3))](CH(3)OH)(2)(C(6)H(6)) (1), [Cu(4)(L)(2)(PhPO(3))(H(2)O)(2)(NMe(2)CHO)](H(2)O)(2) (2), [Cu(4)(L')(2)(C(5)H(9)PO(3))](CH(3)OH)(2) (3), [Cu(4)(L')(2)(C(6)H(11)PO(3)](MeOH)(4)(H(2)O)(2) (4) and [Cu(4)(L')(2)(C(30)H(46)P(2)O(5))](PhCH(3)) (5). The molecular structures of 1-4 reveal that a [RPO(3)](2-) ligand is involved in holding the four copper atoms together by a 4.211 coordination mode. In 5, an in situ formed [(RPO(2))(2)O](4-) ligand bridges two pairs of the dinuclear subunits. Magnetic studies on these complexes reveal that the phosphonate ligand is an effective conduit for magnetic interaction among the four copper centers present; a predominantly antiferromagnetic interaction is observed at low temperatures.     

Synthesis, structure, and complexation of a large 28-mer macrocycle containing two binding sites for either anions or metal ions

The "one-pot" synthesis and characterization of a large 28-mer macrocycle (H(4)L(2)) with oxamido units capable of complexing guest ions through oxygen or nitrogen donor atoms is reported. Single-crystal structure determination of H(8)L(2)(NO(3))(4) and (Cu(2)[H(2)L(2)](H(2)O)(2))(NO(3))(2) demonstrated that the macrocycle contains two sites capable of complexing two nitrate anions or two copper(II) ions, involving a large structural reorganization in the conformation of the macrocyclic framework on coordination of the copper(II) ions when compared to the nitrate. Electrochemical and magnetic susceptibility measurements on the dinuclear Cu(II) complex and the related mononuclear and trinuclear Cu(II) complexes derived from the related 14-mer macrocycle were carried out and illustrate the role of the oxamido groups in mediating metal-metal interaction and delocalization.     

Pyrazolate-based copper(II) and nickel(II) [2 x 2] grid complexes: protonation-dependent self-assembly, structures and properties

The pyrazole-based diamide ligand N,N'-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxamide (H(3)L) has been structurally characterised and successfully employed in the preparation of [2 x 2] grid-type complexes. Thus, the reaction of H(3)L with Cu(ClO(4))2.6H(2)O or Ni(ClO(4))2.6H(2)O in the presence of added base (NaOH) affords the tetranuclear complexes [M(4)(HL(4))].8H(2)O (1: M = Cu, 2: M = Ni). Employment of a mixture of the two metal salts under otherwise identical reaction conditions leads to the formation of the mixed-metal species [Cu(x)Ni(4-x)(HL)(4)].8H(2)O (x相似文献   

Coordination properties of new bis(1,4,7-triazacyclononane) ligands: a highly active dizinc complex in phosphate diester hydrolysis

The synthesis and characterization of three new bis([9]aneN(3)) ligands, containing respectively 2,2'-bipyridine (L(1)), 1,10-phenanthroline (L(2)), and quinoxaline (L(3)) moieties linking the two macrocyclic units, are reported. Proton binding and Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) coordination with L(1)-L(3) have been studied by potentiometric titrations and, for L(1) and L(2), by spectrophotometric UV-vis measurements in aqueous solutions. All ligands can give stable mono- and dinuclear complexes. In the case of L(1), trinuclear Cu(II) complexes are also formed. The stability constants and structural features of the formed complexes are strongly affected by the different architecture and binding properties of the spacers bridging the two [9]aneN(3) units. In the case of the L(1) and L(2) mononuclear complexes, the metal is coordinated by the three donors of one [9]aneN(3) moiety; in the [ML(2)](2+) complexes, however, the phenanthroline nitrogens are also involved in metal binding. Finally, in the [ML(3)](2+) complexes both macrocyclic units, at a short distance from each other, can be involved in metal coordination, giving rise to sandwich complexes. In the binuclear complexes each metal ion is generally coordinated by one [9]aneN(3) unit. In L(1), however, the dipyridine nitrogens can also act as a potential binding site for metals. The dinuclear complexes show a marked tendency to form mono-, di-, and, in some cases, trihydroxo species in aqueous solutions. The resulting M-OH functions may behave as nucleophiles in hydrolytic reactions. The hydrolysis rate of bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP) was measured in aqueous solution at 308.1 K in the presence of the L(2) and L(3) dinuclear Zn(II) complexes. Both the L(2) complexes [Zn(2)L(2)(OH)(2)](2+) and [Zn(2)L(2)(OH)(3)](+) and the L(3) complex [Zn(2)L(3)(OH)(3)](+) promote BNPP hydrolysis. The [Zn(2)L(3)(OH)(3)](+) complex is ca. 2 orders of magnitude more active than the L(2) complexes, due both to the short distance between the metal centers in [Zn(2)L(3)(OH)(3)](+), which could allow a bridging interaction of the phosphate ester, and to the simultaneous presence of single-metal bound nucleophilic Zn-OH functions. These structural features are substantially corroborated by semiempirical PM3 calculations carried out on the mono-, di-, and trihydroxo species of the L(3) dizinc complex.     

