同心壳层结构中超声速扩散辐射波的几何自由程

在局域热动平衡近似下,研究几何壳层结构所产生的腔体约束对辐射过程的影响.基于同心圆柱和同心圆球的壳夹层光输运模型,给出垂直于光子通路的谱辐射能流径向分布和平均能流公式,通过数值求解得到截面平均的壳层结构平均几何自由程,研究输运通道的径向光学厚度和几何结构对几何自由程的影响.由于球几何对光子的三维束缚,球壳层结构对辐射过程的影响比柱壳层更大,辐射过程必须根据实际几何构型和辐射通道的光学厚度予以几何自由程的修正.为方便使用,根据一定几何构型结合严格数值解给出了几何自由程的拟合公式.     

辐射超声速扩散传输产生条件的研究

 利用1维辐射扩散方程的解析理论，在外加辐射源为恒温源的条件下，对能够产生辐射超声速扩散传输的条件进行了研究，可以解析地得出在固定物质密度下能够产生超声速扩散流的参数区域。分析得出：对于一个固定的恒温外源，随着时间的增加，热波波头位置是随时间的平方根增长的，光学厚度正比于波头位置，也是随时间而逐渐增加的；而马赫数是按时间平方根倒数减少的。并推导出在不同密度下恰好产生超声速扩散时，辐射源温度和辐射热波波头位置满足的临界值条件，它们是关于介质密度的函数关系式。最后以SiO₂泡沫为算例，对这些结果的物理图像做了简要的阐述，对它们的应用进行了具体的说明和分析。     

X光辐射在泡沫介质中超声速传输研究进展

X光辐射输运过程通过光子的发射与吸收使能量在介质内进行再分配,而光子的辐射和吸收过程对从介质内出射的能谱产生十分显著的影响。辐射输运由积分-微分方程来描述,得到它的解极其困难,这是因为此方程依赖于局域和非局域的条件。当外加的非局域的X光辐射场作用在介质上一个强的X光辐射能流时,介质的局域温度和密度将影响X光的吸收和发射。本文将对辐射输运的方程和基本理论进行阐述,并对辐射超声速传输的实验结果进行评述。首先,介绍辐射在介质中的传输的理论基础以及简化分析模型;其次,对辐射在介质中扩散超声速输运进行解析分析,我们首次导出辐射的超声速传输条件下的辐射能流与物质能流之比与马赫数和光学厚度的定量关系;最后,介绍国外的主要实验结果,同时也给出我们近期的研究结果。我们的实验结果表明,不同能区的光子因辐射不透明度不同使得在介质中的传播时间不同,并且实验测出光学厚度。     

X光辐射在泡沫介质中超声速传输研究进展

X光辐射输运过程通过光子的发射与吸收使能量在介质内进行再分配,而光子的辐射和吸收过程对从介质内出射的能谱产生十分显著的影响。辐射输运由积分-微分方程来描述,得到它的解极其困难,这是因为此方程依赖于局域和非局域的条件。当外加的非局域的X光辐射场作用在介质上一个强的X光辐射能流时,介质的局域温度和密度将影响X光的吸收和发射。本文将对辐射输运的方程和基本理论进行阐述,并对辐射超声速传输的实验结果进行评述。首先,介绍辐射在介质中的传输的理论基础以及简化分析模型;其次,对辐射在介质中扩散超声速输运进行解析分析,我们首次导出辐射的超声速传输条件下的辐射能流与物质能流之比与马赫数和光学厚度的定量关系;最后,介绍国外的主要实验结果,同时也给出我们近期的研究结果。我们的实验结果表明,不同能区的光子因辐射不透明度不同使得在介质中的传播时间不同,并且实验测出光学厚度。     

轻介质传输中辐射热传导近似成立的判别因子

 从辐射输运方程出发,通过递推的方法,推导并得到了包含高级修正的辐射能流表达式。利用这个表达式,分析了辐射在轻介质中传输时,辐射热传导近似的成立条件。热传导近似的成立条件总是要求温度空间变化尺度与自由程之比远大于某个值,该值即判别因子,它表征热传导近似条件满足的苛刻程度,其值越大,热传导近似就越难满足。讨论得出：当同时考虑轫致和散射过程时,这一判别因子的值在3~60之间。并进一步分析了密度的空间变化以及1维球坐标下的半径对判别因子的影响。     

结构各向异性对传输平均自由程的影响研究

本文研究了由定向排布的椭球形粒子组成的无序介质中微纳结构的各向异性对辐射传输平均自由程的影响机理。采用离散偶极子算法(DDA)计算单个椭球形粒子的各向异性辐射特性,为了得到多重散射下的各向异性介质的辐射特性,采用随机行走方法研究了传输平均自由程随粒子浓度、长径比、分布角度的变化关系,并与各向同性理论的计算结果进行了对比,证明了现有理论的不足。最后,利用辐射传递方程的扩散理论得到了椭球形粒子各向异性介质的表面反射能量分布图。结果表明,微纳结构的各向异性对辐射传输平均自由程和表面辐射能量分布有较大影响,对于各向异性较强的介质,在理论计算中必须加以考虑。     

