边界扫描测试在数字电路自动测试系统中的研究与应用[BT)]

边界扫描测试是当前数字电路模块故障隔离的主要手段,但测试能力受到模块可测试性设计限制,其它方面作用也被忽略。文中对数字电路自动测试系统设计提出了边界扫描测试应用技术,包括系统自检测试,模块功能测试和模块故障隔离。在系统自检测试中应用边界扫描,提高了设备自检故障隔离精度;而对于模块功能测试,边界扫描测试技术提供了一种新的选择;在故障隔离中扩展和延伸应用边界扫描技术,突破了模块自身测试性的限制,提高了边界扫描测试的故障覆盖率和故障隔离精度。通过实际测试验证表明,该设计方法稳定可靠,同时提升了测试系统自身和模块的测试能力和隔离精度。     

Effects of the use of personal music players on amplitude modulation detection and frequency discrimination

Measures of auditory performance were compared for an experimental group who listened regularly to music via personal music players (PMP) and a control group who did not. Absolute thresholds were similar for the two groups for frequencies up to 2 kHz, but the experimental group had slightly but significantly higher thresholds at higher frequencies. Thresholds for the frequency discrimination of pure tones were measured for a sensation level (SL) of 20 dB and center frequencies of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 kHz. Thresholds were significantly higher (worse) for the experimental than for the control group for frequencies from 3 to 8 kHz, but not for lower frequencies. Thresholds for detecting sinusoidal amplitude modulation (AM) were measured for SLs of 10 and 20 dB, using four carrier frequencies 0.5, 3, 4, and 6 kHz, and three modulation frequencies 4, 16, and 50 Hz. Thresholds were significantly lower (better) for the experimental than for the control group for the 4- and 6-kHz carriers, but not for the other carriers. It is concluded that listening to music via PMP can have subtle effects on frequency discrimination and AM detection.     

Normal modes and quality factors of spherical dielectric resonators: I — shielded dielectric sphere

Electromagnetic theoretic analysis of shielded homogeneous and isotropic dielectric spheres has been made. Characteristic equations for the TE and TM modes have been derived. Dielectric spheres of radii of the order of μm size are found suitable for the optical frequency region whereas for the microwave region radii of the order of mm size are found suitable. Parameters suitable for their application in the optical and microwave frequency ranges have been used to compute the frequencies corresponding to the normal modes for the TE and TM modes. Expressions for the quality factors for realistic resonators, i.e., for a dielectric sphere with a non-zero conductivity and a metal shield with a finite conductivity have also been derived for the TE and TM modes. Computations of the quality factors have been made for resonators with parameters suitable for the optical and the microwave regions.     

Optimisation of damping treatments based on big bang–big crunch and modal strain energy methods

A cost-effective methodology is needed in various applications in order to optimise damping treatments for structures. Although some methods appear to be applicable for structures with relatively simple geometries, it is still difficult to utilise them for general structures. This paper presents an efficient approach for optimisation of passive damping treatments that can be applied to general structures. First, an optimisation procedure based on big bang–big crunch optimisation method is introduced and its effectiveness for damping optimisation is evaluated. Then, a procedure based on modal strain energy method is presented for the prediction of modal damping levels for structures with damping treatments and its performance is assessed. After that, for validation purposes, the proposed optimisation methodology is used to maximise modal damping for a single mode of a structure whose optimised configurations are known for the individual modes. Finally, the performance of the proposed optimisation procedure is demonstrated for the maximisation of damping levels for multiple modes at the same time and the applicability of the approach for general structures with passive damping treatments is demonstrated.     

Thermodynamic design data for double effect absorption heat pump systems using water-lithium chloride—cooling

In this paper, thermodynamic design data are investigated for the water-lithium chloride pair and a comparative study of the water-LiCl pair with the water-LiBr pair is given, for double-effect absorption cooling systems used for the computer simulation. The computer simulation is based on mass, material and heat balance equations for each part of the system. Coefficients of performance and flow ratios for effects of different operating temperatures are investigated. It is found that the cooling COP is higher for the water-LiCl pair than for the water-LiBr pair, and FR is lower for the water-LiCl pair than for the water-LiBr pair.     