Structural studies and anticancer activity of a novel (N6O4) macrocyclic ligand and its Cu(II) complexes

A novel (N6O4) macrocyclic ligand (L) and its Cu(II) complexes have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, spectral, thermal (TG/DTG), magnetic, and conductivity measurements. Quantum chemical calculations have also been carried out at B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) to study the structure of the ligand and one of its complexes. The results show a novel macrocyclic ligand with potential amide oxygen atom, amide and amine nitrogen atoms available for coordination. Distorted square pyramidal ([Cu(L)Cl]Cl·2.5H2O (1), [Cu(L)NO3]NO(3)·3.5H2O (2), and [Cu(L)Br]Br·3H2O (4) and octahedral ([Cu(L)(OAc)2]·5H2O (3)) geometries were proposed. The EPR data of 1, 2, and 4 indicate d1x2(-y)2 ground state of Cu(II) ion with a considerable exchange interaction. The measured cytotoxicity for L and its complexes (1, 2) against three tumor cell lines showed that coordination improves the antitumor activity of the ligand; IC50 for breast cancer cells are ≈8.5, 3, and 4 μg/mL for L and complexes (1) and (2), respectively.     

Structural and EPR studies on single-crystal and polycrystalline samples of copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes with N2S2-based macrocyclic ligands

The properties of Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes with oxygen- or nitrogen-containing macrocycles have been extensively studied; however, less attention has been paid to the study of complexes containing sulfur atoms in the first coordination sphere. Herein we present the interaction between these two metal ions and two macrocyclic ligands with N2S2 donor sets. Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes with the pyridine-containing 14-membered macrocycles 3,11-dithia-7,17-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-triene (L) and 7-(9-anthracenylmethyl)-3,11-dithia-7,17-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-triene (L1) have been synthesized. The X-ray structural analysis of {[Co(ClO4)(H2O)(L)][Co(H2O)2(L)]}(ClO4)3 shows two different metal sites in octahedral coordination. The EPR spectra of powdered samples of this compound are typical of distorted six-coordinated Co(II) ions in a high-spin (S=3/2) configuration, with the ground state being S=1/2 (g1=5.20, g2=3.20, g3=1.95). The EPR spectrum of [Cu(ClO4)(L)](ClO4) was simulated assuming an axial g tensor (g1=g2=2.043, g3=2.145), while that of [Cu(ClO4)(L1)](ClO4) slightly differs from an axial symmetry (g1=2.025, g2=2.060, g3=2.155). These results are compatible with a Cu(II) ion in square-pyramidal coordination with N2S2 as basal ligands. Single-crystal EPR experiment performed on [Cu(ClO4)(L1)](ClO4) allowed determining the eigenvalues of the molecular g tensor associated with the copper site, as well as the two possible orientations for the tensor. On the basis of symmetry arguments, an assignment in which the eigenvectors are nearly along the Cu(II)-ligand bonds is chosen.     

Copper(II) carboxylate dimers prepared from ligands designed to form a robust π···π stacking synthon: supramolecular structures and molecular properties

