Relative efficiencies of substituted aromatic monocarboxylic acids as eluents in ion chromatographic separation of inorganic and organic anions

The eluent strengths of para, ortho and meta substituted hydroxy-, nitro-, amino- and sulfobenzoic acids in single column ion chromatographic separations of inorganic and organic anions have been evaluated and compared with benzoic acid.o-Sulfobenzoic acid turns out to be a stronger and efficient eluent compared to others for the separation and determination of monovalent (Cl^–, NO ₂ ^– , Br^–, NO ₃ ^– ) and divalent (SO ₄ ^2– , SeO ₄ ^2– , S₂O ₃ ^2– , S₂O ₆ ^2– ) inorganic anions. In addition it also functions as an appropriate mobile phase for the detection and quantification of some substituted benzoate ions in an aqueous medium.     

Determination of anions by non-suppressed ion chromatography using an amine column

Summary The Synchropak AX300 column has been used to separate a wide range of anions. A standard solution containing F^–, Cl^–, NO ₂ ^– , NO ₃ ^– , HPO ₄ ^2– , SO ₄ ^2– ions can be analysed in 8–14 minutes using a phthalate or phthalate/citrate eluent at pH 6–7. Addition of citrate to a phthalate eluent has a pronounced effect on the times of analysis. Detection by direction and indirect UV absorption enables the analysis of a wide range of anions. Application of the technique range from rain water to ash pond liquor analysis.     

Bestimmung von NO2? und NO3? in Lebensmitteln mit Hilfe chromatographischer Methoden

Zusammenfassung WÄhrend NO ₂ ^– problemlos nach dem Griess-Verfahren bestimmt werden kann, treten bei der spektralphotometrischen Erfassung von NO ₃ ^– hÄufig Störungen auf.Zum Nachweis geringer NO ₃ ^– -Mengen eignet sich die Nitrierung von p-Kresol zu 4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol, das durch Wasserdampfdestillation aus dem Reaktionsgemisch abgetrennt und nach überführung in Toluol durch HPLC bzw. GC bestimmt wird.Zur schnellen Erfassung von NO ₂ ^– neben NO ₃ ^– kann neben der Ionen-Chromatographie an AnionenaustauschersÄulen vorteilhaft die Ionen-Paar-Chromatographie an RPSÄulen eingesetzt werden. Durch parallele Anwendung verschiedener Methoden gelingt es, NO ₂ ^– - und NO ₃ ^– -Gehalte auch von komplex zusammengesetzten Lebensmitteln über einen weiten Konzentrationsbereich mit gro\er Genauigkeit störungsfrei zu ermitteln.

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Determination of NO ₂ ^– and NO ₃ ^– in foods by chromatography

Summary The determination of NO ₂ ^– is achieved by the Griess procedure without problems, whereas during the analysis of NO ₃ ^– by spectrophotometric methods disturbances often occur.Small amounts of NO ₃ ^– are detectable after nitration of p-cresol, subsequent separation of 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol by steam distillation and its determination by HPLC or GLC after extraction with toluene. To enable a rapid determination of NO ₂ ^– as well NO ₃ ^– , apart from the ionchromatographic method with anion-exchange columns the comparatively equal ion-pair chromatographic system using RP columns may also be used. By the parallel use of different methods it is possible to determine the NO ₂ ^– and NO ₃ ^– contents, even in complex matrices, over a wide concentration range with a large degree of accuracy and a minimum of disturbances.

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Nach einem Vortrag anlÄ\lich des Deutschen Lebensmittelchemikertages, München 1983     

Indirect photometric detection of inorganic anions by microcolumn liquid chromatography using anthraquinone-disulfonate as visualization agent

Summary Disodium salts of several anthraquinone-disulfonic acids, which possess large molar absorptivity, were employed as the visualization agent for microcolumn ion chromatography with indirect photometric detection. Detection limits of inorganic anions were improved, e.g., concentration detection limits of chloride, nitrate and sulfate were 0.91–1.6 mol L^–1 at S/N=3, corresponding to mass detection limits of 18–32 fmol. The present system was applied to the determination of inorganic anions in tap water.     

