超疏水小球低速入水空泡研究

物体入水问题是一类复杂的流固耦合问题,具有广泛的工程应用背景.物体在跨越自由液面入水的过程中,在一定的条件下,会向水中卷入空气形成空泡,空泡的运动还可能形成指向物体的射流,从而对物体的受力及其运动过程产生影响.超疏水表面能够在物体入水过程中形成多尺度流固耦合作用,进而影响物体的运动和宏观流动现象.而对于小尺度的小球低速入水问题,表面和界面力往往起主导作用.为了在更广的参数空间获得超疏水小球入水空泡类型和小球的运动特性,采用高速摄影实验方法,研究了半径0.175～10 mm的超疏水小球低速入水及空泡动力学行为,获得了小球漂浮振荡、准静态空泡、浅闭合空泡、深闭合空泡和表面闭合空泡5种类型的动力学行为,探讨了这些运动行为与韦伯数We和邦德数Bo之间的关系,并推导了小球漂浮振荡与下沉现象的无量纲关系.研究结果表明:超疏水小球的入水及空泡动力学行为主要与韦伯数We和邦德数Bo有关.在邦德数Bo O (10~(-1))范围内,表面张力对流动的影响显著,随着韦伯数We的增大,小球入水及空泡动力学行为依次经历漂浮振荡、准静态闭合、浅闭合、深闭合和表面闭合;在邦德数O(10~(-1))Bo O(1)范围内,漂浮振荡现象不再发生;当邦德数Bo O(1)后,浅闭合现象也不再发生;小球漂浮振荡与下沉现象的临界关系可以用相似律关系描述.     

超疏水小球低速入水空泡研究

物体入水问题是一类复杂的流固耦合问题,具有广泛的工程应用背景.物体在跨越自由液面入水的过程中,在一定的条件下,会向水中卷入空气形成空泡,空泡的运动还可能形成指向物体的射流,从而对物体的受力及其运动过程产生影响.超疏水表面能够在物体入水过程中形成多尺度流固耦合作用,进而影响物体的运动和宏观流动现象.而对于小尺度的小球低速入水问题,表面和界面力往往起主导作用.为了在更广的参数空间获得超疏水小球入水空泡类型和小球的运动特性,采用高速摄影实验方法,研究了半径0.175$\sim$10mm的超疏水小球低速入水及空泡动力学行为,获得了小球漂浮振荡、准静态空泡、浅闭合空泡、深闭合空泡和表面闭合空泡5种类型的动力学行为,探讨了这些运动行为与韦伯数We}和邦德数Bo之间的关系,并推导了小球漂浮振荡与下沉现象的无量纲关系.研究结果表明:超疏水小球的入水及空泡动力学行为主要与韦伯数We和邦德数Bo有关.在邦德数Bo $<$ $O$ (10$^{-1})$范围内,表面张力对流动的影响显著,随着韦伯数We}的增大,小球入水及空泡动力学行为依次经历漂浮振荡、准静态闭合、浅闭合、深闭合和表面闭合;在邦德数$O$ (10$^{-1})$<$ Bo} $<$O(1)$范围内,漂浮振荡现象不再发生;当邦德数$Bo>O(1)$后,浅闭合现象也不再发生;小球漂浮振荡与下沉现象的临界关系可以用相似律关系描述.      