The reactions of bifunctional carboxylate ligands (1,8-naphthalimido)propanoate, (L(C2)(-)), (1,8-naphthalimido)ethanoate, (L(C1)(-)), and (1,8-naphthalimido)benzoate, (L(C4)(-)) with Cu(2)(O(2)CCH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(2) in methanol or ethanol at room temperature lead to the formation of novel dimeric [Cu(2)(L(C2))(4)(MeOH)(2)] (1), [Cu(2)(L(C1))(4)(MeOH)(2)]·2(CH(2)Cl(2)) (2), [Cu(2)(L(C4))(4)(EtOH)(2)]·2(CH(2)Cl(2)) (3) complexes. When the reaction of L(C1)(-) with Cu(2)(O(2)CCH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(2) was carried out at -20 °C in the presence of pyridine, [Cu(2)(L(C1))(4)(py)(4)]·2(CH(2)Cl(2)) (4) was produced. At the core of complexes 1-3 lies the square Cu(2)(O(2)CR)(4) "paddlewheel" secondary building unit, where the two copper centers have a nearly square pyramidal geometry with methanol or ethanol occupying the axial coordination sites. Complex 4 contains a different type of dimeric core generated by two κ(1)-bridging carboxylate ligands. Additionally, two terminal carboxylates and four trans situated pyridine molecules complete the coordination environment of the five-coordinate copper(II) centers. In all four compounds, robust π···π stacking interactions of the naphthalimide rings organize the dimeric units into two-dimensional sheets. These two-dimensional networks are organized into a three-dimensional architecture by two different noncovalent interactions: strong π···π stacking of the naphthalimide rings (also the pyridine rings for 4) in 1, 3, and 4, and intermolecular hydrogen bonding of the coordinated methanol or ethanol molecules in 1-3. Magnetic measurements show that the copper ions in the paddlewheel complexes 1-3 are strongly antiferromagnetically coupled with -J values ranging from 255 to 325 cm(-1), whereas the copper ions in 4 are only weakly antiferromagnetically coupled. Typical values of the zero-field splitting parameter D were found from EPR studies of 1-3and the related known complexes [Cu(2)(L(C2))(4)(py)(2)]·2(CH(2)Cl(2))·(CH(3)OH), [Cu(2)(L(C3))(4)(py)(2)]·2(CH(2)Cl(2)) and [Cu(2)(L(C3))(4)(bipy)]·(CH(3)OH)(2)·(CH(2)Cl(2))(3.37) (L(C3)(-) = (1,8-naphthalimido)butanoate)), while its abnormal magnitude in [Cu(2)(L(C2))(4)(bipy)] was qualitatively rationalized by structural analysis and DFT calculations.     

Dicopper(II) complexes of a new pyrazolate-containing Schiff-base macrocycle and related acyclic ligand

Dicopper(II) complexes of two new 3,5-disubstituted-pyrazole-based ligands, bis(quadridentate) macrocyclic ligand (L1)(2-) and bis(terdentate) acyclic ligand (L2)(-), were synthesised by Schiff base condensation of 3,5-diformylpyrazole and either one equivalent of 1,3-diaminopropane or two equivalents of 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine in the presence of one or two equivalents of copper(II) ions, respectively. Copper(II) acetate monohydrate was employed in the synthesis of [Cu(2)(L1)(OAc)(2)], [Cu(2)(L2)(H(2)O)(2)(OAc)(3)] and [Cu(II)(2)(L1)(NCS)(2)]; in the last of these one equivalent of NaNCS per copper(II) ion was also added. The fourth complex, [Cu(2)(L2)(NCS)(2)(DMF)]BF(4), was prepared using copper(II) tetrafluoroborate hexahydrate, along with two equivalents of NaOH and six of NaSCN. All four of these dimetallic complexes have been characterised by single crystal X-ray diffraction: the two macrocyclic complexes are the first such Schiff base complexes to be so characterised. A feature common to all four of the structures is bridging of the two copper(II) centres by the pyrazolate moiety/moieties. The structure determinations show that the coordination mode of the acetate groups in both [Cu(2)(L1)(OAc)(2)].2MeOH.H(2)O and [Cu(2)(L2)(H(2)O)(2)(OAc)(3)] is unidentate as had been tentatively predicted by analysis of the infrared spectra (DeltaOCO of 199 and 208 cm(-1), respectively). The magnetochemical studies of the macrocyclic complexes, over the temperature range 4-300 K, revealed strong antiferromagnetic coupling with J = -169 and -213 cm(-1) for [Cu(2)(L1)(OAc)(2)].2H(2)O and [Cu(II)(2)(L1)(NCS)(2)].DMF respectively. The J values have been discussed in relation to a published correlation involving the CuN(pyrazolate)N(pyrazolate) angles.     

