烤烟烟叶和烟梗的热裂解产物的研究

为了加深理解梗丝在卷烟叶组配方中的作用,对比研究了烤烟叶片和烟梗的化学组成以及它们在不同温度下的热裂解产物。一个改进后的热裂解装置被用来模拟卷烟的燃烧行为。采用热裂解仪研究了烤烟叶片和烟梗在大气环境中于300 ℃、600 ℃和900 ℃下的热裂解行为,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对它们的热裂解产物进行分析。结果表明,烤烟烟叶和烟梗的热裂解产物种类随着热裂解温度的增加而增多;在相同热裂解温度条件下,烟叶的热裂解产物种类明显多于烟梗的热裂解产物。     

分子蒸馏分离废次烟末致香成分及在烟草中的应用

采用分子蒸馏技术对超临界CO₂萃取的废次烟末提取物进行分离,并对馏分进行GC-MS分析。 GC-MS结果显示,三级分子蒸馏(80、120、160 ℃)共鉴定出52种化学组分。 80 ℃轻组分段鉴定出15种,以杂环类为主,占总量的98.91%;其次为酯类,占总量的0.606%。 120 ℃轻组分段鉴定出26种,以杂环类为主,占总量的91.42%;其次为酮类、醇类和烃类,分别占总量的4.16%、2.87%和0.74%。 160 ℃轻组分段鉴定出26种,以醇类为主,占总量的67.97%;其次为杂环类,占总量的11.57%,烃类、醚类、酮类、酯类、醛类分别占总量的7.9%、4.09%、3.77%、2.80%、1.89%。 不同馏分段化合物种类和含量存在明显差异性,充分体现了分子蒸馏选择性富集的特点。 感官评吸表明,80 ℃轻组分和120 ℃轻组分按照质量比8:2调配后,香气质较好,香气量较足,口腔较舒适,有甜香显现,吸味较纯净,评吸结果较为理想。     

基于内源性致香物质和化学计量学的烟草感官评价研究

采用主成分分析法结合遗传算法和神经网络,建立了基于烟草内源性致香物质的感官质量评价预测模型。利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术对超临界萃取-分子蒸馏所得烟草精油中的内源性致香组分进行定性定量分析,汇总各类致香指标后,对其进行主成分分析;以提取所得5个主成分的得分作为输入变量,感官评吸分数作为输出变量,分别使用标准BP神经网络和遗传算法(GA)优化的BP神经网络建立预测模型。对比实验结果表明,GA优化后的模型预测效果更优,其预测值与实验值间的相关系数为0.96,预测均方根误差为1.81,说明GA-BP模型具有更好的拟合能力和预测能力,该模型能有效地预测烟草精油的感官品质。     

微波膨胀梗丝对常规卷烟主流烟气成分释放量的影响研究

本文以微波膨胀梗丝为研究对象,分析了其掺配量对烟支主流烟气指标包括抽吸口数、焦油、烟碱及一氧化碳的影响,并与传统梗丝掺配样品进行对比。结果表明:(滤嘴通风、13%掺配量时,"微波膨胀梗丝掺配样品"较"传统梗丝掺配样品"的抽吸口数增加0.18口/支,焦油量降低0.867 mg/支,烟碱量降低0.055 mg/支,一氧化碳降低0.726 mg/支;2接装纸不通风时,随梗丝掺配比例增加,传统梗丝掺配样品的抽吸口数有成比例降低趋势,而微波梗丝掺配样品的抽吸口数基本保持在7.7口/支不变;3较传统梗丝掺配样品,试验条件下6组微波膨胀梗丝掺配样品的吸阻均值高51 Pa;4微波膨胀梗丝的自由燃烧速率略低于传统梗丝,分别为11.51 mm·min-1、12.04 mm·min-1;5微波膨胀梗丝降低焦油、一氧化碳的效果均优于传统梗丝,焦油、一氧化碳释放量均值分别降低0.4 mg/支、1.0 mg/支,降低烟碱的效果略低于传统梗丝。     