Determination of anions in extracts from fresh homogenized environmental specimen bank materials by ion chromatography

Summary Ion chromatography has been applied to extracts of cryogenically homogenized biological materials from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) for the determination of a number of anions (F^–, Cl^–, Br^–, I^–, NO ₃ ^– , PO ₄ ^3– , SO ₄ ^2– , formate, and acetate). For quality assurance in speciation analysis appropriate Reference Materials (RMs) certified for extractable anions are needed. Third generation RMs, as provided by the ESBs, might be a suitable approach to achieve this goal.     

The ESR Study of O2 – Radical Anion Formation during Adsorption of an NO + O2 Mixture and O2 on ZrO2 and (0.1–2.0)% MoO3/ZrO2

The influence of conditions of the preliminary thermal treatment of ZrO₂, ammonia and methanol adsorption, and MoO₃ supporting on O₂ ^– formation during the adsorption of an NO + O₂ mixture was studied. The interaction of O₂ ^– with different molecules was studied. Adsorbed ammonia and methanol, as well as supported Mo⁶⁺ ions, were shown to inhibit this reaction. The involvement of the Zr⁴⁺ and O^2– Lewis sites in the reaction was concluded. The interaction of ammonia and methanol with the O₂ ^– radical anions changed the g tensor parameters and decreased the thermal stability of O₂ ^– in the case of methanol. O₂ ^– radical anions were formed on the reduced (0.1–2.0)% MoO₃/ZrO₂ samples during the interaction of O₂ with the Mo⁵⁺ ions in the octahedral configuration. As in the case of O₂ ^– formation during NO + O₂ adsorption on ZrO₂, the radical anions were localized in the coordination spheres of the coordinately unsaturated Zr⁴⁺ ions. A change in the MoO₃ content of the samples from 0.1 to 0.5% led to an increase in the amount of O₂ ^–, whereas a change from 0.5 to 2.0% led to a decrease in the O₂ ^– amount due to the screening of the Zr⁴⁺ ions by oxo complexes and polymolybdates.     

Transition metals in atmospheric aqueous samples, analytical determination and speciation

Summary Two rain water samples were analyzed with respect to the determination of the species which are present at the given conditions. The parameters determined were: pH, E_h, electrolytical conductivity, concentration of anions (SO ₄ ^2– , NO ₃ ^– , Cl^–, NO ₂ ^– , HCOO^–, CH₃COO^–), of main cations (Na⁺, K⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺), and of transition metals (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn). The methods used were filtration and ultrafiltration, voltammetry, sorption on various sorbents and ion chromatography. Furthermore, E_h-pH-diagrams were taken into account and the partition of the species was calculated by means of stability constants. The transition elements species in the atmospheric aqueous solutions are discussed.     

1, 2-Dithiolium salts

A new method for the synthesis of 1, 2-dithiolium hydrogen sulfates by the oxidation of 1, 2-dithiole-3-thiones with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid has been developed. From 4-(p-tolyl) 1, 2-dithiolium hydrogen sulfate a series of salts containing anions of inorganic, heteroorganic, and organic acids (Cl^–, Br^–, I^–, ClO ₄ ^– , CNS^–, VO ₃ ^– , HMoOO ₄ ^– , S₂O ₃ ^2– , S₂O ₈ ^2– , Cr₂O ₇ ^2– , Fe(CN) ₆ ^3– , Fe(CN) ₆ ^4– , B(C₆H₅) ₄ ^– , F₃CCOO^–, C₆H₂(NO₂)₃O^–) has been obtained. 4-(p-tolyl)-1, 2-dithiolium salts containing the anions NO ₂ ^– , NO ₃ ^– , ClO ₃ ^– , BrO ₃ ^– , SO ₃ ^2– , SO ₄ ^2– , S₂O ₅ ^2– and Cl₃CCOO^– dissolve in water and do not precipitate in double decomposition reactions. The reactions of 4-(p-tolyl)-1, 2-dithiolium hydrogen sulfate with sodium sulfite, disulfide, and hydrogen sulfide lead to the formation of bis[4-(p-tolyl)-1, 2-dithiol-3-yl] sulfide and disulfide and the sodium salt of 4-(p-tolyl-1, 2-dithiole-3-thiol, respectively. The reaction of 4-(p-tolyl)-1, 2-dithiolium hydrogen sulfate with solutions of salts of the alkali metals containing the anions of weak acids F^–, CNO^–, HCO ₃ ^– , CO ₃ ^2– , B₄O ₇ ^2– , HAsO ₄ ^2– , PO ₄ ^3– , CH₃COO^–, ClCH₂COO^–, etc.) forms bis[4-(p-tolyl)-1, 2-dithlol-3-yl] oxide. [8, Table 3].For part I, see [1].     