Structural and Thermodynamic Peculiarities of Core-Shell Particles at Fluid Interfaces from Triangular Lattice Models

A triangular lattice model for pattern formation by core-shell particles at fluid interfaces is introduced and studied for the particle to core diameter ratio equal to 3. Repulsion for overlapping shells and attraction at larger distances due to capillary forces are assumed. Ground states and thermodynamic properties are determined analytically and by Monte Carlo simulations for soft outer- and stiffer inner shells, with different decay rates of the interparticle repulsion. We find that thermodynamic properties are qualitatively the same for slow and for fast decay of the repulsive potential, but the ordered phases are stable for temperature ranges, depending strongly on the shape of the repulsive potential. More importantly, there are two types of patterns formed for fixed chemical potential—one for a slow and another one for a fast decay of the repulsion at small distances. In the first case, two different patterns—for example clusters or stripes—occur with the same probability for some range of the chemical potential. For a fixed concentration, an interface is formed between two ordered phases with the closest concentration, and the surface tension takes the same value for all stable interfaces. In the case of degeneracy, a stable interface cannot be formed for one out of four combinations of the coexisting phases, because of a larger surface tension. Our results show that by tuning the architecture of a thick polymeric shell, many different patterns can be obtained for a sufficiently low temperature.     

Increasing the performance of tritium analysis by electrolytic enrichment†

Several improvements are described for the existing tritium enrichment system at the Isotope Hydrology Laboratory of the International Atomic Energy Agency for processing natural water samples. The improvements include a simple method for pretreatment of electrolytic cells to ensure a high tritium separation factor, an improved design of the exhaust system for explosive gases, and a vacuum distillation line for faster initial preparation of water samples for electrolytic enrichment and for tritium analysis. Achievements included the reduction of variation of individual enrichment parameters of all cells to less than 1% and an improvement of 50% of the stability of the background mean. It resulted in an improved detection limit of less than 0.4 TU (at 2s), important for application of tritium measurements in the future at low concentration levels, and resulted in measurement precisions of±0.2 TU and±0.15 TU for liquid scintillation counting and for gas proportional counting, respectively.     

Numerical procedures for natural gas accurate thermodynamic properties calculation

Natural gas (NG) is a mixture of 21 elements and widely used in the industries and domestics. Knowledge of its thermodynamic properties is essential for designing appropriate process and equipments. In this study, the detailed numerical procedures for computing most thermodynamic properties of natural gas are discussed based on the AGA8 equation of state (EOS) and thermodynamics relationships. To validate the procedures, the numerical values are compared with available measured values. The validations show that the average absolute percent deviation (AAPD) for density calculations is 0.0831%, for heat capacity at the constant pressure is 0.87%, for heat capacity at the constant volume is 1.13%, for Joule-Thomson coefficient is 1.93%, for speed of sound is 0.133%, and for enthalpy is 1.06%. Furthermore, in this work, the new procedures are presented for computing the entropy and internal energy. Due to lack of experimental data for these properties, the validation is done for pure methane. The validation shows that AAPD is 0.078% and 0.0133% for internal energy and entropy, respectively.     

Search for chargino and neutralino production at \sqrt{s} = 181–184 GeV at LEP

A search for charginos and neutralinos, predicted by supersymmetric theories, has been performed using a data sample of 57 pb at centre-of-mass energies of 181–184 GeV taken with the OPAL detector at LEP. No evidence for chargino or neutralino production has been found. Upper limits on chargino and neutralino pair production (, ) cross-sections are obtained as a function of the chargino mass (), the lightest neutralino mass () and the second lightest neutralino mass (). For large chargino masses the limits have been improved with respect to the previous analyses at lower centre-of-mass energies. Exclusion regions at 95% confidence level (C.L.) of parameters of the Constrained Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model are determined for the case of a large universal scalar mass, , implying heavy scalar fermions, and for the case of a small resulting in light scalar fermions and giving the worst-case limits. Within this framework and for GeV the 95% C.L. lower limits on for GeV are 90.0 and 90.2 GeV for and 35 respectively. These limits for all (the worst-case) are 69.1 and 65.2 GeV for and 35 respectively. Exclusion regions are also presented for neutralino masses, including an absolute lower limit at 95% C.L. for the mass of the lightest neutralino of 30.1 GeV for GeV (24.2 GeV for all ), with implications for experimental searches for the lightest neutralino as a dark matter candidate. Received: 19 August 1998 / Published online: 11 March 1999     

Ground State and Single Vortex for Bose-Einstein Condensates in Anisotropic Traps

For Bose-Einstein condensation of neutral atoms in anisotropic traps at zero temperature, we present simple analytical methods for computing the properties of ground state and single vortex of Bose-Einstein condensates, and compare those results to extensive numerical simulations. The critical angular velocity for production of vortices is calculated for both positive and negative scattering lengths a, and find an analytical expression for the large-N limit of the vortex critical angular velocity for a 〉0, and the critical number for condensate population approaches the point of collapse for a 〈 0, by using approximate variational method.     

