锂离子电池高容量合金复合负极材料的研究新进展

随着锂离子电池的应用范围向薄膜电池、储能和动力电池等方面扩展，对电池的能量密度和使用寿命提出了更高的要求，电极材料是决定这些性能的关键。目前商业化的锂离子电池负极材料主要是中间相炭微球和改性石墨。它们的比容量，尤其是体积比容量不够高。而且，由于它们的嵌锂电位接近金属锂，快速充电时容易在电极表面析出锂并产生锂枝晶，有安全隐患。因此，寻求新的高性能负极材料一直是锂离子电池研究的重要方向。     

磷酸三甲酯和碳酸亚乙烯酯对锂离子电池的复合作用

应用循环伏安、交流阻抗、扫描电子显微镜和锂离子电池性能检测装置研究了阻燃添加剂磷酸三甲酯(TMP)和成膜添加剂碳酸亚乙烯酯(VC)对锂离子电池的复合作用.结果表明,复合使用TMP和VC不仅能提高电池的安全性而且能改善电池的循环性能,原因可能是在电池首次充放电过程中VC优先还原,还原产物在负极表面聚合形成良好的SEI膜,有效地制约了因TMP在石墨负极表面的分解而造成负极石墨的脱落,同时提高了SEI膜的稳定性.     

一维棒状ZnO的制备及电化学嵌锂性能研究

目前,商业化锂离子电池一般采用石墨作为负极材料,因其电位与金属锂电极的电位很接近,所以当电池反复循环和过充时,石墨表面易析出金属锂,会因形成枝晶而短路。在温度过高时还容易引起热失控。同时,锂离子电池的容量在很大程度上取决于负极的锂嵌入量,而且石墨材料容量相对较低     

基于非锂金属负极的锂离子全电池

可充电锂离子电池对于电子产品特别是手持设备的发展至关重要,其关键作用同样体现在飞速发展的电动汽车领域。此外,对电力系统的调配(削峰填谷)和新能源发电的并网也是很好的选择。但是传统锂离子电池较低的能量密度常被人诟病。传统石墨负极材料的替代物(如金属氧化物、钛基、锡基、硅基、合金等材料)能有效提高锂离子电池的容量和倍率性能,但目前缺乏充分的全电池实验数据予以证实,也鲜有新型负极材料成功用于商业化的锂离子全电池。由此可见,新型负极材料在锂离子全电池中的研究现状及其商业化应用前景等问题亟需面对和斟酌,也应受到锂离子电池研究者的广泛关注。因此,本文从负极材料首圈容量可逆/不可逆的特点着手,对基于非锂金属负极(如石墨、钛酸锂、二氧化钛、氧化锗、氧化铁、锡基、硅基等)的锂离子全电池的最新研究进行了论述。     

锂离子电池硅基负极粘结剂发展现状

在锂离子电池负极材料的研究中，硅材料以其高达4200 mAh·g^-1的理论比容量，成为近年来新能源电池领域的研究热点.但是在锂化/去锂化过程中，硅负极体积变化高达300%，导致快速的容量衰减和较短的循环寿命.目前硅负极改性最有效的方法之一，是通过粘结剂来保持活性物质、导电添加剂和集流体间的接触完整性，减少硅材料在充放电循环过程中体积变化引起的裂化和粉碎，保持硅负极的高容量，提升电池循环性能.基于硅材料作为锂离子电池负极的优异特性，以及目前锂离子电池粘结剂的发展，将针对锂离子电池硅基负极粘结剂做出系统讨论，描述不同粘结剂对电池性能的主要影响，为锂离子电池硅基负极粘结剂的开发和应用提供研究方向.     

锂离子电池隔膜改性研究进展

锂离子电池作为便携式电子产品、新能源汽车、蓄电设备等产品电源备受关注。锂离子电池由正极、负极、隔膜和电解液四部分组成。隔膜虽然不直接参与锂离子电池中的电化学反应,但是隔膜作为锂离子电池的重要组成部分,其性质在很大程度上影响锂离子电池的性能。目前聚烯烃仍是使用最为广泛和商业化最为成功的锂离子电池隔膜材料,但因其不良的电解液浸润性和热稳定性,降低了锂离子电池的电性能和安全性,因此改性成为改善聚烯烃隔膜材料性能和推广应用的重要途径。本文从聚烯烃材料多层膜结构改性、表面涂覆改性和层层自组装改性三方面总结了近五年聚烯烃隔膜改性研究的最新进展。最后,提出增强聚烯烃隔膜的热稳定性和电化学性能仍是未来研究重点,并对新型隔膜材料进行展望。     

