不同应变强化模型下结构安定性的研究

变载作用下弹塑性结构的安定性研究是一个有实际意义的课题，而结构的安定性与材料的强化规律有很大关系。本文对几种典型的强化模型下的结构安定性进行了研究，给出了在随动强化和组合强化条件下结构实现安定的条件，所得结论简化了应变强化条件下结构的安定分析。     

Experimental dynamic analysis of elastic-plastic shear frames with secondary structures

Various experimental models are developed to study the influence of lightweight secondary structures on the dynamic response of elastic and elastic-plastic shear frames. Small-scale two-story model frames, with an elastic single-degree-of-freedom secondary structure attached, are considered for sinusoidal and random in-plane support excitation. Both elastic and elastic-plastic responses are recorded by varying the material properties of the columns of a distinguished floor. Parametric studies are performed by varying the secondary structure's fundamental frequency and damping. Experimental results are compared with those obtained by computational simulations. Experimental and numerical results are in excellent agreement, however they show that the material properties have to be determined very carefully. The statistic response of randomly excited elastic-plastic structures is not much affected by the motion of tuned secondary structures. However, this dynamic behavior is not true for elastic main structures. In this case, an optimally tuned secondary structure decreases the structural response up to 25%.     

基于双曲面蜂窝夹层结构等效模型的研究及数值分析

蜂窝夹层结构在轻量化设计领域一直备受关注,相关的理论研究也日趋完善.然而,很多研究主要集中在平面蜂窝夹层结构上,而对于曲面结构的相关研究甚少.本文对双曲面蜂窝夹芯进行了力学分析,建立了曲面蜂窝夹层板的等效力学模型,同时建立了双曲面蜂窝夹层板详细模型和基于三明治夹层板理论以及曲面夹层板理论的等效模型,最后通过有限元方法对...     

Low-dimensional model for vortex merging in the two-dimensional temporal mixing layer

The two-dimensional temporal mixing layer shows spiraling and merging vortices and is an example of a flow problem in which, despite the complexity, the vortices as individual coherent structures can be clearly visualized. In this paper we present a method for the analysis of the data that describes the spiraling and merging of vortices. To that end we define a parameterized set of structures, the ‘phenomenological model manifold’, which approximates the apparent spatial structures. Then we let the parameters of the manifold vary in such a way that the succession of states resembles the evolving flow as well as possible. Two different model manifolds were designed, one model for which the vortices are described with Gaussian profiles, and another in which a more optimal spatial structure is used. Projection of the numerical data on these manifolds results in information about the strength, ellipticity and trajectories of the vortices. The method is also used to study the successive merging of vortices; differing from scaling arguments for an inviscid flow, the results show that the first pairwise merging evolves approximately 2.11 times faster than the second merging. Efficient procedures are described for the required extensive optimisation problems.     

A structural model for the vortex tubes of isotropic turbulence

A class of exact solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations is introduced to model the fine-scale, tubular structures of isotropic turbulence. The model vortices exhibit slow algebraic fall-off of the induced velocity, and accurately reproduce the velocity signatures observed in DNS and experiments. The proposed model has interesting implications for the theoretical analysis of turbulence, supporting the view that the inertial range energy scaling may have a link with the near-singular velocity field induced by vortex tubes produced by the roll-up of vortex sheets.      

基于各向异性损伤本构模型的砌体结构抗震分析

进一步完善了应力张量的线性变换方法,并将其应用于砌体材料本构模型的开发。在整体式有限元模型中,因不区分砌块和砂浆而将其视为匀质的连续材料,难以用受拉和受压两个损伤变量准确描述灰缝的II型滑移破坏。为解决这一问题,提出应再引入一个针对II型滑移破坏的损伤变量。基于以上研究工作,对砌体结构的振动台试验进行了模拟。模拟结果进一步验证了本文提出的弹塑性损伤本构模型的有效性,以及在进行结构非线性分析方面的优越性。由于本文提出的本构模型能够较为真实地描述砌体墙的破坏模式,因此使用该模型进行结构非线性分析,除了能够获取结构的位移和应力等反应外,还能较为准确地实时提供结构中的损伤分布状态信息,找出结构的薄弱部位,并据此合理地设计结构或进行相应的结构修复。     

