过渡金属催化不饱和烃与有机金属试剂及CO2的串联羧化反应研究进展

二氧化碳(CO2)作为一碳合成子具有储量丰富、无毒无污染、绿色清洁等优点,因此在有机化学领域使用CO2作为一碳合成子反应一直以来受到广泛的关注.过渡金属催化不饱和烃与CO2反应合成羧酸是CO2作为一碳合成子的重要应用之一,这类反应可以通过串联羧化的策略实现,过渡金属催化不饱和烃先与有机金属试剂反应在原位生成新的有机金属...     

镍催化非活化烷基亲电试剂与二氧化碳的直接羧化反应(英文)

二氧化碳是一种储量丰富且廉价易得的可再生性碳一资源。化学工作者建立起来的一系列过渡金属催化的CO_2作为羧化试剂的新反应方法学,成功地将CO_2高效转化成在精细有机合成中有着重要用途的羧酸及其衍生物等高附加值的化学品.CO_2通常作为亲电试剂或环加成底物与各种亲核试剂或含不饱和键的化合物进行反应.最近,过渡金属催化的两种不同亲电试剂的还原交叉偶联反应作为一种构建碳-碳键的直接而有效的新方法受到了研究者的极大关注.此种方法不同于传统的交叉偶联反应,不再使用难以制备且对水和氧敏感的金属有机化合物,原料易得且操作非常简便.其中亲电试剂与CO_2的直接还原羧化反应便是一种合成功能羧酸的更绿色的新方法.Martin课题组之前报道了首例钯催化的芳基溴代物与CO_2的还原羧化反应.Tsuji课题组也发现了反应条件更温和的镍催化的芳基或烯基氯代物与CO_2的直接羧化反应.随后Martin课题组发展了苄基氯代物、芳基或苄基酯、烯丙基酯等一系列亲电试剂直接还原羧化反应.而对于含有β氢的非活化烷基亲电试剂,由于其不易进行氧化加成反应,同时原位形成的烷基金属试剂容易进行β氢消除及二聚等副反应,使得这类底物参与的直接还原羧化反应极具挑战性.最近,Martin课题组在含有β氢的非活化烷基亲电试剂与CO_2的还原羧化反应研究方面取得了突破.使用锰粉作为还原剂,氯化镍乙二醇二甲醚配合物与2,9-二乙基-1,10-邻菲罗啉配体组成的催化体系能有效抑制β氢消除及二聚等副反应,在室温及常压条件下便可高效地将一系列含有β氢的非活化烷基溴代物转化成相应的羧酸.此催化体系的底物适用性很宽,酯基、氰基、缩醛、醛、酮甚至醇羟基和酚羟基等活泼基团都能被容忍.他们应用此反应成功实现了具有生物活性的羧酸小分子化合物的一步合成.虽然确切的反应机理目前还不够清楚,但初步的实验表明催化循环中可能包含一价镍物种参与的单电子转移过程.基于此反应体系,他们随后也实现了包含炔基官能团的非活化烷基溴代物与CO_2的还原环化/羧化串联反应,环状α,β-不饱和羧酸产品的顺反构型可以很容易地通过底物及配体的选择进行控制.总之,Martin课题组发展的镍催化体系在温和条件下实现了含有β氢的非活化烷基亲电试剂与CO_2的还原羧化反应.此反应底物适用性宽,原料易得,操作简便,为合成功能团羧酸提供了一种行之有效的方法.此反应的成功也极大扩展了还原交叉偶联反应的底物适用范围.随着机理研究的深入,更多新型高效的非活化烷基亲电试剂与CO_2的还原羧化反应将会出现.     