高马赫数下激波液滴相互作用的数值模拟研究

本文采用守恒清晰界面多相流数值方法模拟了超声速和高超声速环境下三维液滴的推进、变形和破碎演化过程.数值模拟结果与实验数据的一致性表明了本文所用数值方法和计算程序的准确性, 而网格无关性研究验证了采用的网格分辨率可以捕捉流场和界面的主要特征. 模拟结果验证了高韦伯数下液滴变形破碎过程所遵循的剪切诱导剥离(SIE)破碎机制, 其包含液滴的扁平化和剪切剥离两个主要特征. 而最近发现的SIE破碎机制下的循环破碎机制也在本文得到了验证, 即主液滴从球形液滴破碎为小液滴会经历多个循环重复的破碎阶段, 高韦伯数下液滴的破碎并非一次性剪切剥离的结果, 而是会发生逐层的剪切剥离和破碎. 本文还研究了马赫数对激波冲击液滴加速变形过程的影响. 结果表明, 高韦伯数下不同马赫数的液滴破碎过程具有高度一致性, 并遵循统一的SIE破碎机制.通过对液滴质心位移、速度、加速度和拽力系数的量化统计揭示其运动过程中的统一加速规律. 在激波的驱动下, 液滴并非以一个恒定的加速度做加速运动.在扁平化不明显的前期, 液滴以一个恒定的加速度做加速运动.随着液滴扁平化的发生, 迎风面积的增加导致拽力系数的增大, 进而导致液滴加速度的不断增大.      

一种模拟气液两相流的格子波尔兹曼改进模型

基于格子波尔兹曼自由能模型,提出了一种模拟黏性流场中大密度比气液两相流的改进模型. 为了提高模型的精度,在原始模型的基础上计入了邻近点间粒子数密度的传递速率控制,考虑了碰撞项的差分松弛;为了避免两相间大密度比造成的数值不稳定问题,分别采用六点和九点差分格式求解?和?2. 同时,与传统格子波尔兹曼方法不同,实现了由单步碰撞操作到两步操作的转化. 通过对无重力场中气泡的模拟及与已有模型的计算结果的对比分析,表明该模型具有更高的数值精度. 成功模拟了重力作用下,单个上浮气泡的形变和尾涡形成过程,以及水平和竖直方向上两个气泡的相互作用过程,并验证了其质量守恒和体积不可压缩性.      

裂缝气液重力置换的流动实验及仿真

通过可视化模拟实验对真实裂缝下气液重力置换现象进行了模拟,得到了其气液界面现象与常规平板裂缝的差异;通过对压力、置换量等数据的处理证实了气液重力置换的机理;根据实验的液体漏失流量数据提出了钻井过程中漏失、置换、溢流区间;最后根据k-ε双方程模型进行了气液重力置换流动的仿真计算,得到三维裂缝流道中都是钻井液下部侵入,呈现一个近似的直角三角形形状。本文对现场钻井工程方案设计及安全钻井具有指导意义。     

一种基于黎曼解处理大密度比多相流SPH的改进算法

多相流界面存在密度、黏性等物理场间断,直接采用传统光滑粒子水动力学(smoothedparticle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法进行数值模拟,界面附近的压力和速度存在震荡.一套基于黎曼解能够处理大密度比的多相流SPH计算模型被提出,该模型利用黎曼解在处理接触间断问题方面的优势,将黎曼解引入到SPH多相流计算模型中,为了能够准确求解多相流体物理黏性、减小黎曼耗散,对黎曼形式的SPH动量方程进行了改进,又将Adami固壁边界与黎曼单侧问题相结合来施加多相流SPH固壁边界,同时模型中考虑了表面张力对小尺度异相界面的影响,该模型没有添加任何人工黏性、人工耗散和非物理人工处理技术,能够反应多相流真实物理黏性和物理演变状态.采用该模型首先对三种不同粒子间距离散下方形液滴震荡问题进行了数值模拟,验证了该模型在处理异相界面的正确性和模型本身的收敛性;后又通过对Rayleigh--Taylor不稳定、单气泡上浮、双气泡上浮问题进行了模拟计算,结果与文献对比吻合度高,异相界面捕捉清晰,结果表明,本文改进的多相流SPH模型能够稳定、有效的模拟大密度比和黏性比的多相流问题.      

用于ALE有限元模拟的网格更新方法

任意拉格朗日欧拉法(ALE)可以通过定义参考网格的运动,实现自由液面跟踪,完成液体晃动的数值计算. 综合用于更新网格节点的3种基本计算方法,将多方向更新网格速度的技术应用于任意拉格朗日欧拉网格节点的速度计算. 给出了水平圆柱形贮箱和椭圆形贮箱内液体晃动算例,实现了多方向更新网格运动与晃动流场计算的耦合,使ALE方法能胜任复杂几何边界下的自由液面流动的数值模拟.      