Heterobridged dinuclear, tetranuclear, dinuclear-based 1-d, and heptanuclear-based 1-D complexes of copper(II) derived from a dinucleating ligand: syntheses, structures, magnetochemistry, spectroscopy, and catecholase activity

The work in this paper presents syntheses, characterization, crystal structures, variable-temperature/field magnetic properties, catecholase activity, and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopic (ESI-MS positive) study of five copper(II) complexes of composition [Cu(II)(2)L(μ(1,1)-NO(3))(H(2)O)(NO(3))](NO(3)) (1), [{Cu(II)(2)L(μ-OH)(H(2)O)}(μ-ClO(4))](n)(ClO(4))(n) (2), [{Cu(II)(2)L(NCS)(2)}(μ(1,3)-NCS)](n) (3), [{Cu(II)(2)L(μ(1,1)-N(3))(ClO(4))}(2)(μ(1,3)-N(3))(2)] (4), and [{Cu(II)(2)L(μ-OH)}{Cu(II)(2)L(μ(1,1)-N(3))}{Cu(II)(μ(1,1)-N(3))(4)(dmf)}{Cu(II)(2)(μ(1,1)-N(3))(2)(N(3))(4)}](n)·ndmf (5), derived from a new compartmental ligand 2,6-bis[N-(2-pyridylethyl)formidoyl]-4-ethylphenol, which is the 1:2 condensation product of 4-ethyl-2,6-diformylphenol and 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine. The title compounds are either of the following nuclearities/topologies: dinuclear (1), dinuclear-based one-dimensional (2 and 3), tetranuclear (4), and heptanuclear-based one-dimensional (5). The bridging moieties in 1-5 are as follows: μ-phenoxo-μ(1,1)-nitrate (1), μ-phenoxo-μ-hydroxo and μ-perchlorate (2), μ-phenoxo and μ(1,3)-thiocyanate (3), μ-phenoxo-μ(1,1)-azide and μ(1,3)-azide (4), μ-phenoxo-μ-hydroxo, μ-phenoxo-μ(1,1)-azide, and μ(1,1)-azide (5). All the five compounds exhibit overall antiferromagnetic interaction. The J values in 1-4 have been determined (-135 cm(-1) for 1, -298 cm(-1) for 2, -105 cm(-1) for 3, -119.5 cm(-1) for 4). The pairwise interactions in 5 have been evaluated qualitatively to result in S(T) = 3/2 spin ground state, which has been verified by magnetization experiment. Utilizing 3,5-di-tert-butyl catechol (3,5-DTBCH(2)) as the substrate, catecholase activity of all the five complexes have been checked. While 1 and 3 are inactive, complexes 2, 4, and 5 show catecholase activity with turn over numbers 39 h(-1) (for 2), 40 h(-1) (for 4), and 48 h(-1) (for 5) in dmf and 167 h(-1) (for 2) and 215 h(-1) (for 4) in acetonitrile. Conductance of the dmf solution of the complexes has been measured, revealing that bridging moieties and nuclearity have been almost retained in solution. Electrospray ionization mass (ESI-MS positive) spectra of complexes 1, 2, and 4 have been recorded in acetonitrile solutions and the positive ions have been well characterized. ESI-MS positive spectrum of complex 2 in presence of 3,5-DTBCH(2) have also been recorded and, interestingly, a positive ion [Cu(II)(2)L(μ-3,5-DTBC(2-))(3,5-DTBCH(-))Na(I)](+) has been identified.     

Metal complexes from 1,1'-di(pyrazinyl)ferrocene: coordination polymers and bridged diferrocenes

Ferrocene-based ligands 1,1'-di(pyrazinyl)ferrocene (L1) and 1,1'-di(2-pyrimidinyl)ferrocene (L2) were synthesized and copper and silver complexes were obtained from L1. Coordination polymers [{Cu(2)(PhCOO)(4)}(L1)](n) (1), [{Cu(2)(C(5)H(11)COO)(4)}(L1)](n) (2), and [{Cu(2)(OAc)(4)}(L1)](n).0.5n[Cu(2)(OAc)(4)(H(2)O)(2)].1.5nCH(3)CN (3) resulted from the reaction with the corresponding copper carboxylates. In all three complexes, L1 links the dinuclear copper carboxylate units to form one-dimensional step-like chains. In 2, these chains are further linked by [Cu(2)(OAc)(4)(H(2)O)(2)] dinuclear units via hydrogen bonding to form sheet structures. The reaction of L1 with copper(I) iodide resulted in a multinuclear complex [(CuI)(4)(L1)(2)].(L1) (4), which contains a [(CuI)(4)(L1)(2)] diferrocene unit with a step-like (CuI)(4) core. Reactions of L1 with silver(I) salts resulted in silver-bridged diferrocenes [Ag(2)(L1)(2)]X(2) (X = ClO(4) (5a, b), NO(3) (6a-c) and PF(6) (7)), some of which incorporate aromatic solvents into their crystal lattices. The intramolecular Ag...Ag separations in these metallamacrocycles (3.211-3.430 A) depended upon the counter-anions and on the coordination mode of the silver ions. In all of these coordination complexes, L1adopts a synperiplanar eclipsed conformation and acts as a bidentate ligand, with only the 5-nitrogen of each pyrazine ring involved in coordination.     