结构非概率鲁棒可靠性准则

通过反例指出Ben-Haim的鲁棒可靠性准则是错误的同时．利用集合数学理论中的凸集合间的偏序关系，给出了新的非概率凸模型理论的鲁棒可靠性准则。并用数值算例说明了所提出的结构非概率凸模型鲁棒可靠性理论的正确性和实用性。     

细胞结构的力学模型及模拟的最新进展

细胞是构成各种生命体组织和器官最重要的基本单元.向上,它构成各种生命体的组织和器官;向下,它本身又由各种不同的大小分子组成.因此,细胞构成了生命体从宏观到微观链条中极为重要的一环.细胞的结构有什么力学意义,力对细胞的影响究竟是作为一种纯粹的力还是某种信号一直是各国科学家探寻和争论的热点.本文简述了当前主要的细胞结构的力学模型,它们的优缺点以及更合理的模型所应满足的条件和有关最新进展,展示了这一领域目前研究的最新成就.      

没有复杂几何概念的单方向场壳体有限变形模型综述

基于Simo和Fox的工作, 介绍一种没有复杂几何概念的现代壳体有限变形理论. 在推导上, 使用三维连续介质理论, 运用现代力学的表示方法. 这个模型提供了非线性几何精确壳体理论的力学分析基础. 这种模型的一个优点是虽然将壳体仍然看作二维结构, 但是它没有复杂的微分几何概念, 如没有协变导数、Riemannian-Christoffel记号等. 另外,还介绍了壳体局部平衡的弱形式或变分表示, 这种表示特别适用于数值计算.      

柔性电子器件的应用、结构、力学及展望

新的结构布局在延展性要求极高的器件中具有很大的应用潜力, 而使用较成熟的刚性技术制成的器件很难达到延展性要求. 将柔性技术应用到刚性电路中产生具有相同性能且能拉伸、压缩和弯曲的柔性集成电路, 这在健康监测器和表皮电子系统等领域具有重要的应用. 优化柔性电路结构, 研究其力学性能能提高系统的延展性. 本文对这些系统的应用、柔性电路的结构布局、力学行为进行总结概述. 最后, 就柔性电子器件未来研究的方向提出几点观点.     

Theoretical models of vegetable drying by convection

The results of experiments are often used to model empirical phenomena. However, the term model is applied in various meanings. A model is usually treated as an abstract formal structure that can replace a material system considered as original, in respect to the aim of modeling. Certain formal structures may be treated as theoretical models of empirical phenomena. On the other hand, a material system can also be referred to as a model of an abstract system, e.g., a set of equations or a hypothesis. Such a material system, if it is a distinct empirical interpretation of the language of a given theory, is then called a real model. Both kinds of models are applied in drying technology, but the second one is more inventive. The mathematical structures are treated as empirical formulae or as theoretical models properly derived from true or legitimated promises of a given theory. The advantages of some mathematical theoretical models of drying processes versus empirical formulae are discussed. The creation of new mathematical theoretical models of convection drying kinetics of some shrinking solids is presented and analyzed. One of the above models was also hypothetically suggested for modeling the drying of cut vegetables in a fluidized-bed. Despite its initial acceptance due to peer empirical justification on cut carrots and celery, it still requires further theoretical analysis. Other models indicated here are theoretical models of vegetable drying in a tunnel drier. These models are created by deduction from laws of heat and mass transfer theory and its basic equations. XI Polish Drying Symposium, Poznań, Poland, 13–16 September 2005.     

Non-linear model updating of a three-dimensional portal frame based on Wiener series

The common metrics used in linear finite element (FE) model updating using vibration test data are generally functions of relationships based on unidimensional convolution, for example, distances involving natural frequencies, frequency response or impulse response functions, modal shapes, etc. When a structure has local elements or geometry, like joints, bolts, gaps, backlash, etc., these approaches can fail once it could to induce non-linear behavior. Thus, the methods for FE model updating, when considering the existence of localized non-linear parameters, have been receiving much attention in the last years. In this sense, the present paper proposes the use of a strategy through objective functions based on multiples convolutions described by the first order and second order discrete-time Volterra kernels. These kernels are effective metrics for a model updating into large FE model with local non-linearity. In order to improve the non-linear coefficient identification, an orthogonal basis involving Kautz filter is used to expand the kernels, called by Wiener kernel. To exemplify in full details the steps of the updating procedure, an FE model of a three-dimensional portal frame with commons non-linearities is simulated with different excitation forces and used to identify the non-linear parameters. These results allow us to characterize the practical applicability and the drawbacks of the proposed method with suggestions and remarks for further use in industrial structures.     