一种基于黎曼解处理大密度比多相流SPH的改进算法

多相流界面存在密度、黏性等物理场间断,直接采用传统光滑粒子水动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics, SPH)方法进行数值模拟,界面附近的压力和速度存在震荡.一套基于黎曼解能够处理大密度比的多相流SPH计算模型被提出,该模型利用黎曼解在处理接触间断问题方面的优势,将黎曼解引入到SPH多相流计算模型中,为了能够准确求解多相流体物理黏性、减小黎曼耗散,对黎曼形式的SPH动量方程进行了改进,又将Adami固壁边界与黎曼单侧问题相结合来施加多相流SPH固壁边界,同时模型中考虑了表面张力对小尺度异相界面的影响,该模型没有添加任何人工黏性、人工耗散和非物理人工处理技术,能够反应多相流真实物理黏性和物理演变状态.采用该模型首先对三种不同粒子间距离散下方形液滴震荡问题进行了数值模拟,验证了该模型在处理异相界面的正确性和模型本身的收敛性;后又通过对Rayleigh–Taylor不稳定、单气泡上浮、双气泡上浮问题进行了模拟计算,结果与文献对比吻合度高,异相界面捕捉清晰,结果表明,本文改进的多相流SPH模型能够稳定、有效的模拟大密度比和黏性比的多相流问题.     

滴状模式下液桥形成及断裂的电流体动力学特性研究

对电场作用下微通道荷电液滴脱落过程中液桥形成及断裂的显微演变特征进行了可视化实验研究.借助时空分辨率较高的高速摄像技术精确捕捉了电场作用下液桥形成及断裂的界面演化过程,研究了液桥的界面结构变化及其断裂的动力学显微演变行为,获得了时间特征数、电邦德数及半月面形成角对液桥长度及断裂顺序的作用规律.实验结果显示,液桥断裂长度取决于黏度与表面张力之比,而受荷电弛豫时间的影响甚微,低电压工况下各实验介质液桥相对长度的变化并不明显,而在较高电压工况下相对液桥长度的增长速度加快.随着电邦德数的不断增加,液桥长度的变化在较高邦德数下更为明显且存在突变区,此时伴随着雾化模式的转变,表明液桥的突变恰恰是雾化模式过渡的信号.不同物性介质的射流过渡行为由于液桥上下游形成角的变化而存在较大差异.对于无水乙醇介质,电邦德数的增加使滴状模式首先过渡到纺锤模式,而对于生物柴油,滴状模式后会首先出现脉动模式而非纺锤模式.      

燃爆压裂中压挡液柱运动规律的动力学模型

针对燃爆压裂过程中压挡液柱受冲击运动机理的复杂性,假设火药燃气与压挡液柱存在完全气液 接触界面,采用拉格朗日的微元分析方法,建立了由连续性方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程组成的压挡液 柱运动规律动力学模型,并给出了该模型与火药燃爆模型的耦合数值解法。经程序编制和实例计算表明,在 综合考虑火药燃气对液柱的宏观推动作用、冲击压缩作用、液柱自身的动能分布及管壁对其摩擦阻力的影响 后,火药燃烧过程中气液界面上升高度有限(实例计算不足0.1m),可起到很好的持压作用;但全过程中最高 液柱位移较大(18.9m),水力振荡增效作用明显。研究成果对提高燃爆压裂的数值模拟精度具有一定促进 作用。     

微重力下成一定夹角平板间的表面张力驱动流动的研究

空间微重力环境中,由于重力基本消失,表面张力等次级力发挥主要作用,流体行为与地面迥异,因此有必要深入探究微重力环境中的流体行为规律和特征.板式贮箱利用板式组件在微重力环境中对流体进行管理,从而为推力器提供不夹气的推进剂,这对航天器精确进行姿态控制、轨道调整具有重要意义.板式组件中常包含成一定夹角的平板结构,比如蓄液叶片...     

