Experimental entangled entanglement

All previous tests of local realism have studied correlations between single-particle measurements. In the present experiment, we have performed a Bell experiment on three particles in which one of the measurements corresponds to a projection onto a maximally entangled state. We show theoretically and experimentally that correlations between these entangled measurements and single-particle measurements are too strong for any local-realistic theory and are experimentally exploited to violate a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt-Bell inequality by more than 5 standard deviations. We refer to this possibility as "entangled entanglement."     

Multistage entanglement swapping

We report an experimental demonstration of entanglement swapping over two quantum stages. By successful realizations of two cascaded photonic entanglement swapping processes, entanglement is generated and distributed between two photons, that originate from independent sources and do not share any common past. In the experiment we use three pairs of polarization entangled photons and conduct two Bell-state measurements: one between the first and second pair, and one between the second and third pair. This results in projecting the remaining two outgoing photons from pair 1 and 3 into an entangled state, as characterized by an entanglement witness. The experiment represents an important step towards a full quantum repeater where multiple entanglement swapping is a key ingredient.     

Controlled Remote Implementation of an Arbitrary Single-Qubit Operation with Partially Entangled Quantum Channel

We present a scheme for controlled remote implementation of an arbitrary single-qubit operation by using partially entangled states as the quantum channel. The sender can remote implement an arbitrary single-qubit operation on the remote receiver’s quantum system via partially entangled states under the controller’s control. The success probability for controlled remote implementation of quantum operation can achieve 1 if the sender and the controller perform proper projective measurements on their entangled particles. Moreover, we also discuss the scheme for remote sharing the partially unknown operations via partially entangled quantum channel. It is shown that the quantum entanglement cost and classical communication can be reduced if the implemented operation belongs to the restrict sets.     

纠缠比特在不同噪声环境和信道下演化规律的实验研究

量子信息技术主要基于量子纠缠,量子纠缠源作为重要的相干叠加态,其相干性很容易受到环境的影响而变得非常脆弱,甚至导致量子信息处理的失败.因此,全面揭示不同噪声环境和不同噪声信道下量子纠缠源演化规律,进而探寻抑制退相干的方法就显得至关重要.本文以量子信息最基本的单元-两比特纠缠对作为研究对象,实验上利用线性光学系统模拟了比特翻转和相移噪声(集体和非集体),研究了纠缠源在不同噪声环境及单、双和混合噪声信道下保真度的变化规律.实验结果表明:对同一种噪声类型,当纠缠比特经过双通道噪声环境时,其纠缠特性破坏得快;当纠缠比特经过非集体环境时,其纠缠特性消失得快.对不同噪声类型比较,结果表明比特翻转噪声相对于相移噪声更容易破坏纠缠特性.所得结论对纠缠退相干的理论和实验研究具有重要的借鉴意义,同时对基于非线性光学系统的量子信息处理技术具有重要的应用价值.     