Extraction characteristics of pertechnetate with tetraphenylarsonium in the presence of chloride,nitrate and perchlorate anions

Selected extraction systems of TcO ₄ ^– –(H,Na)A–H₂O/R(TcO₄,A)–CHCl₃, C₆H₅NO₂ type, where A=Cl^–, NO ₃ ^– , ClO ₄ ^– , R=(C₆H₅)₄As⁺, were studied. The solvent extraction of sub- and super-stoichiometric ratio of TcR was performed. The solubility of (C₆H₅)₄AsTcO₄ in water, chloroform and nitrobenzene were determined too. The results of the extractions are presented in the form of TcO ₄ ^– distribution dependencies on the phase composition and the extraction constants of individual TcO ₄ ^– , Cl^–, NO ₃ ^– , ClO ₄ ^– anions and TcO ₄ ^– -Cl^–, TcO ₄ ^– –NO ₃ ^– , TcO ₄ ^– –ClO ₄ ^– ion pairs.     

Indirect fluorometric detection in micro high-performance liquid chromatography

Summary Indirect fluorometric detection of non-electrolytes and inorganic anions were examined by using a commercially available fluorometer. The dynamic reserve achieved by the present system was (1.0–1.4)×10³, and it was about one-tenth of the value achieved by UV detection. The mass detection limit of 0.2 pmol was achieved for nitrate by using 3×10^–5 M sodium salicylate as the mobile phase. In the case of ion chromatography the mass detection limit was improved by using a low concentration mobile phase.     

Ion-pair adsorption film colorimetry of iron (III) in water samples and human serum

The anionic chelate of iron(III)-2,2-dihydroxyazobenzene (H₂L), [FeL₂]^–, formed 1 1 ion-pair with crystal violet cation (CV⁺), CV⁺ [FeL₂]^–, and was adsorbed on a surface of transparent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film plasticized with di-n-octyl phthalate. Enrichment of the blue violet species of the ion-pair onto the transparent PVC film has enabled a highly sensitive and simple method for the determination of iron(III). The detection limits are 1 × 10^–8 mol dm^–3 (0.6 ppb) by spectrophotometry at 592 nm, and 4 × 10^–8 mol dm^–3 (2 ppb) by visual colorimetry. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of iron in water samples and human serum. No preparatory procedures for the separation of serum protein and other coexisting substances are required, since ion-pair adsorption process provides a new method to prevent interference of serum matrix.     