Numerical Simulation of the Buoyancy-Driven Bouncing of a 2-D Bubble at a Horizontal Wall

The rise of a buoyant bubble and its interaction with a target horizontal wall is simulated with a 2-D numerical code based on the Boundary Element Method (BEM). Developed from a viscous potential flow approximation, the BEM takes into account only the part of the energy dissipation related to the normal viscous stresses. Hence, a simple analytical model based on lubrication approximation is coupled to the BEM in order to compute the drainage of the interstitial liquid film filling the gap between the bubble and the near wall. In this way the bubble–wall interaction is fully computed: the approach stage, the bubble deformation stage and, depending on the values of the Reynolds number and the Weber number, the rebound and the bubble oscillations. From computation of both the bubble interface motion and the liquid velocity field, a physical analysis in terms of energy budget is proposed. Though, in the present study, the bubble under consideration is basically supposed to be a 2-D gaseous cylinder, a comparison between our numerical results and the experiments of Tsao and Koch (1997) enlightens interestingly the physics of bouncing.     

Estimating zero‐g flow rates in open channels having capillary pumping vanes

In vane‐type surface tension propellant management devices (PMD) commonly used in satellite fuel tanks, the propellant is transported along guiding vanes from a reservoir at the inlet of the device to a sump at the outlet from where it is pumped to the satellite engine. The pressure gradient driving this free‐surface flow under zero‐gravity (zero‐g) conditions is generated by surface tension and is related to the differential curvatures of the propellant‐gas interface at the inlet and outlet of the PMD. A new semi‐analytical procedure is prescribed for accurately calculating the extremely small fuel flow rates under reasonably idealized conditions. Convergence of the algorithm is demonstrated by detailed numerical calculations. Owing to the substantial cost and the technical hurdles involved in accurately estimating these minuscule flow rates by either direct numerical simulation or by experimental methods which simulate zero‐g conditions in the lab, it is expected that the proposed method will be an indispensable tool in the design and operation of satellite fuel tanks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Compositional gravity drainage 1. Equilibrium solutions and controlling Bond numbers for a two-phase,three-component system

The amount of wetting phase that is recovered by gravity drainage is determined by an interplay of gravitational and capillary forces. The relative importance of those forces is often expressed in terms of a Bond number. For compositional gravity drainage, where the initial and displacing fluids are not in chemical equilibrium, there is no single Bond number, as phases that form during a displacement will be associated with a different interfacial tension and density for each equilibrium tie line encountered as the compositions change during flow. We study vertical compositional displacements to determine how the Bond numbers of the initial and displacing fluids control the ultimate recovery. We find analytical solutions to the capillary/gravity equilibrium for a simplified model three-component, two-phase system. The equilibrium phase composition versus distance profiles are different than those predicted from standard viscous dominated displacements. We calculate the recovery as a function of the Bond numbers of the initial and displacing phases, and the degree of diffusion for this simple system. We discuss the important role of molecular diffusion in the ultimate recovery for condensing displacements. Finally, we find that the simple numerical average of the Bond numbers provides a reasonable estimate of an effective Bond number for calculating the retained wetting phase for many compositional gravity drainages.     

充液航天器液体晃动和液固耦合动力学的研究与应用

随着火箭运载能力、卫星工作寿命和深空探测器任务复杂度的不断提高, 液体推进剂占航天器总质量的比重也不断增加. 液体推进剂的晃动影响着航天器的运动稳定性和姿轨控系统的可靠性, 是航天器动力学中一个备受关注的问题. 充液航天器中晃动的液体是一个分布参数系统, 理论上是无穷维的, 而工程上希望建立的数学模型是简单、低维的, 因此对液体晃动等效力学模型的研究经久不衰. 另外, 液体推进剂对航天器的结构动特性有着重要的影响, 在建立充液航天器的结构动力学模型时需要考虑液体推进剂与贮箱等结构的耦合效应. 本文首先结合液体晃动动力学理论和航天工程实际, 从理论研究、数值研究和实验研究等三个方面综述了国内外在充液航天器液体晃动动力学领域的研究现状, 并以此为基础介绍了航天工程中液体晃动等效力学模型的应用进展情况; 然后, 以液体运载火箭为例概述了国内外在充液航天器液固耦合建模方面的成果,介绍了求解液固耦合问题的数值方法和应用软件; 最后, 根据航天器工程的发展需求, 对充液航天器液体晃动和液固耦合动力学的进一步研究方向提出了一些建议.      