水中有限弹性柱的回波结构

本文研究短脉冲从有限弹性圆柱上的回波结构。强调指出,在倾斜入射情况下回波仍然包括两类散射波:(1)几何散射波,即棱角波。(2)弹性散射波,即与柱体的弹性有关的波。几何散射波是由柱体的几何不连续性反射的波,它基本上与物体的材料无关,利用Kirchhoft近似可以导出刚性柱棱角波的完整表示式。倾斜入射情况下的弹性散射波不同于无限长柱的环绕波。实验观测到两类由弹性表面波的再辐射产生的回波:径向表面反向散射波和纵向表面反向散射波。这是根据回波的出现时间和倾角,以及空气中的对比实验而辨认的。它们是由沿径向和纵向反向传播的Rayleigh波的再辐射产生的。     

粲夸克辐射的死区效应

基于轻夸克辐射能量谱, 考虑夸克质量对部分子辐射能量损失的影响, 利用死区因子把轻部分子辐射能量损失谱推广到重部分子辐射能量损失的情形. 研究结果表明, 利用与夸克质量相关的死区因子推广轻夸克辐射能量损失谱得到的重夸克辐射能量损失谱, 与直接利用微扰QCD计算所得到的Djordjevic-Gyulassy(D-G)谱的结果一致, 且极大简化了重夸克辐射能量损失的计算.     

石英窗口太阳能吸热腔热转换特性研究

建立了具有石英窗口的太阳能高温吸热器的能量传递与转换模型,采用谱带辐射传递因子描述太阳光与热辐射能束的传输特性。结合谱带模型,通过蒙特卡洛射线踪迹法模拟,得到谱带辐射传递因子。在此基础上,分析了太阳能高温吸热器的热转换特性,考察了石英窗口的光学性能参数与吸热芯温度分布对太阳能高温热转换的影响,获得了对太阳能高温吸热腔设计有参考价值的结果。     

高散射媒质中的光程可分割动态光散射研究

为研究散射光强度随光子在散射媒质中散射光程的变化,基于单散射理论与扩散波光谱理论,采用了低相干动态光散射装置对不同粒径大小的聚苯乙烯悬浮液进行研究。将测量得到的背散射光光场强度谱的线宽与相应的理论计算结果相比较发现,在短光程区域,考虑容器壁附近拖曳效应的影响后,对于不同粒径的颗粒,光程为约5倍粒子平均自由程的区域可看成为单散射区域;对于光程大于225 m的区域可看成为扩散光波区域。实验结果表明低相干动态光散射法可实现高散射媒质从单散射区域到低次散射再到扩散区域的全光程的可分割的光场强度谱测量。     

Characteristic parameters of diffusive supersonic radiation transport in low density materials

Diffusive heat waves play an important role in radiation hydrodynamics. In low density material, it may be possible that the radiative energy flux dominates the material energy flux and thus energy flow can be determined. In this paper by means of a simple algebraic method, the expressions characterizing the condition of diffusion approximation and supersonic transport of heat wave are found. In this case, the ratio of the radiative energy flux to the material energy flux is directly proportional to the product of Mach number M multiplied by optical depth \tau. And it may also be expressed by radiation temperature heating material. The material density and length may be determined in order to achieve above-mentioned conditions when the driven temperature and duration are given.     

POSITIVE DEFINITE PROBLEM OF ENERGY DENSITY AND RADIATIVE ENERGY FLUX FOR PULSE CYLINDRICAL GRAVITATIONAL WAVE

By using the general expressions of energy momentum pseudo-tensor of the cylin-drical gravitational waves (GW) given by Rosen and Virbhadra in Cartesian coor-dinates, the concrete forms of energy density and radiative energy flux of the pulse cylindrical GW are obtained. Their physical properties, suitable range and asymp-totic behaviour are considered. It is found that: For the region in which space radial coordinates to origin are greater than the pulse width of the pulse cylindrical GW, the energy density and radiative energy flux of the outward travelling pulse cylindrical GW propagating along at light-cone are positive definite. However, for the region in which the space radial coordinates are less than the pulse width, there is no guarantee for the positive definite property of the radiative energy flux of the outward travelling wave. Moreover, we show that the asymptotic behaviour of the energy and energy flux densities of the pulse cylindrical GW and that of the Riemann curvature tensor have good self-consistancy in space like, time like and null infinity regions.     