烟梗基多孔炭的制备及其磺胺二甲基嘧啶吸附性能研究

磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMZ)的大量使用会对生态环境产生不利影响,并导致耐药菌的产生,对人类健康构成重大风险。以烟梗为原料的生物炭具有价格低廉、绿色环保等优势,可用于SMZ的吸附。本文以草酸钾与碳酸钙为二元活化剂,制备了性能优异的多孔炭材料(TS-PC-800),具有最大的平衡吸附容量(852.4 mg/g)。当SMZ溶液pH为;3-6时,多孔炭具有良好的吸附性能,当pH为7-9时,其吸附性能显著下降。等温吸附实验和吸附动力学研究结果表明,TS-PC-800对SMZ的吸附符合Langmuir模型,吸附过程符合伪二阶动力学模型。在T=318 K,SMZ溶液初始浓度C₀=200 mg/L时,其理论饱和吸附量Q_m=1121 mg/g,且10 min左右能快速达到吸附平衡。循环实验表明TS-PC-800具有良好的稳定性和再生性能,经过4次循环,吸附量仍可达781 mg/g。     

梗丝形态对细支卷烟主流烟气及燃烧特性影响

为探寻细支卷烟的降本增效路径,开展了微波膨胀梗丝、薄压细切及常规气流梗丝在细支卷烟中的应用效果评价,考察了三种梗丝对细支卷烟物理特性、混合均匀度、常规主流烟气成分、动态吸阻稳定性、烟气粒径分布、燃烧锥体积及速率、7种有害成分及感官品质的影响。结果表明:①相对于常规传统气流梗丝而言,微波膨胀梗丝对细支卷烟吸阻影响更大,在相同试验条件下,其掺配样吸阻均值较常规传统气流梗丝样大113Pa。②微波膨胀梗丝和薄压细切气流梗丝的掺配均匀度均值分别为97.674%、97.005%,均大于常规气流梗丝的掺配均匀度均值94.846%。③常规主流烟气成分释放量的相对标准偏差(RSD)为评价指标,细支卷烟样品稳定性排序为:微波膨胀梗丝掺配样>薄压细切气流梗丝掺配样>常规气流梗丝掺配样,感官品质得分与此排序一致,常规气流梗丝掺配样的抽吸均衡性差、木质气重,感官品质得分最低;④较常规气流梗丝掺配样,微波膨胀梗丝及薄压细切气流梗丝掺配样动态吸阻稳定性更优,这与三种梗丝的掺配均匀度均值排序一致;⑤三种梗丝掺配样的中值粒径(CMD)均值基本一致,均分布在146nm附近。其中微波膨胀梗丝掺配样的逐口抽吸粒子...     

化学-微波法制备高膨胀率膨胀蛭石及对亚甲基蓝的吸附机理

基于工业蛭石优异的热膨胀性及阳离子交换性,利用化学-微波法制备高膨胀率膨胀蛭石(HEV),采用对比分析法对亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附性能进行了研究。结果表明,HEV膨胀率高(膨胀率K=60倍),比表面积大(80 m^2·g^-1),孔径主要分布在2~5 nm之间,仍保持蛭石、水金云母和金云母的物相结构,阳离子交换容量由原样的0.835 mmol·g^-1增加到1.005 mmol·g^-1。HEV对MB的吸附容量受MB初始浓度、吸附时间、溶液pH和吸附温度影响。当MB溶液初始浓度为300 mg·L-1、吸附时间为240 min、溶液pH值为9、吸附温度为298 K时,吸附量为419.87 mg·g^-1,远高于蛭石原矿。吸附过程符合Langmuir模型与准二级动力学模型,为单分子层吸附和吸附势垒较低的自发无序吸热反应过程。HEV具有优异的阳离子交换性和吸附性,是一种具有开发价值的高效低成本吸附剂。     

烟气共存成分对微波辐照活性炭同时脱硫脱硝的影响研究

研究了O₂、CO₂以及水蒸气等各种烟气共存成分对微波辐照活性炭脱硫脱硝的影响。实验结果表明,SO₂对烟气脱硝有一定的抑制作用;烟气中水蒸气会抑制脱硫,低浓度水蒸气含量使脱硝效率上升,但高浓度水蒸气使脱硝效率下降;O₂和CO₂的存在可在一定程度上促进脱硫脱硝,但高浓度的O₂和CO₂会造成活性炭的损耗,从而抑制与脱硫和脱硝有关的还原反应。采用此方法可有效脱除烟气中SO₂和NO_{x,其脱除效率均在90%以上。}     