Quantum Communication with Continuous Variables

Many quantum communication schemes rely on the resource of entanglement. For example, quantum teleportation is the transfer of arbitrary quantum states through a classical communication channel using shared entanglement. Entanglement, however, is in general not easy to produce on demand. The bottom line of this work is that a particular kind of entanglement, namely that based on continuous quantum variables, can be created relatively easily. Only squeezers and beam splitters are required to entangle arbitrarily many electromagnetic modes. Similarly, other relevant operations in quantum communication protocols become feasible in the continuous‐variable setting. For instance, measurements in the maximally entangled basis of arbitrarily many modes can be accomplished via linear optics and efficient homodyne detections. In the first two chapters, some basics of quantum optics and quantum information theory are presented. These results are then needed in Chapter III, where we characterize continuous‐variable entanglement and show how to make it. The members of a family of multi‐mode states are found to be truly multi‐party entangled with respect to all their modes. These states also violate multi‐party inequalities imposed by local realism, as we demonstrate for some members of the family. Further, we discuss how to measure and verify multi‐party continuous‐variable entanglement. Various quantum communication protocols based on the continuous‐variable entangled states are discussed and developed in Chapter IV. These include the teleportation of entanglement (entanglement swapping) as a test for genuine quantum teleportation. It is shown how to optimize the performance of continuous‐variable entanglement swapping. We highlight the similarities and differences between continuous‐variable entanglement swapping and entanglement swapping with discrete variables. Chapter IV also contains a few remarks on quantum dense coding, quantum error correction, and entanglement distillation with continuous variables, and in addition a review of quantum cryptographic schemes based on continuous variables. Finally, in Chapter V, we consider a multi‐party generalization of quantum teleportation. This so‐called telecloning means that arbitrary quantum states are transferred not only to a single receiver, but to several. However, due to the quantum mechanical no‐cloning theorem, arbitrary quantum states cannot be perfectly copied. We present a protocol that enables telecloning of arbitrary coherent states with the optimal quality allowed by quantum theory. The entangled states needed in this scheme are again producible with squeezed light and beam splitters. Although the telecloning scheme may also be used for "local'' cloning of coherent states, we show that cloning coherent states locally can be achieved in an optimal fashion without entanglement. It only requires a phase‐insensitive amplifier and beam splitters.     

Long-distance quantum teleportation assisted with free-space entanglement distribution

Faithful long-distance quantum teleportation necessitates prior entanglement distribution between two communicated locations. The particle carrying on the unknown quantum information is then combined with one particle of the entangled states for Bell-state measurements, which leads to a transfer of the original quantum information onto the other particle of the entangled states. However in most of the implemented teleportation experiments nowadays, the Bell-state measurements are performed even before successful distribution of entanglement. This leads to an instant collapse of the quantum state for the transmitted particle, which is actually a single-particle transmission thereafter. Thus the true distance for quantum teleportation is, in fact, only in a level of meters. In the present experiment we design a novel scheme which has overcome this limit by utilizing fiber as quantum memory. A complete quantum teleportation is achieved upon successful entanglement distribution over 967 meters in public free space. Active feed-forward control techniques are developed for real-time transfer of quantum information. The overall experimental fidelities for teleported states are better than 89.6%, which signify high-quality teleportation.     

Generation of infrared entangled light in asymmetric semiconductor quantum wells

We proposed a scheme to achieve two-mode CV entanglement with the frequencies of entangled modes in the infrared range in an asymmetric semiconductor double-quantum-wells (DQW), where the required quantum coherence is obtained by inducing the corresponding intersubband transitions (ISBTs) with a classical field. By numerically simulating the dynamics of system, we show that the entanglement period can be prolonged via enhancing the intensity of classical field, and the generation of entanglement doesn't depend intensively on the initial condition of system in our scheme. Moreover, we also show that a bipartite entanglement amplifier can be realized in our scheme. The present research provides an efficient approach to achieve infrared entangled light in the semiconductor nanostructure, which may have significant impact on the progress of solid-state quantum information theory.     

Exact Entanglement Dynamics in Three Interacting Qubits

Motivated by recent experimental studies on coherent dynamics transfer in three interacting atoms or electron spins [Phys. Rev. Lett 114(2015) 113002, Phys. Rev. Lett 120(2018) 243604], here we study entanglement entropy transfer in three interacting qubits. We analytically calculate time evolutions of wave function, density matrix and entanglement of the system. We find that initially entangled two qubits may alternatively transfer their entanglement entropy to other two qubit pairs. Thus dynamical evolution of three interacting qubits may produce a genuine three-partite entangled state through entanglement entropy transfers. In particular, different pairwise interactions of the three qubits endow symmetric and asymmetric evolutions of the entanglement transfer,characterized by the quantum mutual information and concurrence. Finally, we discuss an experimental proposal of three Rydberg atoms for testing the entanglement dynamics transfer of this kind.     

