Review of the trigger systems of the ATLAS and CMS detectors at the LHC

The characteristics and principles of multilevel trigger systems of the ATLAS and CMS detectors are considered. Calorimeter algorithms for particle identification are described. The parameters of the trigger chambers used for muon track identification are presented. Methods for designing custom processors based on custom integrated circuits and programmable arrays are described. The parameters of the trigger systems of the ATLAS and CMS detectors are compared.     

光子晶体理论应用于光纤布拉格光栅的研究

将光纤布拉格光栅近似为一维光子晶体，研究光栅的能带结构和光学传输特性。利用平面波展开法对光子晶体进行理论研究，将研究方法移植到光纤布拉格光栅上，并对其进行数值分析，得到光栅的传输特性。研究表明，光栅反射谱有多个反射峰，峰值中心频率是基频的整数倍，而且峰值处存在光子带隙，反射峰带宽对应光子带隙宽度，中心频率和带宽随光栅长度、高介电常量材料占空比、调制深度而变化。结果与传统的耦合模理论一致。     

The ageing of the blood supply and the lymphatic drainage of the skin

The anatomy and functions of the blood and lymph vessels of human skin are described. Variation in these due to site, ageing and events during life consequent to exposure to a threatening environment are emphasised. Gradual atrophy and greater heterogeneity are features of ageing. Responses to injury and repair are complex and the interaction of mechanical signals distorting skin cells with numerous chemical signals are referred to. The lymphatics are part of an immunosurveillance system to monitor skin barrier penetration. The review attempts to draw attention to key recent advances in our understanding of the cytokine and growth factor production of the skin in the context of previous mainly physiological reviews especially influenced by 50 years of clinical practice as a dermatologist with an eye on both the skin and the fields of microcirculation and lymphology.     

非简谐振动对石墨烯杨氏模量与声子频率的影响

在哈里森键联轨道法框架下, 考虑到原子的短程相互作用和原子的非简谐振动, 应用固体物理理论和方法, 得到了石墨烯的力常数、杨氏模量、扭曲模量、泊松系数以及声子频率随温度的变化关系, 探讨了非简谐振动对它们的影响. 结果表明: 1)杨氏模量与声子频率等随温度变化并遵从一定的规律, 其中力常数、杨氏模量、扭曲模量随温度升高而增大, 但变化较小; 声子频率随温度升高而增大但变化较快; 泊松系数随温度升高而较快地减小; 2)石墨烯原子具有沿键长方向的纵振动和垂直键长方向的横振动, 但以纵振动为主, 纵振动的非简谐效应远大于横振动, 横振动的简谐系数ε₀' 和第二非谐系数ε₂' 均小于纵振动的相应值ε₀,ε₂; 比值为ε₀/ε₀' ≈ 8.477,ε₂/ε₂' ≈ 156; 3)若不考虑非简谐振动项, 则石墨烯的力常数、杨氏模量和扭曲模量、泊松系数、声子频率均为常量, 与实验不符合; 同时考虑到原子的第一、二非简谐振动项后, 它们均随温度升高而变化, 而且温度愈高, 原子振动的非简谐效应愈显著. 本文的结果与文献的实验结果符合较好.     

分光计中望远镜调节方法总结

分析了分光计中望远镜调节原理,归纳与总结了望远镜光轴、载物台都垂直于分光计中心轴的多种调节方法,有利于实验教学。     

关于"太阳在银河系中所受引力与到银心距离r的关系"的讨论

讨论了银道面内的引力场强分布和太阳在银河系中所受引力与到银心距离r的关系，指出引力场强g并不是与r的平方成反比，这是由于银河系的大小和形状不能忽略造成的．强调了万有引力定律的适用条件．     

Calculation of the photoionization cross sections for the ions of the rubidium isoelectronic sequence by the Dirac-Fock method

The photoionization cross sections for the ground and some excited states of 11 ions of the rubidium isoelectronic sequence from Rb through Ag¹⁰⁺ are calculated by the relativistic Dirac-Fock self-consistent field method. The energy dependence of the photoionization cross sections and the changes in the threshold values along the isoelectronic sequence are considered. The influence of the exchange effect and the choice of gauge on the calculated values of photoionization cross sections is examined. For practical use, the calculated cross sections are approximated by an analytical expression. Along with the total photoionization cross sections, the asymmetry parameter in the angular distribution of photoelectrons and the degree of their polarization are also calculated.     

On the relation between the fractional Brownian motion and the fractional derivatives

The definition and simulation of fractional Brownian motion are considered from the point of view of a set of coherent fractional derivative definitions. To do it, two sets of fractional derivatives are considered: (a) the forward and backward and (b) the central derivatives, together with two representations: generalised difference and integral. It is shown that for these derivatives the corresponding autocorrelation functions have the same representations. The obtained results are used to define a fractional noise and, from it, the fractional Brownian motion. This is studied. The simulation problem is also considered.     

