Spaces of compact operators and their dual spaces

Theω′-topology on the spaceL(X, Y) of bounded linear operators from the Banach spaceX into the Banach spaceY is discussed in [10]. Let ℒ^w' (X, Y) denote the space of allT∈L(X, Y) for which there exists a sequence of compact linear operators (T _n)⊂K(X, Y) such thatT=ω′−lim_nT_n and let . We show that is a Banach ideal of operators and that the continuous dual spaceK(X, Y)* is complemented in . This results in necessary and sufficient conditions forK(X, Y) to be reflexive, whereby the spacesX andY need not satisfy the approximation property. Similar results follow whenX andY are locally convex spaces. Financial support from the Potchefstroom University and Maseno University is greatly acknowledged. Financial support from the NRF and Potchefstroom University is greatly acknowledged.     

L 1 (μ, X) as a constrained subspace of its bidual

In this note we consider the property of being constrained in the bidual, for the space of Bochner integrable functions. For a Banach spaceX having the Radon-Nikodym property and constrained in its bidual and forY ⊂ X, under a natural assumption onY, we show thatL ¹ (μ, X/Y) is constrained in its bidual andL ¹ (μ, Y) is a proximinal subspace ofL ¹(μ, X). As an application of these results, we show that, ifL ¹(μ, X) admits generalized centers for finite sets and ifY ⊂ X is reflexive, thenL ¹ μ, X/Y) also admits generalized centers for finite sets.     

Metrizability and Coconnectedness

Solving the problem stated in Sichler and Trnková, Topol. Its Appl., 142: 159–179, 2004, we construct metrics μ, ν on a set P such that the spaces X=(P,μ) and Y=(P,ν) have the same monoid of all continuous selfmaps, the space Y is coconnected (in the sense that every continuous map Y×Y→Y depends on at most one coordinate) while X is not. Also, properties of the forgetful functors Metr → Unif → Top are investigated for the “simultaneous variant” of the above problem. Supported by the Grant Agency of Czech Republic under grant 201/06/0664 and by the project of Ministry of Education of Czech Republic MSM 0021620839.     

Stability of <Emphasis Type="Italic">C</Emphasis>-regularized Semigroups

Let T = (T(t))t≥0 be a bounded C-regularized semigroup generated by A on a Banach space X and R(C) be dense in X. We show that if there is a dense subspace Y of X such that for every x ∈ Y, σu(A, Cx), the set of all points λ ∈ iR to which (λ - A)^-1 Cx can not be extended holomorphically, is at most countable and σr(A) N iR = Ф, then T is stable. A stability result for the case of R(C) being non-dense is also given. Our results generalize the work on the stability of strongly continuous senfigroups.     

Topological direct sum decompositions of banach spaces

LetY andZ be two closed subspaces of a Banach spaceX such thatY≠lcub;0rcub; andY+Z=X. Then, ifZ is weakly countably determined, there exists a continuous projectionT inX such that ∥T∥=1,T(X)⊃Y, T ⁻¹(0)⊂Z and densT(X)=densY. It follows that every Banach spaceX is the topological direct sum of two subspacesX ₁ andX ₂ such thatX ₁ is reflexive and densX ₂**=densX**/X.     

On the Exel Crossed Product of Topological Covering Maps

For dynamical systems defined by a covering map of a compact Hausdorff space and the corresponding transfer operator, the associated crossed product C ^*-algebras C(X)⋊ _α,ℒℕ introduced by Exel and Vershik are considered. An important property for homeomorphism dynamical systems is topological freeness. It can be extended in a natural way to in general non-invertible dynamical systems generated by covering maps. In this article, it is shown that the following four properties are equivalent: the dynamical system generated by a covering map is topologically free; the canonical embedding of C(X) into C(X)⋊ _α,ℒℕ is a maximal abelian C ^*-subalgebra of C(X)⋊ _α,ℒℕ; any nontrivial two sided ideal of C(X)⋊ _α,ℒℕ has non-zero intersection with the embedded copy of C(X); a certain natural representation of C(X)⋊ _α,ℒℕ is faithful. This result is a generalization to non-invertible dynamics of the corresponding results for crossed product C ^*-algebras of homeomorphism dynamical systems.     