EPR, IR and electronic spectral studies on Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes with N-donor tetradentate [N4] macrocyclic ligand

Nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes are synthesized with a novel tetradentate macrocyclic ligand, i.e. 2,6,12,16,21,22-hexaaza;3,5,13,15-tetraphenyltricyclo[15,3,1,1(7-11)] docosa;1(21),2,5,7,9,11(22),12,15,17,19-decaene (L) and characterized by the elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility measurements, mass, (1)H NMR, IR, electronic and EPR spectral studies. All the complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. Thus, these may be formulated as [M(L)X(2)] [M=Ni(II), Cu(II) and X=Cl(-), NO(3)(-) and (1/2)SO(4)(2-)]. Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes show magnetic moments corresponding to two and one unpaired electron, respectively. On the basis of IR, electronic and EPR spectral studies an octahedral geometry has been assigned for Ni(II) and tetragonal geometry for Cu(II) complexes.     

Cyanide-Bridged Fe(III)-Cu(II) Complexes: Jahn-Teller Isomerism and Its Influence on the Magnetic Properties

We report here the synthesis and characterization of four dinuclear cyanide-bridged Fe(III)-Cu(II) complexes, based on a tetra- or a pentadentate bispidine ligand (L(1) or L(2), respectively; bispidines are 3,7-diazabiyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives) coordinated to the Cu(II) center, and a tridentate bipyridineamide (bpca) coordinated to the low-spin Fe(III) site, with cyanide groups completing the two coordination spheres, one of them bridging between the two metal ions. The four structurally characterized complexes [{Fe(bpca)(CN)(3)}{Cu(L(1)·H(2)O)}]BF(4), [{Fe(bpca)(CN)(3)}{Cu(L(2))}][Fe(bpca)(CN)(3)]·5H(2)O, [{Fe(bpca)(CN)(3)}{Cu(L(2)·MeOH)}]PF(6)·MeOH·H(2)O, and [{Fe(bpca)(CN)(3)}{Cu(L(2))}]PF(6)·2H(2)O belong to different structural isomers. The most important differences are structurally and electronically enforced (direction of the pseudo-Jahn-Teller mode) strong or weak interactions of the copper(II) center with the cyanide bridge. The related strength of the magnetic coupling of the two centers is analyzed with a combination of experimental magnetic, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electronic spectroscopic data together with a ligand-field theory- and density functional theory (DFT)-based analysis.     

A new chiral, poly-imidazole N8-ligand and the related di- and tri-copper(II) complexes: synthesis, theoretical modelling, spectroscopic properties, and biomimetic stereoselective oxidations

The new poly-imidazole N(8) ligand (S)-2-piperazinemethanamine-1,4-bis[2-((N-(1-acetoxy-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl))-2-(S)-propyl)-(N-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)))ethyl]-N-(phenylmethyl)-N-(acetoxy), also named (S)-Pz-(C2-(HisIm))(2) (L), containing three chiral (S) centers, was obtained by a multi-step synthesis and used to prepare dinuclear [Cu(2)(L)](4+) and trinuclear [Cu(3)(L)](6+) copper(II) complexes. Low-temperature EPR experiments performed on [Cu(2)(L)](4+) demonstrated that the two S = ? centers behaved as independent paramagnetic units, while the EPR spectra used to study the trinuclear copper complex, [Cu(3)(L)](6+), were consistent with a weakly coupled three-spin ? system. Theoretical models for the two complexes were obtained by DFT/RI-BP86/TZVP geometry optimization, where the structural and electronic characteristics nicely supported the EPR experimental findings. In addition, the theoretical analysis unveiled that the conformational flexibility encoded in both [Cu(2)(L)](4+) and [Cu(3)(L)](6+) arises not only from the presence of several σ-bonds and the bulky residues attached to the (S)-Pz-(C2-(HisIm))(2) ligand scaffold, but also from the poor coordination ability of the tertiary amino groups located in the ligand side-chains containing the imidazole units towards the copper(II) ions. Both the dinuclear and trinuclear complexes are efficient catalysts in the stereoselective oxidation of several catechols and flavonoid compounds, yielding the corresponding quinones. The structural features of the substrate-catalyst adduct intermediates were assessed by searching the conformational space of the molecule through MMFF94/Monte Carlo (MMFF94/MC) methods. The conformational flexibility of the bound ligand in the complexes proves to be beneficial for substrate binding and recognition. For the dinuclear complex, chiral recognition of the optically active substrates derives from weak electrostatic interactions between bound substrates and folded regions of the ligand scaffold. For the trinuclear complex, in the case of L/D-Dopa, the chiral recognition has a remarkable stereoselectivity index of 75%, the highest so far reported for this type of reaction. Here the dominant contribution to stereoselectivity arises from the direct interaction between a donor group (the Dopa carboxylate) far from the substrate reaction site (the catechol ring) with the additional (third) copper center not involved in the oxidative catalysis. On the other hand, in the case of bulky substrates, such as L/D-catechin, the observed poor substrate recognition is associated with much weaker interactions between the chiral regions of the complex and the chiral part of the substrate.     

Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Magnetic Properties and Catecholase Activity of Double Phenoxido-Bridged Penta-Coordinated Dinuclear Nickel(II) Complexes Derived from Reduced Schiff-Base Ligands: Mechanistic Inference of Catecholase Activity

Three double phenoxido-bridged dinuclear nickel(II) complexes, namely [Ni(2)(L(1))(2)(NCS)(2)] (1), [Ni(2)(L(2))(2)(NCS)(2)] (2), and [Ni(2)(L(3))(2)(NCS)(2)] (3) have been synthesized using the reduced tridentate Schiff-base ligands 2-[1-(3-methylamino-propylamino)-ethyl]-phenol (HL(1)), 2-[1-(2-dimethylamino-ethylamino)-ethyl]-phenol (HL(2)), and 2-[1-(3-dimethylamino-propylamino)-ethyl]-phenol (HL(3)), respectively. The coordination compounds have been characterized by X-ray structural analyses, magnetic-susceptibility measurements, and various spectroscopic methods. In all complexes, the nickel(II) ions are penta-coordinated in a square-pyramidal environment, which is severely distorted in the case of 1 (Addison parameter τ = 0.47) and 3 (τ = 0.29), while it is almost perfect for 2 (τ = 0.03). This arrangement leads to relatively strong antiferromagnetic interactions between the Ni(II) (S = 1) metal centers as mediated by double phenoxido bridges (with J values of -23.32 (1), -35.45 (2), and -34.02 (3) cm(3) K mol(-1), in the convention H = -2JS(1)S(2)). The catalytic activity of these Ni compounds has been investigated for the aerial oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol. Kinetic data analysis following Michaelis-Menten treatment reveals that the catecholase activity of the complexes is influenced by the flexibility of the ligand and also by the geometry around the metal ion. Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) studies (in the positive mode) have been performed for all the coordination compounds in the presence of 3,5-DTBC to characterize potential complex-substrate intermediates. The mass-spectrometry data, corroborated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements, suggest that the metal centers are involved in the catecholase activity exhibited by the complexes.     

Spectral properties of some metal complexes derived from uracil-thiouracil and citrazinic acid compounds

The reaction of FeCl(3) with uracil (H(2)L(1)), citrazinic acid (H(2)L(6)), 5-(phenylazo)citrazinic acid (H(2)L(7)), 5-(m-hydroxyphenylazo)citrazinic acid (H(2)L(8)) and 5-(m-nitrophenylazo)citrazinic acid (H(2)L(9)) leads to the formation of complexes with the empirical formula Fe(HL)(3).nH(2)O (n=1-3). All of the prepared complexes have octahedral complexation geometry where the azo group is not the reactive site for complexation. Thiouracil (H(2)L(2)) and the 5-(substituted phenylazo)thiouracil (H(2)L(3)-H(2)L(5)) ligands are bidentates on complexation with Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II). The complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, electronic spectra, magnetic susceptibility, DTA, electron spin resonance (copper complexes) and M?ssbauer spectra (iron complexes). The coordination bond lengths between the metal ion and the active centers for complexation were calculated.     