过渡金属催化的硫酯的交叉偶联反应研究进展

硫酯在医药、农药、香精香料、材料等领域应用广泛,可从羧酸衍生得到,羧酸在自然界寻常可见、结构丰富.硫酯C(O)—S键能轻易和低价过渡金属发生氧化加成生成C(O)—M—S,该物种在不脱羰或脱羰情况下可以和亲核试剂反应构建碳碳键.近二十年来,人们广泛研究了过渡金属催化的硫酯的交叉偶联反应,这为从羧酸出发构筑C—C键提供了可供选择的有效方案.本综述按照过渡金属种类,依次对钯、镍、铜、铑等过渡金属催化的硫酯的交叉偶联反应进行了总结和讨论,综述了该类反应在天然产物、药物分子合成及其后期转化中的应用.同时关注了近些年报道的硫酯的不对称交叉偶联反应,以及硫酯的交叉偶联反应在串联反应和官能团转化方面的应用.     

CO2：羧基化反应的C1合成子

基于资源与环境的考虑，以二氧化碳为原料的有机合成研究近年来日益受到科学家们的关注，其中以二氧化碳为C1合成子参与的过渡金属催化羧基化反应由于有效构建各种羧酸类化合物及其衍生物，是二氧化碳利用和实现碳循环的理想途径之一。本文综述了催化活化二氧化碳与亲电试剂、烃类C-H键化合物、亲核试剂等通过构建新碳-碳键实现羧基化反应的最新研究进展。     

过渡金属催化不饱和烃与二氧化碳的羧化反应研究与进展

CO₂是一种无毒、廉价易得、储量丰富的可再生资源,通过化学方法将其转化为具有高附加值的化学品已成为实现可持续发展的战略性课题。其中,以CO₂作为羧化试剂合成羧酸及其衍生物的研究已成为CO₂催化活化领域的研究热点。本文按照不同过渡金属催化的不饱和烃与CO₂的羧化反应,分类归纳了近些年来的羧化反应研究进展。     

过渡金属催化氟代烯烃参与的交叉偶联反应进展

过渡金属催化（类）卤化物和不同金属试剂的交叉偶联反应是构建不同类型碳碳键和碳杂原子键的重要方法之一。该类反应一般使用活性较高的氯、溴、碘或类卤化物作为亲电试剂,尽管C—F键的键能较强,利用过渡金属直接活化较为惰性的芳基C—F键并参与实现的交叉偶联反应已有较多报道。此外,近期的研究表明,也可以通过直接活化烯基C—F键并催化实现该类底物参与不同类型的交叉偶联反应,从而进一步拓展了交叉偶联反应的底物适用范围,并应用于具有高附加值精细化学品的选择性合成。本文围绕钯或镍催化活化单氟或者多氟烯烃等底物参与的Negishi、Suzuki-Miyaura、Kumada、Hiyama和Sonogashira等5类交叉偶联反应,通过探讨已有方法的反应机理及其适用范围,综述了该领域的研究进展并进行了展望。     

二氧化碳与不饱和烃的还原羧化反应

过渡金属催化CO₂参与的不饱和烃还原羧化反应是合成羧酸及丙烯酸类化合物的重要途径, 具有重要的研究价值和工业应用潜力．过渡金属试剂与不饱和烃、CO₂生成稳定的金属杂环内酯或金属羧酸盐．还原剂能够与金属杂环内酯或金属羧酸盐发生转金属作用, 重新生成活泼催化剂, 从而实现催化剂的循环利用．本文总结了还原剂, 包括有机金属试剂、硅烷、硼烷、金属粉末、甲醇和氢气等在不饱和烃与CO₂的还原羧化反应中的应用, 并着重描述其反应特点和反应机理.     