Computational and experimental study of annular photo-reactor hydrodynamics

The performance of ultraviolet (UV) reactors used for water treatment is greatly influenced by the reactor hydrodynamics due to the non-homogeneity of the radiation field. Reliable modeling of the reactor flow structures is therefore crucial for the design process. In this study, the turbulent flow through two characteristic annular UV-reactor configurations, with inlets concentric (L-shape) and normal (U-shape) to the reactor axis, was investigated through computational fluid dynamic (CFD). The modeling results were evaluated with the velocity profiles from particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments. The influence of mesh structure and density, as well as three turbulence models: Standard κ–, Realizable κ–, and Reynolds stress model (RSM), on the simulation results were evaluated. Mesh-independent solutions were achieved at mean cell volumes of 5 × 10⁻⁹ m³. The Realizable κ– displayed the best overall match to the experimental PIV measurements. In general, the CFD models showed a close agreement with the experimental data for the majority of the reactor domain and captured the influences of reactor configuration and internal reactor structures on the flow distribution. The validated CFD hydrodynamic models could be integrated with kinetic and radiation distribution models for UV-reactor performance simulation.     

A unified framework for modeling hysteresis in ferroic materials

This paper addresses the development of a unified framework for quantifying hysteresis and constitutive nonlinearities inherent to ferroelectric, ferromagnetic and ferroelastic materials. Because the mechanisms which produce hysteresis vary substantially at the microscopic level, it is more natural to initiate model development at the mesoscopic, or lattice, level where the materials share common energy properties along with analogous domain structures. In the first step of the model development, Helmholtz and Gibbs energy relations are combined with Boltzmann theory to construct mesoscopic models which quantify the local average polarization, magnetization and strains in ferroelectric, ferromagnetic and ferroelastic materials. In the second step of the development, stochastic homogenization techniques are invoked to construct unified macroscopic models for nonhomogeneous, polycrystalline compounds exhibiting nonuniform effective fields. The combination of energy analysis and homogenization techniques produces low-order models in which a number of parameters can be correlated with physical attributes of measured data. Furthermore, the development of a unified modeling framework applicable to a broad range of ferroic compounds facilitates material characterization, transducer development, and model-based control design. Attributes of the models are illustrated through comparison with piezoceramic, magnetostrictive and shape memory alloy data and prediction of material behavior.     

Harmonic model of graphene based on a tight binding interatomic potential

Like in many other materials, the presence of topological defects in graphene has been demonstrated to modify its behavior, thus enhancing features aimed at several technological applications, more specifically, its electronic and transport properties. In particular, pristine defect-free graphene has been shown to be of limited use for semiconductor-based electronics, whereas the presence of individual or cluster defect rings along grain boundaries hinders electron transport and introduce a transport gap, unveiling the possibility of novel electronic device applications based on the structural engineering of graphene-based materials. In this work, we present an atomic bondwise force-constant model from the tight binding potential by Xu et al. (1992), that accounts for the electron-mechanical coupling effects in graphene. First we verify that this computational scheme is capable of accurately predicting the defect energies and core structures of dislocation dipoles based on the theory of discrete dislocations of Ariza and Ortiz (2005). In order to demonstrate our ability to characterize the effect of patterned distributions of structural defects on the electronic structure of graphene, we present the electronic band structures and density of states curves of several defective graphene sheets.     