Comparison study between indirect photometric and direct conductivity detection for anion exchange chromatography using naphthalenesulfonate derivatives as mobile phases

Summary Indirect photometric and unsuppressed direct conductivity detection modes are examined using naphthalene mono-, di-, and tri-sulfonate as mobile phases for the separation of several anions such as F^–, Cl^–, NO₂ ^–, Br^–, NO₃ ^–, SO₄=,I^–, and SCN^– using a commercial anion exchange column. With all three mobile phases, conductivity detection shows better sensitivities and detection limits than indirect photometry. Conductivity detection is 5 to 16 times more sensitive than indirect photometry for all analytes. Detection limits achieved using these mobile phases are, for example, 0.04 ng and 0.1 ng for chloride ion with conductivity and indirect photometry, respectively. Both detection modes give wide linear ranges extending from at least 100 ppm to the detection limit of each anion which is generally about 0.02 ppm. Sulfur oxide anions such as dithionate and tetrathionate are separated using flow programming with naphthalenetrisulfonate as the mobile phase in less than 20 minutes. With both detection modes, desired chromatographic performance of these three eluents is achieved without pH adjustment of the mobile phase.     

Simultane Bestimmung von einigen anorganischen und organischen Anionen durch ein ionenchromatographisches Drei-S?ulen-System

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals eine neue Kombination von Ionen-Chromatographie und Ionenausschluß-Chromatographie vorgeschlagen, die dazu dient, Interferenzen bei der ionen-chromatographischen Fluoridbestimmung zu vermeiden und eine simultane Analyse einiger ausgewählter organischer Säuren zu ermöglichen. In dieser instrumentellen Anordnung werden die in der konventionellen Zwei-Säulen-Chromatographie (Ionenaustauschtrennsäule und Hohlfasersuppressor) nicht aufgetrennten Peaks schwacher Säuren an einer nachgeschaltenen Ionenausschlußsäule weiter aufgetrennt. Als Eluent dient die durch die Konvertierung des Carbonateluenten in der Suppressorreaktion entstandene Kohlensäure. Dieses System gestattet die automatische und simultane Bestimmung von Anionen schwacher und starker Säuren, wie F^–, HCOO^–, CH₃COO^–, Cl^–, NO ₂ ^– , HPO ₄ ^2– , Br^–, NO ₃ ^– , und SO ₄ ^2– , sowie eine gleichzeitige Abtrennung des carbonatischen Matrixpeaks. Die Optimierung der Analysenparameter sowie die analytischen Kenngrößen werden beschrieben und anhand eines Anwendungsbeispiels aus der Aerosolanalytik illustriert.

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Simultaneous determination of some inorganic and organic anions by means of an ion-chromatographic triple column system

Summary A new combination of ion chromatography with ion-exclusion partition-chromatography is suggested in order to overcome the interferences with the fluoride peak eluting at first and to render possible a simultaneous determination of certain organic acids. The principle is the fact that not yet resolved peaks consisting of weak acids are separated on an ion-exclusion column located after the fiber suppressor in the conventional dual-column anion-chromatography (ion-exchange column and suppressor column). The carbonic acid originating from the conversion of the carbonate eluent in the suppressor reaction is acting as eluent. Using the described set-up a simultaneous determination of F^–, HCOO^–, CH₃COO^–, Cl^–, NO ₂ ^– , HPO ₄ ^2– , Br^–, NO ₃ ^– , and SO ₄ ^2– is possible. In consequence, disturbing carbonate matrix peaks are separated. In the present paper the optimization and analytical characteristics are described and an example of application for the analysis of atmospheric aerosols is given.

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Vortrag anläßlich des Symposiums Anorganische Anionenanalytik, Regensburg, 19.–21. 9. 1984     

Analytical methods for the speciation of selenium compounds: a review

Selenium, like sulphur, exists in the environment in several oxidation states and as a variety of inorganic and organic compounds. Dissolved inorganic selenium can be found in natural waters as selenide Se (–II), as colloidal elemental selenium Se (0), as selenite anions HSeO ₃ ^– and SeO ₃ ^2– i.e. Se (+IV) and as the selenate anion (SeO ₄ ^2– ) i.e. Se (+VI). Organic forms of selenium that may be found in organisms, air or in the aqueous environment, are volatile (methylselenides) or non volatile (trimethylselenonium ion, selenoamino acids and their derivatives). Knowledge of the different chemical forms and their environmental and biomedical distribution is important because of the dependence of bioavailability and toxicity on speciation. This paper reviews the different analytical methods used for the speciation of selenium compounds, with special attention to inorganic selenium and organoselenium species.     