Absolute and convective instability of a liquid sheet with transverse temperature gradient

The spatial–temporal instability behavior of a viscous liquid sheet with temperature difference between the two surfaces was investigated theoretically. The practical situation motivating this investigation is liquid sheet heated by ambient gas, usually encountered in industrial heat transfer and liquid propellant rocket engines. The existing dispersion relation was used, to explore the spatial–temporal instability of viscous liquid sheets with a nonuniform temperature profile, by setting both the wave number and frequency complex. A parametric study was performed in both sinuous and varicose modes to test the influence of dimensionless numbers on the transition between absolute and convective instability of the flow. For a small value of liquid Weber number, or a great value of gas-to-liquid density ratio, the flow was found to be absolutely unstable. The absolute instability was enhanced by increasing the liquid viscosity. It was found that variation of the Marangoni number hardly influenced the absolute instability of the sinuous mode of oscillations; however it slightly affected the absolute instability in the varicose mode.     

Injection and coalescence of bubbles in a quiescent inviscid liquid

Time periodic generation and coalescence of bubbles by injection of a gas at a constant flow rate through an orifice at the bottom of a quiescent inviscid liquid is investigated numerically using a potential flow formulation. The volume of the bubbles is determined for different values of a Weber number and a Bond number. Single bubbling and different regimes of coalescence are described by these computations. The numerical results show qualitative agreement with well-known experimental results for liquids of low viscosity, suggesting that bubble interaction and coalescence following gas injection is to a large extent an inviscid phenomenon for these liquids, many aspects of which can be accounted for without recourse to wake effects or other viscosity-dependent ingredients of some current models.     

Dynamic analysis of baffled fuel‐storage tanks using the ALE finite element method

This paper is concerned with the parametric investigation on the structural dynamic response of moving fuel‐storage tanks with baffles. Since the structural dynamic behaviour is strongly coupled with interior liquid motion, the design of a fuel‐storage tank securing the structural stability becomes the appropriate suppression of the flow motion, which is in turn related to the baffle design. In order to numerically investigate the parametric dynamic characteristics of moving tanks, we employ the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) finite element method that is widely being used to deal with the problems with free surface, moving boundary, large deformation and interface contact. Following the theoretical and numerical formulations of fluid‐structure interaction problems, we present parametric numerical results of a cylindrical fuel‐storage tank moving with uniform vertical acceleration, with respect to the baffle number and location, and the inner‐hole diameter. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of variable thermal conductivity,viscous dissipation on steady MHD natural convection flow of low Prandtl fluid on an inclined porous plate with Ohmic heating

Abstract Aim of the paper is to investigate the effects of linearly varying thermal conductivity, viscous dissipation and Ohmic heating on steady free convection flow of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting liquid having low Prandtl number along an inclined isothermal non-conducting porous plate in the presence of transverse magnetic field. The governing equations of continuity, momentum and energy are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. The resulting coupled and non-linear ordinary differential equations are solved using Runge-Kutta fourth order method and shooting technique. The velocity and temperature distributions are discussed numerically and presented through graphs. Skin-friction coefficient and Nusselt number at the plate are derived, discussed and their numerical values for various values of physical parameters are presented through tables.     

Stability of non isothermal flow of a film of viscous liquid on an inclined plane

A study is made of the stability of nonisothermal flow of a film of viscous liquid down an inclined plane under the influence of gravity with allowance for dissipation of energy in the flow. It is assumed that the liquid is incompressible, and that its physical properties do not depend on the temperature. On the free surface of the film, allowance is made for evaporation and condensation effects. The treatment is in the long-wavelength approximation of the method proposed by Yih Chia-shun [1]. The expression obtained for the critical Reynolds number at which the flow becomes unstable indicates that viscous dissipation plays a destabilizing part in a nonisothermal flow.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 145–148, July–August, 1979.