Triphos配体在羧酸及其衍生物和CO_2的氢化反应中的应用研究进展

羧酸及其衍生物和二氧化碳中羰基的还原无论在基础研究中还是在工业生产上都是最重要的转化之一.在环境问题日益严峻的今天,以氢气作为还原剂实现这些化合物的还原具有极大的吸引力.由于均相催化反应具有反应条件温和、活性高及催化体系易于调节等优点,发展高效、高选择性的均相催化氢化体系来实现这些羰基化合物的还原成为了研究的热点.近年来,过渡金属与不同类型配体形成的催化体系在羧酸衍生物和二氧化碳的氢化反应中的应用得到了深入的研究,取得了一些重要的进展.其中,过渡金属与1,1,1-三(二苯基膦基甲基)乙烷(triphos)形成的催化体系在多种类型羧酸及其衍生物和二氧化碳的氢化中表现出了独特的反应活性和选择性.本文主要介绍triphos与过渡金属钌、钴和铜形成的催化体系在羧酸及其衍生物和二氧化碳的氢化反应方面取得的进展以及相关反应机理的探讨.     

基于“一石二鸟”策略的羧基无痕导向其邻位C—H键官能团化反应

C—H键作为有机化合物的基本单元,实现其直接的C—H键官能团化反应是简洁的合成方法.羧酸广泛存在于自然界,基于羧基的导向基团与离去基团双重角色所驱动的过渡金属催化羧酸邻位C—H键官能团化可控合成,不仅规避了C—H键活化过程中导向基团的额外引入与移除,也彰显了基于羧基“一石二鸟”策略的C—H键活化简洁性与脱羧绿色性.因此,基于“一石二鸟”策略的羧基无痕导向其邻位C—H键官能团化反应,能为可控定向合成提供新的策略和方法,在合成化学上具有显著意义.根据参与反应的偶联底物类型,分别介绍了基于“一石二鸟”策略的过渡金属催化羧酸邻位C—H键活化与含重键试剂、芳基化试剂及含杂原子试剂的反应,并对相关的一些反应机理进行了探讨.     

基于多米诺反应合成吲哚衍生物

近年来,多米诺反应作为合成吲哚衍生物的有效方法已得到有机合成化学家的广泛关注.该反应过程中,不需改变反应条件和添加试剂,中间体也无需分离和提纯,实现了原子经济和环境友好的目标.通过过渡金属催化的多米诺反应合成吲哚衍生物,已经得到了深入研究并成为一种构筑该类杂环的有利工具.重点综述了近年来运用金属催化多米诺反应合成吲哚及其衍生物方面的研究进展,以催化剂的类型进行分类,介绍相关反应的特点和优势.     

Nickel or Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarbonylative Transformations of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Carboxylic acid derivatives containing acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides and acyl nitriles are highly appealing electrophiles in transition‐metal‐catalyzed carbon‐carbon bond‐forming reactions due to their ready availability and low cost, which can provide divergent transformations of carboxylic acids into other value‐added products. In this Minireview, we focus on the recent advances of decarbonylative transformations of carboxylic acid derivatives in carbon‐carbon bond formations using Ni or Pd catalysts. A series of reaction types, product classifications and reaction pathways are presented herein, which show the advantageous features of carboxylic acid derivatives as alternative to aryl or alkyl halides in terms of reactivity and compatibility. The well‐accepted mechanism of nickel‐ or palladium‐catalyzed decarbonylative transformations involves initial oxidative addition of carboxylic acid derivatives, followed by decarbonylation or transmetalation (or insertion), and reductive elimination to generate the products, thereby regenerating the catalysts.     

Synthesis of arylglycine and mandelic acid derivatives through carboxylations of α-amido and α-acetoxy stannanes with carbon dioxide

Incorporation reactions of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) with N-Boc-α-amido and α-acetoxy stannanes were developed using CsF as a mild tin activator. Monoprotected α-amido stannanes could be used, and the corresponding arylglycine derivatives were obtained in moderate-to-high yields under 1 MPa (10 atm) of CO(2) pressure. α-Acetoxy stannanes also underwent carboxylation to afford mandelic acid derivatives in excellent yields under ambient CO(2) pressure. Both transformations enabled the synthesis of α-tertiary and α-quaternary carboxylic acid derivatives. In addition, the chirality of (S)-N-tert-butylsulfonyl-α-amido stannanes was transferred with up to 90% inversion of configuration at 100 °C.     