Formation Mechanism of O2– Radical Anions in the Adsorption of NO + O2 and NO2 + O2 Mixtures on ZrO2 According to EPR and TPD Data

The effects of various factors on the formation of O₂ ^– radical anions in the adsorption of an NO + O₂ or NO₂ + O₂ mixture on ZrO₂ were studied. It was found that the thermal stability of the O₂ ^– species depends on the composition of the adsorbed gas. It was suggested that nitrogen oxide complexes on ZrO₂ centers are responsible for the formation of O₂ ^–. These centers are formed upon the treatment of the oxide in a vacuum; however, they are different from both coordinatively unsaturated Zr⁴⁺ cations (NO adsorption centers at 77 K) and Zr⁴⁺–O^––O^––Zr⁴⁺ centers, at which O₂ ^– are formed because of the adsorption of H₂ + O₂. Based on the experimental data, the mechanism of O₂ ^– formation in the adsorption of an NO + O₂ mixture is discussed.     

Correlation ion chromatography with indirect UV detection

Summary A binary pseudo-random injection of a sample containing low concentrations of common anions into the anion exchange column was used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of indirect UV detection of the ions. The detection limits obtained in our experiment (14 ppb, 14 ppb, and 64 ppb for Cl^–, NO ₃ ^– and SO ₄ ^2– respectively) are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The large amplitude system peaks inherent to single column IC do not generate remarkable ghost peaks, which is indicative of the suitability of the input devices used in our studies.Dedicated to Professor Leslie S. Ettre on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

Dye-coated stationary-phases: A retention model for anions in ion-interaction chromatography

Summary The separation of inorganic anions (NO₃ ⁻, NO₂ ⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, S₂O₃ ²⁻) by ion-interaction chromatography mediated with a specific dye has been investigated. Chromatography was performed on a LiChrospher RP-18 colum dynamically coated with crystal violet, using acetonitrile-water buffered with phthalate as the mobile phase. The presence of the dye in the eluent enabled indirect spectrophotometric detection of the analytes, which have no significant UV absorption. Retention data were collected for the different anions by varying the composition of the mobile phase according to a full factorial experimental design. A theoretical model for the retention of singly- and doubly-charged analytes, on the basis of the two main processes of ion-exchange and ion-pair formation, has been proposed and validated with the experimental data.     

Kinetics of anation of hexaaquachromium(III) by thiocyanates – specific salt effects

The kinetics of anation of hexaaquachromium(III) by thiocyanates follows the rate law: –d[complex]/dt=k[NCS] (20–40°C, [NCS^–]=0.1–0.6M, I=2.0M, pH=1.0). The specific salt effect has been studied for five media: NaCl, NaBr, NaClO₄, KCl and CsCl. The series of chloride (Na⁺, K⁺ and Cs⁺) salts show a negligible effect on the anation rate. On the contrary, the series of sodium salts (Cl^–, Br^– and ClO ₄ ^– ) reveal a marked difference in the reaction rate. The anation rate decreases sharply with the ionic strength increase (I=0.2–2.0M, NaCl). The results were interpreted within the frame of fast equilibria of ion-pair formation followed by an interchange mechanism step. The difference of reaction rate is a result of competition between anions (thiocyanates and supporting electrolyte anions) to the complex cation at an ion-pair formation process.     

Ionen-chromatographische Bestimmung der Anionen Cl?, NO3? und SO42? in Regenwasser