Entanglement Fidelity as a Measure of Preservation of Entanglement in Local Noisy Process

A new formula of entanglement fidelity has been introduced, which can serve as a measure of the preservation of entanglement between two initially entangled subsystems exposed to local noisy environments. For a simple model we derive analytic expressions of concurrence and entanglement fidelity and draw the relationship between them. We find that such entanglement fidelity exhibits the behavior similar to that of the concurrence in quantum evolutions.     

连续变量无条件纠缠交换 --纠缠态的量子离物传送

利用自行设计的两台非简并光学参量放大器，获得了一对具有经典相干性且量子起伏相互独立的连续变量纠缠态光场，并用它完成了连续变量的无条件纠缠交换，即纠缠态的量子离物传送．通过联合贝尔态探测与纠缠塌缩，使两个初始不纠缠而又从未发生过直接相互作用的光场产生了量子纠缠，其正交振幅和位相分量的量子起伏关联方差被直接测量，其测量值分别低于散离噪声极限1．23dB和1．12dB．理论计算与实验结果基本符合．     

Extended entanglement to quantum networks

Connecting individual quantum systems through quantum channels leads to develop quantum networks crucial to perform multipartite communication or quantum cryptography. We present two techniques to generate entanglement among different parties at larger scale. In the first approach cavity QED technique is used to produce extended entanglement in atomic internal and external degrees of freedom. In this scheme we entangle two tagged atoms in their momentum state with cavity fields. Later, interaction of two auxiliary atoms with the two cavity fields in non-dispersive and dispersive fashion transforms the atoms–fields entanglement to atoms–atoms entanglement. Quantum measurement on auxiliary atoms generates extended entangled state in atomic degrees of freedom. In the second approach we take three cavities in which the two cavities have separate entangled state with third cavity in two modes which are distinguishable. Applying quantum measurement process on third cavity, we develop extended entangled state among the three cavities. We provide experimental parameters to realize the work in laboratory experiment.     

Entanglement dynamics for the double Tavis-Cummings model

A double Tavis-Cummings model (DTCM) is developed to simulate the entanglement dynamics of realistic quantum information processing where two entangled atom-pairs AB and CD are distributed in such a way that atoms AC are embedded in a cavity a while BD are located in another remote cavity b. The evolutions of different types of initially shared entanglement of atoms are studied under various initial states of cavity fields. The results obtained in the DTCM are compared with that obtained in the double Jaynes-Cummings model (DJCM) [M. Yönaç, T. Yu, J.H. Eberly, J. Phys. B 40, S45 (2007)] and an interaction strength theory is proposed to explain the parameter domain in which the so-called entanglement sudden death occurs for both the DTCM and DJCM.     

Entanglement switching via the Kondo effect in triple quantum dots

We consider a triple quantum dot system in a triangular geometry with one of the dots connected to metallic leads. Using Wilson’s numerical renormalization group method, we investigate quantum entanglement and its relation to the thermodynamic and transport properties in the regime where each of the dots is singly occupied on average, but with non-negligible charge fluctuations. It is shown that even in the regime of significant charge fluctuations the formation of the Kondo singlets induces switching between separable and perfectly entangled states. The quantum phase transition between unentangled and entangled states is analyzed quantitatively and the corresponding phase diagram is explained by exactly solvable spin model. In the framework of an effective model we also explain smearing of the entanglement transition for cases when the symmetry of the triple quantum dot system is relaxed.     

Quantum nonlocality does not imply entanglement distillability

Entanglement and nonlocality are both fundamental aspects of quantum theory, and play a prominent role in quantum information science. The exact relation between entanglement and nonlocality is, however, still poorly understood. Here we make progress in this direction by showing that, contrary to what previous work suggested, quantum nonlocality does not imply entanglement distillability. Specifically, we present analytically a 3-qubit entangled state that is separable along any bipartition. This implies that no bipartite entanglement can be distilled from this state, which is thus fully bound entangled. Then we show that this state nevertheless violates a Bell inequality. Our result also disproves the multipartite version of a long-standing conjecture made by Peres.     