金属草酸盐基负极材料——离子电池储能材料的新选择

商业化锂离子电池石墨负极和锂盐过渡金属氧化物正极材料的储锂容量都已接近各自的理论值,探索下一代高能量密度电极材料是解决现阶段锂离子电池容量限制的关键。近年来,新型金属草酸基负极材料,借助其在金属离子电池中多元化储能机制诱发的较高储能效应在碱金属离子电池绿色储能材料领域备受关注。本文就金属草酸基材料在锂、钠、钾金属离子电池方面的最新研究进行了综述,着重介绍了材料的晶型结构、多元化储能机制及储能过程中的动力学特征,简单阐述了材料在电化学储能中存在的问题,分析了金属草酸基负极材料在形貌晶型控制、界面碳复合改性和金属元素掺杂方面的改性策略。最后,预测了金属草酸基负极材料在碱金属离子电池体系的发展方向。     

锂离子电池高容量合金复合负极材料的研究新进展

随着锂离子电池的应用范围向薄膜电池、储能和动力电池等方面扩展,对电池的能量密度和使用寿命提出了更高的要求,电极材料是决定这些性能的关键.目前商业化的锂离子电池负极材料主要是中间相炭微球和改性石墨.它们的比容量,尤其是体积比容量不够高.     

聚合物热裂解碳材料结构对电化学性能的影响

近年来 ,对各种碳材料如天然石墨、焦炭、碳纤维、非石墨碳、裂解碳、掺杂型碳等用于锂离子二次电池的负极已进行了广泛的研究[17].随着碳材料来源和制备方法的不同 ,其形态和结构差异很大 ,这些宏观和微观结构的变化对锂离子电池碳负极的电化学性能有很大影响 .也就是说锂离子在碳负极材料中的嵌入与脱出能力与碳负极的种类 (石墨碳或非石墨碳 )、形态 (如结晶或非结晶碳 )及比表面积、Ｈ/Ｃ原子比率、粒径大小及其分布、聚集态以及微晶尺寸ｄ0 0 2 、Ｌａ、Ｌｃ 等物理参数均有密切关系 .由于碳材料本身结构的复杂性及其形态的多样性 ,目…     

二元共聚物热解碳包覆的石墨负极材料

以苯萘二元共聚物包覆天然石墨后进行热处理，用所制备的包覆石墨作为锂离子电池的负极材料，与包覆前石墨材料相比较，可逆容量提高了10％，不可逆容量降低了7％，循环性能也得到了大的改善. X射线分析表明，改性后该石墨晶体中三方石墨的含量增高.     

Electrochemical properties and structures of surface-fluorinated graphite for the lithium ion secondary battery

Surface modification of graphite powder has been performed by elemental fluorine and radiofrequency (rf) plasma fluorination. Both methods give rise to an enlargement of the surface areas of graphite samples and a change of the pore volume distribution. The capacities of surface-fluorinated graphite samples are higher than those of original samples and even more than the theoretical capacity of graphite, 372 mAh g⁻¹, without any reduction of the first colombic efficiencies. The increments of the capacities are ∼5, 10, and 15% for graphite samples with average particle diameters of 7, 25 and 40 μm, respectively.     

Effects of Fenton’s reagent and thermal modification on the electrochemical properties of graphite felt for microbial fuel cell

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Effective methods for graphite felt (GF) treatment based on Fenton’s reagent treatment and thermal modification have been used to improve microbial fuel...     

Bestimmung von Blei in Blut mittels Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie

Two analytical procedures for the determination of lead in blood by atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite tube furnace are described. In both cases a modification and an isoformation of the matrix is accomplished directly in the graphite tube. For this purpose, in the first procedure the samples are mixed with lumatom, a quarternary ammonium hydroxide; in the second procedure a solution of ammonium nitrate is added. The relative standard deviation of both methods is between 4 and 5%. The accuracy of both procedures has been checked by an independent method involving wet digestion of the blood samples and extraction of lead.     

Chemistry with Graphene and Graphene Oxide—Challenges for Synthetic Chemists

The chemical production of graphene as well as its controlled wet chemical modification is a challenge for synthetic chemists. Furthermore, the characterization of reaction products requires sophisticated analytical methods. In this Review we first describe the structure of graphene and graphene oxide and then outline the most important synthetic methods that are used for the production of these carbon‐based nanomaterials. We summarize the state‐of‐the‐art for their chemical functionalization by noncovalent and covalent approaches. We put special emphasis on the differentiation of the terms graphite, graphene, graphite oxide, and graphene oxide. An improved fundamental knowledge of the structure and the chemical properties of graphene and graphene oxide is an important prerequisite for the development of practical applications.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization of quinone functionalized exfoliated graphite.