CO Gas‐free Intramolecular Cyclocarbonylation Reactions of Haloarenes Having a C‐Nucleophile through CO‐Relay between Rhodium and Palladium

We describe transfer carbonylation reactions of 2‐bromoarenes that contain a carbon‐nucleophile using aldehydes as a substitute for CO, leading to the formation of indanone derivatives. The transformation proceeds efficiently under Rh^I/Pd⁰‐hybrid catalytic conditions consisting of two discrete transition metals, rhodium and palladium, which catalyze the decarbonylation of aldehydes and the subsequent carbonylation of bromoarenes using the resulting carbonyl moiety, respectively. The majority of the abstracted CO is transferred directly to the product via a CO‐relay process from rhodium to palladium.     

Efficient one-to-one coupling of easily available 1,3-dienes with carbon dioxide

An efficient one-to-one coupling reaction of atmospheric pressure carbon dioxide with 1,3-dienes is realized for the first time through PSiP-pincer type palladium-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation. The reaction is applicable to various 1,3-dienes including easily available chemical feedstock such as 1,3-butadiene and isoprene. This protocol affords a highly useful method for the synthesis of β,γ-unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives from CO(2).     

Palladium-Catalyzed Chlorocarbonylation of Aryl (Pseudo)Halides Through In Situ Generation of Carbon Monoxide

An efficient palladium-catalyzed chlorocarbonylation of aryl (pseudo)halides that gives access to a wide range of carboxylic acid derivatives has been developed. The use of butyryl chloride as a combined CO and Cl source eludes the need for toxic, gaseous carbon monoxide, thus facilitating the synthesis of high-value products from readily available aryl (pseudo)halides. The combination of palladium(0), Xantphos, and an amine base is essential to promote this broadly applicable catalytic reaction. Overall, this reaction provides access to a great variety of carbonyl-containing products through in situ transformation of the generated aroyl chloride. Combined experimental and computational studies support a reaction mechanism involving in situ generation of CO.     

Palladium‐Catalyzed Chlorocarbonylation of Aryl (Pseudo)Halides Through In Situ Generation of Carbon Monoxide

An efficient palladium‐catalyzed chlorocarbonylation of aryl (pseudo)halides that gives access to a wide range of carboxylic acid derivatives has been developed. The use of butyryl chloride as a combined CO and Cl source eludes the need for toxic, gaseous carbon monoxide, thus facilitating the synthesis of high‐value products from readily available aryl (pseudo)halides. The combination of palladium(0), Xantphos, and an amine base is essential to promote this broadly applicable catalytic reaction. Overall, this reaction provides access to a great variety of carbonyl‐containing products through in situ transformation of the generated aroyl chloride. Combined experimental and computational studies support a reaction mechanism involving in situ generation of CO.     

Acid Fluorides in Transition‐Metal Catalysis: A Good Balance between Stability and Reactivity

Several recent reports outlined the singular reactivity of acid fluorides as excellent electrophiles in transition‐metal catalysis. These species undergo oxidative addition of the metal into the C?F bond; then, retention or release of the CO moiety can occur and be controlled by tuning the catalytic system and the reaction parameters. Acid fluorides, which can be derived from carboxylic acids, show good stability and high reactivity in a wide range of possible functionalizations with nucleophiles. Their use provides an interesting alternative to that of the parent carboxylic acid derivatives (acid chlorides, esters, amides, acids, or aldehydes).     