Mononuclear to polynuclear transition induced by ligand coordination: synthesis, X-ray structure, and properties of mono-, di-, and polynuclear copper(II) complexes of pyridyl-containing azo ligands

Reactions of two hydrated cupric salts (CuCl(2).2H(2)O and Cu(ClO(4))(2).6H(2)O) with three azopyridyl ligands, viz. 2-[(arylamino)phenylazo]pyridine [aryl = phenyl (HL(1a)), p-tolyl (HL(1b)), and 2-thiomethyl phenyl (HL(1c))], 2-[2-(pyridylamino)phenylazo]pyridine (HL(2)), and 2-[3-(pyridylamino)phenylazo]pyridine (HL(3)), afford the mononuclear [CuClL(1)] (1), dinuclear [Cu(2)X(2)L(2)(2)](n)()(+) (X = Cl, H(2)O, ClO(4); n = 0, 1; 2, 3), and polynuclear [CuClL(3)](n)() (4) complexes, respectively, in high yields. Representative X-ray structures of these complexes 1-4 are reported. X-ray structure analysis of 4 reveals an infinite 1D zigzag chain that adopts a saw-tooth-like structure. Variable-temperature cryomagnetic measurements (2-300 K) on the complexes 2-4 have revealed weak magnetic interactions between the copper centers with J values -1.04, 9.88, and -1.31 cm(-1), respectively. Positive ion ESI mass spectra of the soluble complexes 1-3 are studied which provide the evidence for the integrity of the complexes also in solution. Visible range spectra of the complexes 1-3 in solution consist of intense and broad transitions in the range 700-600 nm. The solid-state spectrum of the insoluble copper complex 4, on the other hand, shows a structured band near 700 nm. The intensities of the transitions of the dinuclear complexes are much higher than those of the corresponding mononuclear copper complexes. Redox properties of the present copper complexes are reported. Notably, the dinuclear complex, 3, displays two successive redox processes: Cu(II)Cu(II) right harpoon over left harpoon Cu(II)Cu(I) right harpoon over left harpoon Cu(I)Cu(I). It catalyzes aerial oxidation of L-ascorbic acid. The catalytic cycle is most effective up to H(2)A/3 (H(2)A = L-ascorbic acid) molar ratio of 20:1.     

Copper(II) Complexes of the Hexaaza Macrocyclic Ligand 3,6,9,16,19,22-Hexaaza-27,28-dioxatricyclo[22.2.1.1(11,14)]octacosa-1(26),11,13,24-tetraene and Their Interaction with Oxalate, Malonate, and Pyrophosphate Anions

The hexaaza macrocyclic ligand 3,6,9,16,19,22-hexaaza-27,28-dioxatricyclo[22.2.1.1(11,14)]octacosa-1(26),11,13,24-tetraene (BFBD), forms both mono- and dinuclear complexes, as well as several protonated and hydroxo chelates, with Cu(II) ions. These cationic species can bind inorganic and organic anions through coordination and hydrogen bonding. Stability constants of the mono- and dinuclear Cu(II) complexes of BFBD and their interaction with oxalate, malonate, and pyrophosphate anions have been measured potentiometrically. The nature of the bonding between the hosts and the guests is discussed. The crystal structures of two new dinuclear Cu(II) complexes, determined by X-ray crystallography, are also reported. [BFBDCu(2)(Cl)(3)]ClO(4).0.5H(2)O crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/n, with a = 13.267(2) ?, b = 12.155(6) ?, c = 18.461 0 ?, beta = 90.86(2) degrees, and Z = 4. Each Cu(II) ion is coordinated by three nitrogen atoms from the diethylenetriamine unit of the macrocyclic ligand and two chloride anions, forming a square pyramidal geometry. [BFBDCu(2)(Ox)](BF(4))(1.8)Cl(0.2) crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1, with a = 6.772(1) ?, b = 10.646(2) ?, c = 11.517(2) ?, alpha = 64.74(3) degrees, beta = 79.79(3) degrees, gamma = 81.94(3) degrees, and Z = 1. The environment of each copper is intermediate between square pyramidal and trigonal pyramidal. The oxalate anion bridges in a bis-bidentate fashion between two Cu(II) ions.     

Homo-and heterodinuclear complexes of the tris(catecholamide) derivative of a tetraazamacrocycle with Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ metal ions