Magnetoreflection studies of graphite intercalation compounds

Magnetoreflection spectra are presented for the first time for donor graphite intercalation compounds and for acceptor compounds of low stage. Analysis of these spectra yields values for the K-point effective masses for the conduction and valence bands. Shifts in Fermi level are determined and a breakdown in selection rules for K-point transitions is reported.     

Application of the Scherer-Blume theory to the intermediate ionization regime

Blume's formula for the time-differential attenuation coefficients for the hyperfine perturbation of ions recoiling in gas is rewritten in a form convenient for numerical solution when the number of precession frequencies is large. Asymptotic expressions for the behaviour of the solutions for very short, and very long correlation time are given. Approximate condition for the existence of a minimum in the pressure dependence of the time differential coefficients, as well as the position and depth of such a minimum, are also derived, and compared with the results of calculations for various physical systems.Supported in part by the Israel Commission for Basic Research.     

Calculation of the luminescence of a finite volume with population inversion

Amplified luminescence is examined for a polished cylindrical rod. Nonlinear transport equations are used to examine the distribution of the emission along the rod and the mean density of the amplified luminescence. It is found that the probability of luminescence-induced transitions is of the same order as that for spontaneous transitions for a ruby rod. Calculations are presented for storage in a metastable level and for oscillation. Estimates are presented for the amplified luminescence from a cylinder with nonreflecting surfaces and also for a sphere.I am indebted to B. I. Stepanov for interest and valuable advice.     

Non-LTE spectral absorption coefficients for electronic band systems of diatomic molecules

Analytical expressions have been derived for the average non-LTE spectral absorption coefficients and the associated spontaneous spectral emission coefficients for electronic bands of anharmonic oscillators. Relatively simple differential expressions are provided for the important practical conditions under which the smeared-rotational-line approximation is applicable and for which individual rotational temperatures exist for the populations in each pair of the vibrational levels of interest. Further simplifications are given for the cases in which also vibrational temperatures exist for the populations of the two electronic states considered and in which the displacement of the band-heads from the band-centers can be neglected.     

Barnett kinetic coefficients in dense charged and neutral media

An approach based on the nonlinear response theory is proposed for determining nonlinear transport properties of nonideal multielement charged and neutral media. A version of this theory developed for describing these properties involves the comparison of phenomenological conservation equations for dense media in the Barnett approximation and microscopic equations for operators of dynamic variables. The Mori algorithm used for formulating the microscopic equations makes it possible to obtain these equations for non-ideal media in the form of generalized nonlinear Langevin equations. As a result, macroscopic expressions are derived for nonlinear kinetic coefficients in the second order in thermal perturbations (of temperature, mass velocity, etc.). The expressions for nonlinear and linearized Barnett kinetic coefficients are compared.     

Scattering matrix for Raman effect in cubic crystals

The scattering matrix for Raman effect in cubic crystals for any general orientation of the crystal and any angle of scattering is given. The averages of the matrix over all possible orientations is also given and checks with the well known value of 6/7 for the depolarisation of degenerate lines for transverse scattering. The scattering matrix for backward scattering in terms of polar angles and for some special cases are also given.     

Surface plasma waves in silver and gold

The dispersion curves for surface plasma waves (SPW) in Ag have been determined from calculated reflectivity minima as exhibited by attenuated total reflection (ATR spectra) for the prism-air-metal (PAM) configuration and from the direct calculation of the dispersion relation for the same configuration. The dispersion curves for Au have been determined by measuring the ATR spectra for the prism-dielectric-metal (PDM) configuration, by calculating the ATR spectra from published optical constants and from the direct calculation of the despersion relation for the PDM configuration. We have found two general types of solutions from the direct calculation of the dispersion relation for both configurations. The two solutions are the surface or Brewster modes and the virtual modes. The characteristics of both modes are discussed. The effect of electronic damping upon the dispersion curves for Ag which exhibits low electronic damping and Au which exhibits moderate electronic damping is demonstrated. Finally the perturbing effect of the dielectric (referred herein as dielectric shift) upon the displacement of the dispersion curves to higher wave number for the PAM configuration for Ag and for the PDM configuration for Au is shown.     

Tracing of interference fringes using average gray value and simultaneous row and column scan

An algorithm for computer tracing of interference fringes is reported. The method uses the average gray-level value for thresholding, row and column scans for determining the type of the scan and simultaneous row and column scan for tracing. The proposed method yield good result even for low-contrast and high-noise images. The program for the interferogram tracing was written using MATLAB6.