Duality results for perturbation classes of semi-Fredholm operators

The perturbation classes problem for semi-Fredholm operators asks when the equalities SS(X,Y)=PF₊(X,Y){\mathcal{SS}(X,Y)=P\Phi_+(X,Y)} and SC(X,Y)=PF_-(X,Y){\mathcal{SC}(X,Y)=P\Phi_-(X,Y)} are satisfied, where SS{\mathcal{SS}} and SC{\mathcal{SC}} denote the strictly singular and the strictly cosingular operators, and PΦ₊ and PΦ₋ denote the perturbation classes for upper semi-Fredholm and lower semi-Fredholm operators. We show that, when Y is a reflexive Banach space, SS(Y^*,X^*)=PF₊(Y^*,X^*){\mathcal{SS}(Y^*,X^*)=P\Phi_+(Y^*,X^*)} if and only if SC(X,Y)=PF_-(X,Y),{\mathcal{SC}(X,Y)=P\Phi_-(X,Y),} and SC(Y^*,X^*)=PF_-(Y^*,X^*){\mathcal{SC}(Y^*,X^*)=P\Phi_-(Y^*,X^*)} if and only if SS(X,Y)=PF₊(X,Y){\mathcal{SS}(X,Y)=P\Phi_+(X,Y)}. Moreover we give examples showing that both direct implications fail in general.     

Some approximation properties of Banach spaces and Banach lattices

The notion of the bounded approximation property = BAP (resp. the uniform approximation property = UAP) of a pair [Banach space, its subspace] is used to prove that if X is a ℒ _∞-space, Y a subspace with the BAP (resp. UAP), then the quotient X/Y has the BAP (resp. UAP). If Q: X → Z is a surjection, X is a ℒ ₁-space and Z is a ℒ _p -space (1 ≤ p ≤ ∞), then ker Q has the UAP. A complemented subspace of a weakly sequentially complete Banach lattice has the separable complementation property = SCP. A criterion for a space with GL-l.u.st. to have the SCP is given. Spaces which are quotients of weakly sequentially complete lattices and are uncomplemented in their second duals are studied. Examples are given of spaces with the SCP which have subspaces that fail the SCP. The results are applied to spaces of measures on a compact Abelian group orthogonal to a fixed Sidon set and to Sobolev spaces of functions of bounded variation on ℝ ⁿ .     

Order reduction for a system of stochastic differential equations with a small parameter in the coefficient of the leading derivative. Estimate for the rate of convergence

We establish an estimate for the rate of convergence of a solution of an ordinary stochastic differential equation of order p ≥ 2 with a small parameter in the coefficient of the leading derivative to a solution of a stochastic equation of order p − 1 in the metric ρ(X, Y) = (sup_0≤t≤T M|X(t) − Y(t)|²)^1/2 __________ Translated from Ukrains’kyi Matematychnyi Zhurnal, Vol. 58, No. 12, pp. 1587–1601, December, 2006.     

A full-invariant theorem and some applications

Let (X,τ₁) and (Y,τ₂) be two Hausdorff locally convex spaces with continuous duals X′ and Y′, respectively, L(X,Y) be the space of all continuous linear operators from X into Y, K(X,Y) be the space of all compact operators of L(X,Y). Let WOT and UOT be the weak operator topology and uniform operator topology on K(X,Y), respectively. In this paper, we characterize a full-invariant property of K(X,Y); that is, if the sequence space λ has the signed-weak gliding hump property, then each λ-multiplier WOT-convergent series ∑_iT_i in K(X,Y) must be λ-multiplier convergent with respect to all topologies between WOT and UOT if and only if each continuous linear operator T :(X,τ₁)→(λ^β,σ(λ^β,λ)) is compact. It follows from this result that the converse of Kalton's Orlicz–Pettis theorem is also true.     

Additive inequalities for intermediate derivatives of differentiable mappings of Banach spaces

Suppose thatX andY are real Banach spaces,U ⊂X is an open bounded set star-shaped with respect to some point,n, k ∈ ℕ,k <n, andMn, k (U,Y) is the sharp constant in the Markov type inequality for derivatives of polynomial mappings. It is proved that for anyM ≥M _n,k (U, Y) there exists a constantB > 0 such that for any functionf ∈C ⁿ (U, Y) the following inequality holds:

Complemented copies of ℓ<Subscript>p</Subscript> spaces in tensor products

We give sufficient conditions on Banach spaces X and Y so that their projective tensor product X ⊗_π Y, their injective tensor product X ⊗_ɛ Y, or the dual (X ⊗_π Y)^* contain complemented copies of ℓ_p.     

Some cardinal invariants on the space

Let C_α(X,Y) be the set of all continuous functions from X to Y endowed with the set-open topology where α is a hereditarily closed, compact network on X such that closed under finite unions. We define two properties (E1) and (E2) on the triple (α,X,Y) which yield new equalities and inequalities between some cardinal invariants on C_α(X,Y) and some cardinal invariants on the spaces X, Y such as: Theorem If Y is an equiconnected space with a base consisting of φ-convex sets, then for each fC(X,Y), χ(f,C_α(X,Y))=αa(X).w_e(f(X)).Corollary Let Y be a noncompact metric space and let the triple (α,X,Y) satisfy (E1). The following are equivalent:

(i) C_α(X,Y) is a first-countable space.

(ii) π-character of the space C_α(X,Y) is countable.