滤棒中线纤维化学特性对卷烟主流烟气有害成分释放量的影响

为了研究中线滤棒中线纤维化学特性对卷烟主流烟气中有害成分释放量的影响,采用Boehm滴定法及FT-IR光谱对纤维的基团及数量进行了分析,并结合烟气常规以及主流烟气有害成分释放量的检测探讨了纤维的化学特性与主流烟气有害成分释放量之间的相关性。结果显示:(1)卷烟主流烟气中NH3释放量随着纤维酸性基团数量的增加而降低;HCN释放量随着纤维碱性基团数量的增加而降低;(2)影响苯酚释放量的主要因素是纤维的内酯基,其次是纤维的酸碱性;(3)卷烟主流烟气中巴豆醛的释放量随纤维的氨基基团数量的增加而降低。     

生物质燃烧碳烟的物化特性及生成机理研究

以棉花秸秆和木屑为研究对象,设定不同的燃烧工况,在管式炉中进行燃烧并采集碳烟物质,采用TEM、EDS、GC-MS等检测方法对生物质燃烧过程中生成碳烟的物化特性进行研究,并根据检测结果对碳烟生成机理进行分析和推测。检测及分析结果表明,碳烟颗粒典型形貌有胶囊状、球状、链状、网状等。燃烧工况影响燃烧过程使碳烟颗粒表现出不同的微观形貌。碳烟生长过程中伴随着颗粒的碰撞和凝并,形成形貌复杂的链状或网状颗粒聚团。生物质燃烧中碳烟主要由纤维素热裂解生成,成分包括糠醛类、酚类、醛类、呋喃、烷烃、烯烃等含碳化合物。推测碳烟生成机理为,在生物质燃烧过程中,纤维素发生化学键的断裂与重排,生成CO、CO₂和残炭分子碎片等,而残余碳基再通过重整、脱水、碳化、断键等反应生成各种醛类、酮类等产物,醛类、酮类化合物之间通过缩聚、环化反应生成苯环结构,再进一步转化为苯酚、甲苯等化合物。     

烟梗中的中性致香成分定性定量分析

采用带MS Vent装置的气质联用仪,同时实现MS定性和FID定量,对烤烟烟梗中性致香成分进行定性定量分析,共分离鉴定出40种成分.方法回收率介于85.69%～100.39%之间,精密度达到0.28%.结果表明,该方法简便、快捷、可靠,为全面评价烟草质量提供一种有效的分析手段.     

医用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶理化性能测试

测试了医用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶产品的pH值、折射率、重金属含量、红外光谱、化学热稳定性和丙烯酰胺单体残留量等主要理化性能，重点研究了样品中残留单体丙烯酰胺的高效液相色谱分析法。     

Emulsifying properties and functional compositions of sugar beet pectins extracted under different conditions

Extraction conditions have important effects on the characteristics of sugar beet pectin (SBP). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the impact of different extraction parameters on pectin yield, protein, ferulic acid, and galacturonic acid contents as well as on the emulsifying properties. Results indicated that pH was the main factor influencing pectin yield (ranging from 6.7 to 24.6%). Protein content varied from 0.5 to 6%, while ferulic acid content (ranging from 1.55 to 2.42%) was slightly influenced by the extraction conditions. Droplet sizes of the emulsions stabilized by different SBPs varied from 1.12 to 4.12 µm. Furthermore, according to the correlation analysis, protein content–pectin yield and ferulic acid–pectin yield demonstrated good correlations, respectively. Based on the present study, SBP with different functional components could be extracted as per relevant practical objectives.     

Characterizing the origins of bottled water on the South Korean market using chemical and isotopic compositions

We analyzed the major elements and stable isotopes of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon (dissolved inorganic carbon: DIC) in various types of bottled water (domestic and foreign) commercially available in South Korea to classify the water types and to identify their origins. Only marine waters and some sparkling waters could be discriminated by their physicochemical compositions. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes made marine waters more distinguishable from other water types. The determination of the carbon isotope composition of DIC was clearly useful for distinguishing between naturally and artificially sparkling waters. In addition, statistical analysis also appeared to aid in the discrimination of bottled water types. Our results indicate that a method that combines chemical and stable isotope composition analysis with statistical analysis is the most useful for discriminating water types and characterizing the origins of bottled water.     