Zusammenfassung Der Säureeintrag mit der Naßdeposition auf die Vegetationsdecke und die Gewässer ist für die Beurteilung vieler Umweltschäden von wachsender Bedeutung.Es wird über die Ionen-Chromatographie als Analyseverfahren der wichtigsten im Regen enthaltenen Anionen berichtet. Diese Anionen fungieren teilweise als anionische Komponenten der für den Säuregrad des Regens verantwortlichen starken vollständig dissoziierten Säuren H₂SO₄, HNO₃ und in geringerem Ausmaß auch HCl. Als vorteilhaft haben sich die ausreichende Empfindlichkeit der Ionen-Chromatographie, ihre Automatisierung, die Möglichkeit zur simultanen Bestimmung der drei Anionen, das kleine Probenvolumen und die Möglichkeit der direkten Injektion der Probe ohne weitere Vorbereitung erwiesen. Die häufigsten Fehlerquellen bei der Bestimmung der Anionen liegen in der Probennahme, der Probenlagerung sowie in der unzulänglichen Reinigung der Regensammlerteile und der Aufbewahrungsgefäße.Als praktisches Anwendungsbeispiel werden ionen-chromatographisch bestimmte Anionenkonzentrationen in Regenproben aus dem Jahre 1983 vorgestellt und diskutiert. Die Probennahme erfolgte an vier Sammelstellen im Raum Stolberg-Jülich: Jülich-Hambach, Stolberg-Werth, Stolberg-Gressenich bzw. Stolberg-Münsterbusch und Stolberg-Binsfeldhammer. Die Anionenkonzentrationen variierten zwischen 0,2–7 mg/l Cl^–, 0,5–10 mg/l NO ₃ ^– und 2–10 mg/l SO ₄ ^2– . Die maximale Standardabweichung betrug 15%.

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Ion-chromatographic determination of the anions Cl^–, NO ₃ ^– and SO ₄ ^2– in rain water

Summary Wet deposition of acid onto the vegetation blanket and the surface of fresh waters is of increasing importance for the estimation of environmental damages.Ion-chromatography has been evaluated as a suitable tool for the determination of the most important anions present in rain water. These anions are partly present as anionic components of the totally dissociated strong acids H₂SO₄, HNO₃, and HCl responsible for the acidity of the rain. The advantages of the method are sufficient sensitivity, automation, the possibility of a direct simultaneous determination of the three anions and small sample volume. The most frequent sources of error can occur in the sampling step, during sample storage and due to insufficient cleaning of the sampling bottles and the components of the rain water sampler.As a practical application of ion-chromatography the concentrations of the three most important anions were determined in rain water samples taken in 1983. Sampling was performed at four sampling sites of the Stolberg-Juelich region: Juelich-Hambach, Stolberg-Werth, Stolberg-Gressenich or Stolberg-Muensterbusch und Stolberg-Binsfeldhammer. The anion concentrations varied in the ranges 0.2–7 mg/l Cl^–, 0.5–10 mg/l NO ₃ ^– and 2–20 mg/l SO ₄ ^2– and had a standard deviation up to 15%.

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Auszugsweise vorgetragen beim Symposium Anorganische Anionenanalytik, Regensburg, 19.–21. 9. 1984

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Entnommen aus der Dissertation von Dipl.-Phys. F. Wagner, RWTH Aachen 1985     

The character of interaction of organometallic derivatives of 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitrothiophenol with anions in different media

Interaction of R _n M-derivatives of 4-nitrophenol and thiophenol (R _n M= PhHG, PPh₃Au, Ph₃Sn, Ph₄Sb) with a set of inorganic and organic anions (Cl^–, Br^–, I^–, CN^–, [PhOCO]^–, [4-NO₂C₆H₄OCO]^–) was studied by IR and electronic spectroscopy in solvents with different polarities and coordinating properties (C₆H₆, CH₂Cl₂, DMSO). The dependence of the character of the interaction with the anions on the nature of the metal atom and heteroatom, the type of anions and the nature of the media was analyzed. Such interaction leads to ion-molecular complexes, and also to dissociation of the X-M bond (X = O, S, M = Au, Hg. Sb) with formation of the (4-NO₂C₆H₄X)^– anion even in weakly polar media. Only in the case of 4-NO₂C₆H₄OSnPh₃ does the reaction stop at the stage of complex formation. In other cases the role of complex formation with anions is less than with neutral coordinating reagents.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1838–1841, July, 1996.