过渡金属催化CO2/H2参与的羰基化研究进展

Ever-increasing energy demands due to rapid industrialization and urban population growth have drastically reduced petroleum reserves and increased greenhouse-gas production, and the latter has consequently contributed to climate change and environmental damage. Therefore, it is highly desirable to produce fuels and chemicals from non-petroleum feedstocks and to reduce the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. One solution has involved using carbon dioxide (CO₂), a main greenhouse gas, as a C1 feedstock for producing industrial fuels and chemicals. However, this requires high energy input from reductants or reactants with relatively high free energy (e.g., H₂ gas) because CO₂ is a highly oxidized, thermodynamically stable form of carbon. H₂ can be generated through water photolysis, making it an ideal reductant for hydrogenating CO₂ to CO. In situ generation of CO such as this has been developed for various carbonylation reactions that produce high value-added chemicals and avoid deriving CO from fossil fuels. This is beneficial because CO is toxic, and when extracted from fossil fuels it requires tedious separation and transportation. This combination of CO₂ and H₂ allows for functional molecules to be synthesized as entries into the chemical industry value chain and would generate a carbon footprint much lower than that of conventional petrochemical pathways. Based on this, CO₂/H₂ carbonylations using homogeneous transition metal-based catalysts have attracted increasing attention. Through this process, alkenes have been converted to alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines, and aldehydes. Heterogeneous catalysis has also provided an innovative approach for the carbonylation of alkenes with CO₂/H₂. Based on these alkene carbonylations, the scope of CO₂/H₂ carbonylations has been expanded to include aryl halides, methanol, and methanol derivatives, which give the corresponding aryl aldehyde, acetic acid, and ethanol products. These carbonylations revealed indirect CO₂-HCOOH-CO pathways and direct CO₂ insertion pathways. The use of this process is ever-increasing and has expanded the scope of CO₂ utilization to produce novel, high value-added or bulk chemicals, and has promoted sustainable chemistry. This review summarizes the recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed carbonylations with CO₂/H₂ and discusses the perspectives and challenges of further research.     

Biscarbene-ruthenium complexes in catalysis: novel stereoselective synthesis of (1E,3E)-1,4-disubstituted-1,3-dienes via head-to-head coupling of terminal alkynes and addition of carboxylic acids

The reaction of a variety of alkynes RCtbd1;CH with a variety of carboxylic acids R(1)CO(2)H, in the presence of 5% of RuCl(COD)C(5)Me(5), selectively leads to the dienylesters (1E,3E)-RCH(1)=CH(2)-CH(3)=C(R)(O(2)CR(1)). The reaction also applies to amino acid and dicarboxylic acid derivatives. It is shown that the first step of the reaction consists of the head-to-head alkyne coupling and of the formation of the metallacyclic biscarbene-ruthenium complex isolated for R = Ph and catalyzing the formation of dienylester. D-labeled reactions show that the alkyne protons remain at the alkyne terminal carbon atoms and carboxylic acid protonates the C(1) carbon atom. QM/MM (ONIOM) calculations, supporting a mixed Fischer-Schrock-type biscarbene complex, show that protonation occurs preferentially at the carbene carbon C(1) adjacent to Ru, in the relative cis position with respect to the Ru-Cl bond, to give a mixed C(1)alkyl-C(4)carbene complex in which the C(4) carbene is conjugated with the noncoordinated C(2)=C(3) double bond. This 16-electron intermediate has a weak stabilizing alpha agostic C-H bond. This most stable isomer appears to have a C(4) center more accessible to the nucleophilic addition which accounts for the experimentally observed product.     

Novel Catalytic CO(2) Incorporation Reaction: Nickel-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Ring-Closing Carboxylation of Bis-1,3-dienes

Novel nickel-catalyzed carboxylation of bis-1,3-dienes using carbon dioxide (CO2) was investigated. In the presence of catalytic amounts of Ni(acac)2 and PPh3, various bis-1,3-dienes smoothly reacted with CO2 and an organozinc reagent (Et2Zn, Me2Zn, or Ph2Zn) under mild conditions. This catalytic carboxylation process was accompanied by carbocyclization of bis-1,3-diene followed by alkylation by an organozinc reagent to afford cyclic carboxylic acid derivatives in high yields with high regio- and stereoselectivities.