The new ditopic catecholamide 3,7,11-tris-{N-[3,4-(dihydroxybenzoyl)-aminopropyl]} derivative of a 14-membered tetraazamacrocycle containing pyridine (H(6)L(1)) has been synthesized. The protonation constants of (L(1))(6-) and the stability constants of its mono-, homo- and hetero-dinuclear complexes with Fe(3+), Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) metal ions were determined at 298.2 K and ionic strength 0.10 mol dm(-3) in KNO(3). The large overall basicity of the ligand was ascribed to the very high protonation constants of the catecholate groups, and its acid-base behaviour was correlated with the presence of tertiary nitrogen atoms and secondary amide functions. The UV-vis spectrum of the red solution of [FeL(1)](3-) complex exhibits the LMCT band of catecholate to iron(III), and its EPR spectrum revealed a typical isotropic signal of a rhombic distorted ferric centre in a high-spin state and E/D approximately 0.31, both characteristic of a tris-catecholate octahedral environment. The ligand forms with copper(II) and zinc(II) ions mono- and dinuclear protonated complexes and their stability constants were determined, except for the [ML(1)](4-) complexes as the last proton is released at very high pH. Electronic spectroscopic studies of the copper complexes revealed the involvement of catecholate groups in the coordination to the metal centre in the mono- and dinuclear copper(II) complexes. This information together with the determined stability constants indicated that the copper(II) ion can be involved in both types of coordination site of the ligand with comparable binding affinity. The EPR spectrum of [Cu(2)L(1)](2-) showed a well resolved seven-line hyperfine pattern of copper(II) dinuclear species typical of a paramagnetic triplet spin state with weak coupling between the two metal centres. Thermodynamically stable heterodinuclear complexes, [CuFeH(h)L(1)](h-1) (h = 0-3) and [CuZnH(h)L(1)](h-2) (h = 0-4), were formed as expected from a ditopic ligand having two dissimilar coordination sites. At physiological pH, the [CuFeL(1)](-) complex is formed at approximately 100%. The formation of the [CuFeH(h)L(1)](h-1) complexes in solution was supported by electronic spectroscopic measurements. The data indicated the specific coordination of each metal centre at the dissimilar sites of the ligand, the iron(III) bound to the oxygen donors of the catecholate arms and the copper(II) coordinated to the amine donors of the macrocyclic ring. The two metal centres are weakly coupled, due to the fairly large distance between them.     

Coordination Compounds of Schiff-Base Ligands Derived from Diaminomaleonitrile (DMN): Mononuclear, Dinuclear, and Macrocyclic Derivatives

Copper(II) and V(IV)O complexes of an open chain (1:2) Schiff-base ligand (H(2)L1), derived by the template condensation of diaminomaleonitrile (DMN) and salicylaldehyde, and dicopper(II) complexes of (2:2) macrocyclic Schiff-base ligands derived by template condensation of diformylphenols and diaminomaleonitrile, have been synthesized and studied. Structures have been established for the first time for mononuclear Cu(II) and V(IV)O derivatives of the open chain ligand H(2)L1 (1:2), a dinuclear macrocyclic Cu(II) complex derived from a 2:2 macrocyclic ligand (H(2)M1), and the half-condensed 1:1 salicylaldehyde ligand (H(2)L2). [Cu(L1)] (1) (L1 = C(18)H(10)N(4)O(2)) crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/n (No. 14), with a = 11.753(6) ?, b = 7.708(5) ?, c = 16.820(1) ?, and Z = 4. [VO(L1)(DMSO] (2) crystallized in the orthorhombic system, space group Pbca (No. 61), with a = 22.534(9) ?, b = 23.31(1) ?, c = 7.694(5) ?, and Z = 8. H(2)L2 (C(18)H(8)N(4)O) (3) crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/c (No. 14), with a = 13.004(6) ?, b = 11.441(7) ?, c = 7.030(4) ?, and Z = 4. [Cu(2)(M3)](CH(3)COCH(3)) (4) (M3 = C(32)H(24)N(8)O(4)) crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c (No. 15), with a = 38.33(2) ?, b = 8.059(4) ?, c = 22.67(2) ?, and Z = 8. [Cu(L3)(DMSO)] (5) (L3 = C(20)H(14)N(2)O(4)) crystallized in the triclinic system, space group P&onemacr; (No. 2), with a = 10.236(4) ?, b = 13.514(4) ?, c = 9.655(4) ?, and Z = 2. 4 results from the unique addition of two acetone molecules to two imine sites in [Cu(2)(M1)](ClO(4))(2) (M1 = 2:2 macrocyclic ligand derived from template condensation of DMN and 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol). 4 has extremely small Cu-OPh-Cu bridge angles (92.0, 92.8 degrees ), well below the expected lower limit for antiferromagnetic behavior, but is still antiferromagnetically coupled (-2J = 25.2 cm(-)(1)). This behavior is associated with a possible antiferromagnetic exchange term that involves the conjugated framework of the macrocyclic ligand itself. The ligand L3 in 5 results from hydrolysis of M1 on recrystallization of [Cu(2)(M1)](ClO(4))(2) from undried dimethyl sulfoxide.