复杂分光仪器中的像差研究

为提高分光仪器的性能,采用两个椭球面镜和一个椭球面消像差光栅分光。光源发出的光线被第一个椭球面镜反射,产生特定的波前,经过光栅衍射以后,不同波长的光波被第二个椭球面镜汇聚到探测器的不同位置上。系统具有复杂的像差特性和成像特性,根据费马原理,参考第二代全息变线距光栅的制作光路和理论,建立坐标系,定义两个椭球面上的入射角和反射角,确定各元件的位置变量,确立基本几何关系,将光程函数分为两部分:由衍射引起的光程变化和几何位置引起的光程变化,将两部分都按级数展开,给出了高阶像差的解析形式。对于平面、柱面、球面光栅和反射镜也可以使用这些公式。像差的解析式和光路也可以用于各种分光仪器中。     

地下强爆炸辐射流体动力学过程的二维数值模拟

为评估强爆炸的毁伤效应,利用流固耦合界面处理方法,考虑辐射输运引起的能量沉积过程,建立同时求解辐射流体力学方程和流体弹塑性方程的二维耦合计算方法,给出地下强爆炸时,爆室内辐射波传播、辐射能量沉积到岩土表层、岩土表层膨胀、冲击波在岩土介质中传播、爆室内高压压缩爆室壁、爆室壁振荡增大的完整物理过程.     

Image brightening in samples of high dielectric constant

An analytic solution is given for the electromagnetic problem of a lossy dielectric cylinder of infinite length, irradiated by a circularly polarized radiofrequency (RF) magnetic field; the NMR-active components of the field inside the cylinder are projected out by transforming the RF Hamiltonian to the rotating frame and retaining only those terms independent of time; it is noted that the resulting cartesian field components are required to be real. The squared magnitude of the NMR-active fields are then used to calculate the gradient-recalled images of the cylinder, for small tip angles of the magnetization; and the result is shown to predict almost quantitatively the intensity patterns of experimental proton images at 3.0 and 4.0T, in a cylindrical phantom of radius 9.25cm, filled with 0.05M aqueous NaCl. In particular, the artifactual brightening at the center of the recorded image is convincingly reproduced in a simulation, whose underlying model excludes wave propagation along the direction of the cylinder axis. Formation of the artifact is explained in terms of the focussing of the RF magnetic field at the center of the cylinder, as illustrated by contour plots showing the time evolution of the rotating flux. An extended electromagnetic model--having the dielectric cylinder enclosed in a long, shielded volume resonator (e.g., of bird cage type)--is then sketched. The mathematical details appear in Appendix A; and the simulated images are shown to be virtually indistinguishable from those of the simpler original model. The theory of the Q, or quality factor, of the dielectric cylinder--considered itself as a resonant object--is developed for the enclosed cylinder model, where flux containment by the shield permits an unambiguous treatment of both the stored energy and the radiative losses. This is extended to treat the Q of a lossy dielectric sphere without shielding. Further plots of flux contours are given for the sphere, excited at 208 MHz with a uniform circularly polarized field, as well as by a surface coil, and for the enclosed cylinder in the range 140-160 MHz. It is then argued that the center brightening artifacts in magnetic resonance images are due to the underdamped dielectric resonance of the sample, i.e., at Q >0.5, while the overdamped condition, Q < 0.5, leads to exclusion of flux from the center, i.e., to the classic skin effect. The term "dielectric resonance" is shown to require careful interpretation for mixed-mode excitation, such as occurs with a surface coil. An extended reciprocity formula for NMR reception, valid for an arbitrary electromagnetic Green's function, is also given in Appendix B.     

A model for supersonic and hypersonic impactors for nanoparticles

In this study the performance of supersonic and hypersonic impactors for collection efficiency of nanoparticles (in the size range of 2–100 nm) under various operating conditions is analyzed. Axisymmetric forms of the compressible Navier–Stokes and energy equations are solved and the airflow and thermal condition in the impactor are evaluated. A Lagrangian particle trajectory analysis procedure is used and the deposition rates of different size particles under various operating conditions are studied. For dilute particle concentrations, the assumption of one-way interaction is used and the effect of particles on gas flow field is ignored. The importance of drag, lift and Brownian forces on particle motions in supersonic impactors is discussed. Sensitivity of the simulation results to the use of different assumptions for the Cunningham correction coefficient is studied. It is shown that accurate evaluation of the gas mean free path and the Cunningham correction factor is important for accurate simulation of nano-particle transport and deposition in supersonic/hypersonic impactors. The computer simulation results are compared favorably with the available experimental data.     

Measurement of the dipole and electric quadrupole strength distributions up to 10 MeV in the doubly magic nuclei 40Ca and 48Ca

We have made the first detailed measurements of a diffusive supersonic radiation wave in the laboratory. A 10 mg/cm(3) SiO2 foam is radiatively heated by the x-ray flux from a laser-irradiated hohlraum. The resulting radiation wave propagates axially through the optically thick foam and is measured via time-resolved x-ray imaging as it breaks out the far end. The data show that the radiation wave breaks out at the center prior to breaking out at the edges, indicating a significant curvature in the radiation front. This curvature is primarily due to energy loss into the walls surrounding the foam.