六种添加剂对烟丝挥发性与半挥发性成分含量的影响

分别配制1%(质量分数,下同)的柠檬酸、苹果酸、乳酸水溶液以及5%的(NH4)2HPO4、K2CO3、柠檬酸钾水溶液.分别取100.0g烟丝,均匀喷洒10.0mL上述水溶液,经平衡、实验室模拟烘丝、萃取后,进行气相色谱-质谱测定,分析烟丝中挥发性和半挥发性香味成分含量的变化.结果表明,喷洒柠檬酸和K2CO3水溶液可显著改变烟丝的化学成分含量.烟丝经K2CO3水溶液喷洒后,游离态的尼古丁含量大幅增加,醇类组分、巨豆三烯酮含量有所升高,酸类组分和酯类组分含量略有降低;而经柠檬酸水溶液喷洒后的烟丝的酸类、醇类和酯类组分含量升高,尼古丁含量下降.     

Properties and treatments of pulps from recycled paper. Part I. Physical and chemical properties of pulps

The mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of recycled pulps were evaluated after a series of treatments designed to improve and/or modify the pulp characteristics. Tensile strength, bursting strength, and apparent density of the pulps decreased with recycling. However, the tear strength, in most cases, increased after the first recycle and then decreased after the second recycle. Carboxyl content and WRV of pulps also decreased with recycling. Chemical treatments did not increase the bonding ability of recycled pulps and, in most cases, decreased the physical properties of the pulps. Altering the physical state of the cellulose microstructure through additional swelling did not appear to be a significant factor for strength restoration. It may be that the hemicelluloses plan a greater role in recycling than originally thought.     

Influence of drying methods on chemical compositions,antioxidant and antibacterial activity of essential oil from lemon peel

The influence of natural, hot-air and infrared drying on chemical composition and bioactivity of lemon peel essential oil are investigated in this study. The results showed that drying resulted in losses or increases of some components or production of some new substances, but the d-limonene (59.52–70.01%) was found as the main component of essential oil. Drying brought about decreases in the yield, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of essential oil. However, the natural drying had little effect, while the hot-air and infrared drying resulted in significant decreases in these parameters, especially at the higher temperature. The yield was the lowest under hot-air drying (60 °C) and decreased by 78%, while infrared drying (60 °C) sample exhibited the lowest antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Infrared drying was easier to lead to the decrease in bioactivity than hot-air drying at the same temperature. These results provided the theoretical basis for drying lemon peel.     

分子连接性指数(mZh)与烷基苯理化性质的相关性研究

定义有机物分子中成键原子点价δiz.基于δiz和分子图的邻接矩阵,建构一种新的分子连接性指数mZh(m=0,1),并研究了0Zh,1Zh与烷基苯的燃烧热、等张比容、沸点、汽化热、标准生成自由能、标准熵、摩尔体积、溶解度、正辛醇/水分配系数等10种物理化学性质的相关性.结果表明:0Zh,1Zh与烷基苯的物理化学性质具有优良的性质相关性,二元相关系数均在0.99以上;以0Zh,1Zh和分子中C原子数NC为自变量的三元线性回归方程对烷基苯理化性质的预测结果相当令人满意.     

Crystal structure and thermal chemical properties of 2-(2,4-dimethylanilino)-3-methyl-6-diethylaminofluorane

The crystal structure of 2-(2,4-dimethylanilino)-3-methyl-6-diethylaminofluorane has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The crystal belongs to triclinic system, space group P-1 with unit cell constants a = 11.2877(9) Å, b = 11.9539(9) Å, c = 12.2365(9) Å, α = 97.2580(10)°, β = 116.2850(10)°, γ = 106.3710(10)°, V = 1358.48(18) Å ³, Z = 2, D _c = 1.234 g/cm³, μ = 0.079 mm^?1, F(000) = 536, R and w(R) are 0.0718 and 0.2055, respectively, for 5239 unique reflections with 3745 observed reflections (I > 2σ(I)).     

Pore structure and adsorption properties of stone active carbons prepared by physicochemical and chemical activation methods

Active carbons (ACs) with diverse microporous and developed mesoporous structures were prepared by chemical and phisochemical activation methods from walnut shells, fruit stones, and grape seeds. The surface chemistry was studied by chemical titration and spectroscopy in the IR, UV, visible, and near IR regions. The ACs prepared by chemical activation contain carboxyl and phosphate groups, which impart acidic properties to the surface. Basic functional groups are mainly formed on the ACs prepared by physicochemical activation. The AC surface has a complicated chemical composition, which results in high adsorpion activity. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 744–748, May, 2006.