Amplitude-Damping Decoherence Suppression of Two-Qubit Entangled States by Weak Measurements

Taming decoherence is a critical issue in quantum information science. We here investigate amplitude-damping decoherence suppression of two-qubit entangled states by weak quantum measurements. It is shown that the weak measurements can effectively suppress the decoherence for different initial entangled states. More interestingly, we show that the weak measurements have different effects on the entanglement protection for two entangled states which are equivalent under a local unitary operation. This result implies that the entanglement protection effect could be modulated according to different demands.     

Prequantum Classical Statistical Field Theory: Schrödinger Dynamics of Entangled Systems as a Classical Stochastic Process

The idea that quantum randomness can be reduced to randomness of classical fields (fluctuating at time and space scales which are essentially finer than scales approachable in modern quantum experiments) is rather old. Various models have been proposed, e.g., stochastic electrodynamics or the semiclassical model. Recently a new model, so called prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT), was developed. By this model a “quantum system” is just a label for (so to say “prequantum”) classical random field. Quantum averages can be represented as classical field averages. Correlations between observables on subsystems of a composite system can be as well represented as classical correlations. In particular, it can be done for entangled systems. Creation of such classical field representation demystifies quantum entanglement. In this paper we show that quantum dynamics (given by Schrödinger’s equation) of entangled systems can be represented as the stochastic dynamics of classical random fields. The “effect of entanglement” is produced by classical correlations which were present at the initial moment of time, cf. views of Albert Einstein.     

Bringing quantum mechanics to life: from Schrödinger’s cat to Schrödinger’s microbe

The question whether quantum mechanics is complete and the nature of the transition between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics have intrigued physicists for decades. There have been many experimental breakthroughs in creating larger and larger quantum superposition and entangled states since Erwin Schrödinger proposed his famous thought experiment of putting a cat in a superposition of both alive and dead states in 1935. Remarkably, recent developments in quantum optomechanics and electromechanics may lead to the realisation of quantum superposition of living microbes soon. Recent evidence also suggests that quantum coherence may play an important role in several biological processes. In this review, we first give a brief introduction to basic concepts in quantum mechanics and the Schrödinger’s cat thought experiment. We then review developments in creating quantum superposition and entangled states and the realisation of quantum teleportation. Non-trivial quantum effects in photosynthetic light harvesting and avian magnetoreception are also discussed. At last, we review recent proposals to realise quantum superposition, entanglement and state teleportation of micro-organisms, such as viruses and bacteria.     

Demonstration of Quantum Entanglement Control Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

With the two forms of the quantum entanglement control, the quantum entanglement swapping and preservation are demonstrated in a three-qubit nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer. The pseudopure state is prepared to represent the quantum entangled states through macroscopic signals. Entanglement swapping is directly realized by a swap operation. By controlling the interactions between the system and its environment,we can preserve an initial entangled state for a longer time. The experimental results are in agreement with the experiment.     

High degree of entanglement and nonlocality of a two-photon state generated at 532 nm

In the last years the attention of the scientific community on the generation of entangled states has constantly increased both for their importance in the foundation of quantum mechanics and for their application in the quantum computation and communication field. To these aims high quality of generated states is required. A standard procedure to produce entangled photons pairs is spontaneous down conversion process in nonlinear crystals. In this paper we report preparation of quantum entangled states using CW laser at 266 nm pumping the standard Kwiat’s source. We have been able to generate the full set of Bell’s states with very high purity, fidelity and Concurrence which have been estimated using standard tomography procedure. To proof the high degree of achieved entanglement, we performed a non-locality test obtaining a high violation of the CHSH inequality.     

Scheme for sharing classical information via tripartite entangled states

We investigate schemes for quantum secret sharing and quantum dense coding via tripartite entangled states. We present a scheme for sharing classical information via entanglement swapping using two tripartite entangled GHZ states. In order to throw light upon the security affairs of the quantum dense coding protocol, we also suggest a secure quantum dense coding scheme via W state by analogy with the theory of sharing information among involved users.