Natural graphite was exfoliated by thermal decomposition of graphite-bisulfate intercalation compound. Oxidative/reductive pre-treatment of exfoliated graphite was subsequently carried out to introduce various functional groups on the graphite surface. The resulting material was covalently modified with redox active quinones. The covalent modification was effected through oxygen containing functional groups formed on the graphite surface. The modified exfoliated graphite was characterized by infra-red (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical characterization of the pressed pellets of the modified graphite showed that the modification occurred at the edge sites. These electrodes were found to be very stable and the surface renewal was simply accomplished by polishing the surface using SiC emery sheets. Application of the benzoquinone modified electrode for the electrocatalysis of ascorbic acid oxidation was demonstrated.     

Surface and subsurface examination of graphite tubes after electrodeposition of noble metals for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

The modification phenomena of noble metals (Pd, Ir, Rh) electrodeposited onto the inner surface of pyrolytic graphite (PG) coated furnaces were investigated mainly by electron microprobe analysis with energy dispersive X-ray emission detection. The conditions of electrodeposition were optimized in order to achieve the best analytical performance of atomic absorption measurements. Investigations concerning the distribution of noble metals on the tube surface and in-depth were performed at different stages of the tube history. It was found that the noble metals used for the modification do not form a compact layer on the surface but penetrate into the pyrolytic graphite structure already at the deposition step. When two metals were deposited together, both penetrated into the graphite structure. The degree of penetration of the pyrolytic graphite at high temperature differs for various metals. It was also demonstrated that electrodeposited noble metals remain in sub-surface domains of the graphite for hundreds of atomization cycles, which means that they can be used as permanent modifiers.     

Research Progress of Lithium Plating on Graphite Anode in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Lithium plating on graphite anode is triggered by harsh conditions of fast charge and low temperature, which significantly accelerates SOH (state of health) degradation and may cause safety issues of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). This paper has reviewed recent research progress of lithium plating on graphite anode. Firstly, we summarize the forming mechanisms of Li plating with corresponding influence factors, the detecting methods and hazard of Li plating. Then, approaches to suppress Li plating are discussed, including anode surface modification, electrolyte composition optimization and development of optimal charge strategies. Finally, we conclude and propose the remaining challenges and prospects in terms of mechanism research, detecting approaches, and suppressing methods of Li plating. This review highlights the development of Li plating research and plays a guiding rule of further study on Li plating in LIBs.     

全钒氧化还原液流电池用石墨毡电极的分步氧化活化

石墨毡电极是组成钒电池的关键材料,其较低的电化学活性是造成钒电池功率密度较低的关键因素之一. 本论文采用一种简便的石墨毡电极分步氧化活化法,先将石墨毡在高锰酸钾溶液中进行氧化,后置于活化溶液中激发其反应活性. 通过对处理后的石墨毡进行循环伏安、交流阻抗测试、XPS以及SEM表征,发现氧化时间和活化溶液组成是影响电极性能的因素,在本文中,先经过3天氧化时间,后在配比为3:1的活化溶液中处理的电极,较其他方法处理的电极,电荷传递电阻明显降低,其与溶液之间的接触电阻最低,为7.33 Ω·cm ²,氧化还原峰值比更接近于1,有效提高了反应的活性与可逆性,经X射线光电子能谱分析发现性能提高的原因与表面含氧官能团数目增加有关. 单电池性能测试结果进一步证实,利用该方法处理的石墨毡为电极的单电池,较未经处理的电池相比性能更优,有更高的放电容量和能量效率,在100 mA·cm ^-2电流密度下,能量效率较未处理电极高出7.47%. 与热处理法、酸处理法及电化学氧化法相比较,该方法不需要辅助设备,不消耗能源.     

Determination of Gold by Stripping Voltammetry in Platinum Gold Ore Mineral Raw Materials on Grafite Electrode Modified by Bismuth

The paper considers the possibility of determining the gold (III) by stripping voltammetry on graphite electrode modified by bismuth. It is shown the modification of the graphite electrode by bismuth increases the sensitivity of detection of gold in 2 times. The comparison of the results of gold determination by stripping voltammetry and by atomic absorption is presented. The advantages of stripping voltammetry on a graphite electrode modified with bismuth for gold determination are given.     

弹性体材料的高性能和功能性改性(英文)

高性能和功能性改性一直是高分子材料的一个重点发展方向.基于我们的研究工作,概述了一些新型纳米颗粒(如硅酸盐纳米短纤维、石墨纳米片层、纳米氢氢化镁)增强的橡胶复合材料,特别是复合方法(以获得良好的分散与界面)、结构-性能关系,以深刻理解橡胶材料的纳米增强;另一方面报告了有关介电性弹性体和抗菌性弹性体超细纤维的制备与功能特性研究的新进展.