Effect of the electron-exciton and the electron-vibronic interactions in the absorption spectra of TCNQ salts

The energies and the relative intensities of the lines of the optical absorption spectra of a certain class of TCNQ salts are calculated within a strong coupling approximation. The unpaired electrons are supposed to interact strongly with the intramolecular excitons and with several modes of intramolecular vibrations. The agreement of the theory and experiment is satisfactory. The ways of possible improvements of the theory and the interpretation of the experimental data are discussed.     

The effect of the homogeneous broadening on the propagation of the light pulses

The propagation of resonant pulses in a two-level homogeneously broadened atomic medium is analyzed. The pulses with the duration comparable with the atomic coherence relaxation time are considered. The effects of the long pulse area stabilization and destabilization are reported. The numerical simulation is performed.     

The Post-Newtonian Effects of the Rotation of the Central Body on the Motion of the Celestial Body in Three Gravitational Theories

The post-Newtonian effects of the rotation of the central body on the variation of celestial orbital elements are studied according to the post-Newtonian metric theory. The variation of celestial orbital elements caused by the rotation of the central body in three gravitational theories of Einstein, Brans-Dicke and Nordtvedt is obtained by using the method of general perturbation. The resulting effects are the periodic variation of inclination, eccentricity and mean anomaly; the periodic and secular variation of longitudes of periastron and ascending node and mean longitudes of epoch, but the semimajor axis remains unperturbed (no variation). In addition, the obtained theoretical results are applied to the calculation of the post-Newtonian effect of the rotation of the sun on the variation of the orbital elements of planets in solar system. The numerical results are given in nble 1. Finally, the obtained results are discussed and compared with other theories.     

The main periodicities of the motion of the center of the sun relative to the center of mass of the solar system and solar activity

The dynamic parameters of the motion of the Sun relative to the center of mass of the Solar System, viz., the distance of the center of the Sun relative to the center of mass and the angular momentum of the Sun, as well as its changes, are investigated. The frequency spectra of these parameters and of the Wolf numbers are calculated and the main spectral components are revealed. It is shown that a periodicity of 178.8 years is not predominant in the dynamic parameters of the motion of the Sun; in this frequency range a periodicity of 169 years connected with the influence of Neptune predominates. The coincidence of the periodicities in the Wolf numbers and dynamic parameters of the motion of the Sun is shown. The causes of all components of the frequency spectrum are indicated.     

Deuteron break-up in the field of the nucleus

The break-up of deuterons in Coulomb and nuclear fields is calculated in the framework of a distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA). The matrix element in the post-interaction formulation is evaluated using a partial-wave decomposition. The results are in very good agreement with recent experiments, but only if nuclear forces are included. In addition, other theoretical models for the disintegration of deuterons are reviewed critically.     

Calculation of the spreading widths of the deep-lying hole states in the odd tin isotopes

The experimentally observed deep-lying hole states in (d, t) reactions on the even Sn isotopes are described in terms of a quasiparticle-phonon formalism. The fragmentation of the hole strength is calculated and subsequently the fragments are spread over the many underlying non-collective states in a statistical way. The results of the calculations are in qualitative agreement with experiment, in that the calculated structures are most pronounced for the lighter Sn isotopes. The fact that only a relatively small fraction of the total sum rule strength is exhausted experimentally in the gross structure peak cannot be explained by this Calculation.     

Statistical properties in the chaotic regime of the Maxwell-Bloch equations

The statistical properties of the electric field solution of the Maxwell-Bloch equations describing a single mode, homogeneously broadened laser in the mean field limit are investigated in the strange attractor regime. The electric field distribution sis calculated and it is found that the low order intensity moments are somewhat higher than those for thermal-chaotic light whilst the higher order moments are substantially lower. The field and intensity correlation functions are also calculated and found to exhibit radically different behaviour. The results are interpreted in terms of iterative map which is dederived using multiple time-scale perturbation theory. It is shown that a simple random phasor model is compatible with the numerical data.     

亚微米光栅的制作和零级衍射效率滤波特性的验证

从亚微米光栅的特点出发,分析了应用于防伪技术领域的亚微米光栅的各项关键制作技术和特点,制作了具有零级衍射效率滤波特性和用于光变色防伪的亚微米光栅,光栅零级衍射效率滤波特性的测量结果与使用耦合波理论计算得到的结果是完全一致的。由此可以根据防伪技术所需要的滤波特性设计亚微米光栅的参数。     

Investigation of the structural elements of a fullerene within the static-fluctuation approximation of the Hubbard model

The anticommutator Green’s functions, correlation functions, and ground-state energies for closed atomic structures that consist of five or six atoms and are structural elements of a fullerene are calculated within the static-fluctuation approximation of the Hubbard model. The results of the calculations are analyzed and compared with the data available in the literature.     

内爆加载下果冻内外界面不稳定性数值计算

 采用可压缩多介质流体高精度PPM方法对实验模型进行数值计算,针对果冻内外界面10模峰对峰、峰对谷振幅为1 mm扰动模型,给出了与实验相对应时刻的数值计算结果,并对果冻内外界面位置、速度和加速度历史进行了详细分析。计算结果再现了复杂的实验现象,基本物理现象与实验图像以及计算结果和实验数据均相吻合。