(iii) C_α(X,Y) is of pointwise countable type.

(iv) There exists a compact subset K of C_α(X,Y) such that π-character of K in the space C_α(X,Y) is countable.

(v) αa(X)₀.

(vi) C_α(X,Y) is metrizable.

(vii) C_α(X,Y) is a q-space.

(viii) There exists a sequence of nonempty open subset of C_α(X,Y) such that each sequence with g_nO_n for each nω, has a cluster point in C_α(X,Y).

Support functions of convex compacta

The properties of the space (X_x) of all sublinear functionals, defined on a space X' (topologically adjoint to a Hausdorff locally convex barrelled space X) and continuous in the Arens topology × (X, X), equipped with topology of uniform convergence on bounded subsets of X are studied. It is shown that completeness and separability of a space X are hereditary for (X_x). Criteria for the compactness of subsets of (X_x) and conditions for the metrizability of compacta in (X_x) are given. The topological isomorphism between (X_x) and the space of all nonempty convex compacta in X with the Vietoris topology is established. The results obtained here are applied for the study of the properties of multiple-valued integrals.Translated from Matematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 203–213, August, 1977.The author thanks S. S. Kutateladze for useful discussions regarding this article.     

Maximal and minimal congruences on some semigroups

In 2006, Sanwong and Sullivan described the maximal congruences on the semigroup N consisting of all non-negative integers under standard multiplication, and on the semigroup T（X） consisting of all total transformations of an infinite set X under composition. Here, we determine all maximal congruences on the semigroup Zn under multiplication modulo n. And, when Y lohtain in X, we do the same for the semigroup T（X, Y） consisting of all elements of T（X） whose range is contained in Y. We also characterise the minimal congruences on T（X. Y）.     

A generalization of Hardy spaces <Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis><Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis></Superscript> by using atoms

Let X = （X, d,μ） The purpose of this paper is to be a space of homogeneous type in the sense of Coifman and Weiss. generalize the definition of Hardy space H^P（X） and prove that the generalized Hardy spaces have the same property as H^P（X）. Our definition includes a kind of Hardy- Orlicz spaces and a kind of Hardy spaces with variable exponent. The results are new even for the R^n case. Let （X, δ, μ） be the normalized space of （X, d, μ） in the sense of Macias and Segovia. We also study the relations of our function spaces for （X, d, μ） and （X, δ,μ）.     

Finite quasihypermetric spaces

Let (X, d) be a compact metric space and let (X) denote the space of all finite signed Borel measures on X. Define I: (X) → ℝ by I(μ) = ∫ _X ∫ _X d(x, y)dμ(x)dμ(y), and set M(X) = sup I(μ), where μ ranges over the collection of measures in (X) of total mass 1. The space (X, d) is quasihypermetric if I(μ) ≦ 0 for all measures μ in (X) of total mass 0 and is strictly quasihypermetric if in addition the equality I(μ) = 0 holds amongst measures μ of mass 0 only for the zero measure. This paper explores the constant M(X) and other geometric aspects of X in the case when the space X is finite, focusing first on the significance of the maximal strictly quasihypermetric subspaces of a given finite quasihypermetric space and second on the class of finite metric spaces which are L ¹-embeddable. While most of the results are for finite spaces, several apply also in the general compact case. The analysis builds upon earlier more general work of the authors [11] [13].      

On linear selections of convex set-valued maps

We study continuous subadditive set-valued maps taking points of a linear space X to convex compact subsets of a linear space Y. The subadditivity means that φ(x ₁ + x ₂) ⊂ φ(x ₁) + φ(x ₂). We characterize all pairs of locally convex spaces (X, Y) for which any such map has a linear selection, i.e., there exists a linear operator A: X → Y such that Ax ∈ φ(x), x ∈ X. The existence of linear selections for a class of subadditive maps generated by differences of a continuous function is proved. This result is applied to the Lipschitz stability problem for linear operators in Banach spaces.     

2-Summing operators on C([0, 1], lp) with values in l1

Let Ω be a compact Hausdorff space, X a Banach space, C(Ω, X) the Banach space of continuous X-valued functions on Ω under the uniform norm, U: C(Ω, X) → Y a bounded linear operator and U ^#, U _# two natural operators associated to U. For each 1 ≤ s < ∞, let the conditions (α) U ∈ Π _s (C(Ω, X), Y); (β)U ^# ∈ Π _s (C(Ω), Π _s (X, Y)); (γ) U _# ε Π _s (X, Π _s (C(Ω), Y)). A general result, [10, 13], asserts that (α) implies (β) and (γ). In this paper, in case s = 2, we give necessary and sufficient conditions that natural operators on C([0, 1], l _p ) with values in l ₁ satisfies (α), (β) and (γ), which show that the above implication is the best possible result.