结构静力位移的非概率凸集合理论模型的摄动数值算法

将非概率凸集合理模型与有限元摄动理论相结合提出求解有界不确定参数结构静力位移所在集合上下界的摄动数值算法。由于不需计算导数，故所提出的方法不仅可以拓广非概率凸集合理论模型的适用范围，而且可以提高计算效率。     

A model of fracture in reinforced concrete arches based on lumped damage mechanics

A simplified model of cracking and damage in RC circular elements is proposed. The model can be used for the structural assessment of arches and rings. The constitutive equations are based on lumped damage mechanics which is an adaptation of fracture and continuum damage mechanics to the theory of frames with plastic hinges. An arch element is assumed to be the assemblage of an elastic circular component and two inelastic hinges where the main inelastic effects, plastic yielding of the longitudinal reinforcement and concrete cracking, are concentrated. Deformations in the elastic part are assumed to be small but the model may include some geometrically nonlinear effects due to large displacements or rotations of the hinges. The numerical examples presented in the paper show that the model describes correctly the global behavior of two structures including the softening phase.     

Dynamics of finite element structural models with multiple unilateral constraints

Fast and accurate simulation of mechanical structures with complex geometry requires application of the finite element method. This leads frequently to models with a relatively large number of degrees of freedom, which may also possess non-linear properties. Things become more complicated for systems involving unilateral contact and friction. In classical structural dynamics approaches, such constraints are usually modeled by special contact elements. The characteristics of these elements must be selected in a delicate way, but even so the success of these methods cannot be guaranteed. This study presents a numerical methodology, which is suitable for determining dynamic response of large scale finite element models of mechanical systems with multiple unilateral constraints. The method developed is based on a proper combination of results from two classes of direct integration methodologies. The first one includes standard methods employed in determining dynamic response of structural models possessing smooth non-linearities. The second class of methods includes specialized methodologies that simulate the response of dynamical systems with unilateral constraints. The validity and effectiveness of the methodology developed is illustrated by numerical results.     

Application of Reynolds stress transport turbulence closure models to flows affected by Lorentz and buoyancy forces

The effect of magnetic field strength and orientation on two types of electromagnetically influenced turbulent flows was studied numerically under the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) framework. Previous work (Wilson et al., 2014) used an electromagnetically extended linear eddy-viscosity model, whilst the current paper focuses on the performance of a more advanced Reynolds stress transport type model both with and without electromagnetic modifications proposed by Kenjereš et al. (2004). First, a fully-developed 2D channel flow is considered with a magnetic field imposed in either the wall-normal or streamwise direction. Both forms of the RSM gave good agreement with the DNS data for the wall-normal magnetic field across the range of Hartmann numbers with the additional electromagnetic terms providing a small, but noticeable, difference. For the streamwise magnetic field, where electromagnetic influence is only through the turbulence, the electromagnetically extended RSM performed well at moderate Hartmann numbers but returned laminar flow at the highest Hartmann number considered, contrary to the DNS. The RSM results were, however, significantly better than the previous eddy-viscosity model predictions. The second case is that of unsteady 3D Rayleigh–Bénard convection with a magnetic field imposed in either a horizontal or vertical direction. Results revealed that a significant reorganization of the flow structures is predicted to occur. For a vertically oriented magnetic field, the plume structures increase in number and become thinner and elongated along the magnetic field lines, leading to an increase in thermal mixing within the core in agreement with Hanjalić and Kenjereš (2000). With a horizontal magnetic field, the structures become two-dimensional and a striking realignment of the roll cells’ axes with the magnetic field lines occurs. The results demonstrate the capability of the Reynolds stress transport approach in modelling MHD flows that are relevant to industry and offer potential for those wishing to control levels of turbulence, heat transfer or concentration without recourse to mechanical means.     

基于高斯过程分类的结构贝叶斯可靠性分析

贝叶斯可靠性方法是处理不完备信息条件下结构可靠性问题的有效途径之一。在实际应用中,由于可靠性分析的计算量较大,常须采用各种近似替代模型以提高计算效率。传统的替代模型方法是对结构的功能函数予以近似建模。这种方法不易定量考虑模型误差对可靠性分析的影响,且难以应用于诸如功能函数不连续和失效域不连通等情况。为此,本文提出一种基于高斯过程分类的替代模型,直接辨识结构的极限状态曲面,并将其应用于结构贝叶斯可靠性分析之中。分析了替代模型不确定性对可靠性预测结果的影响,给出了失效概率分布参数的方差算式,进而提出了改善模型精度的补充采样准则。通过算例验证了方法的适用性和有被性．